office hours: today 10:00–11:00am
TRANSCRIPT
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Office Hours:Today 10:00–11:00AM
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Human Evolution
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Human Evolutionfrom the Perspective
of a Non-Human Primate
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Outline
Where in the Tree of Life do humans fit?
Humans are strange apes
Review highlights of fossil record
Out-of-Africa hypothesis
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Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebrata
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Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebrata
Universal Genetic Code
Eukaryotic Cell
9 + 2 Flagellum
Blastula stage
Phyrangeal gillslit, notochord
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Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog Amniota
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Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog Amniota
Vertebrae
Jaws
Ossified bones
Muscularized fins
Limbs
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Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo Eutheria
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Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo Eutheria
Egg with aminiotic fluid andmembrane
Dentary-squamosal jaw,hair
Vivipary
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Murphy et al. (2001)
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Humans are apes:
Absence of a tail
More erect posture
Relatively larger brains
Greater flexibility in hips and ankles
Lots of molecular evidence
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Humans: 23 pair of chromosomesChimps & Gorillas: 24 pairs of chromosomes
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C-H G-H C-G
Noncoding intergenic 1.24% 1.62% 1.63%
Intronic 0.93 1.23 1.21
Pseudogenes 1.64 1.87 2.14
X chromosome 1.16 1.47 1.50
Y chromosome 1.68 2.33 2.78
Coding Sequences:
Synonymous 1.11 1.48 1.64
Nonsynonymous 0.80 0.93 0.90
Amino acid 1.34 1.58 1.65
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Humans are strange apes
Bipedal
Large brains
Less body hair
Less sexual dimorphism
Technology
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Bipedalism → Large Brains → Less Sexual DimorphismBipedalism → Less Sexual Dimorphism → Large BrainsLarge Brains → Bipedalism → Less Sexual DimorphismLarge Brains → Less Sexual Dimorphism → BipedalismLess Sexual Dimorphism → Large Brains → BipedalismLess Sexual Dimorphism → Bipedalism → Large Brains
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Hominids
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?
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?
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mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11
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Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ mya
mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11
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Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ mya
Last common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ mya
mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11
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Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ mya
Last common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ mya
Adaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 mya
mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11
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Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ mya
Last common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ mya
Adaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 mya
Homo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 mya
mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11
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Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ mya
Last common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ mya
Adaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 mya
Homo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 mya
First expansion from Africa>1.8 mya
mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11
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Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ mya
Last common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ mya
Adaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 mya
Homo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 mya
First expansion from Africa>1.8 mya600 kya Neanderthal clade established
mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11
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Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ mya
Last common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ mya
Adaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 mya
Homo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 mya
First expansion from Africa>1.8 mya
Anatomically modern Homo sapiens160 kya600 kya Neanderthal clade established
mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11
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Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ mya
Last common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ mya
Adaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 mya
Homo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 mya
First expansion from Africa>1.8 mya
Anatomically modern Homo sapiens160 kya600 kya Neanderthal clade established
Neanderthals go extinct30 kya
mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11
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Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ mya
Last common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ mya
Adaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 mya
Homo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 mya
First expansion from Africa>1.8 mya
Anatomically modern Homo sapiens160 kya600 kya Neanderthal clade established
Neanderthals go extinct30 kya
Western Hemisphere colonized; Darwin visitsGalapagos; Homo sapiens threatens global diversity...After that...
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Ardipithecus
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Evidence thatArdi walked bipedally
Shape of upper pelvis: The shape and muscle attachments are more like latter hominids, and not like the chimp.
Shape of lateral foot: Metatarsals 2 and 3 are “propulsive” because the hallux are divergent. The “ATV” foot.
Shortened cranial base, which is usually associated with bipedality, though not necessary for it. Ardi’s is even shorter
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Australopithecus afarensis(AKA, “Lucy”)
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Australopithecus afarensisFound in 1974About 3 mya
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Laetoli footprints (about 3.6 mya)
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On to the genus Homo...
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Homo traitsLarger brain (>500 cc)
Smaller and flatter face
Smaller teeth and jaws
Greater height
Longer legs
Less sexual dimorphism
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Homo ergaster1.7-1.5 myaKenya
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Homo habilis1.9 myaKenya
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Homo rudolfensis1.8-1.9 myaKenyaContemporaneous with H. habilis
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Homo erectus1.7-0.25 mya
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Bipedalism → Large Brains → Less Sexual DimorphismBipedalism → Less Sexual Dimorphism → Large BrainsLarge Brains → Bipedalism → Less Sexual DimorphismLarge Brains → Less Sexual Dimorphism → BipedalismLess Sexual Dimorphism → Large Brains → BipedalismLess Sexual Dimorphism → Bipedalism → Large Brains
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Two Models for the Origin of Modern Humans
1. Multi-regional hypothesis
2. Out-of-Africa hypothesis
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Africa Asia Europe OceaniaToday
Multi-regional hypothesis
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Africa Asia Europe OceaniaToday
Multi-regional hypothesis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
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Africa Asia Europe OceaniaToday
Out-of-Africa Hypothesis
160 kya
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VIGILANT, L., M. STONEKING, H. HARPENDING, K. HAWKES, AND A. C. WILSON. 1991. African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA. Science 253:1503–1507.
Allan Wilson (1935–1991)UC Berkeley Professor from 1961–1991
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“Mitochondrial Eve”
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Genetic TreeWednesday, October 26, 11
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Language TreeWednesday, October 26, 11
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Cognates
English isGerman istFrench estLatin estGreek esti
Sanskrit astiPersian ast
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Fit language tree to gene treeWednesday, October 26, 11
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The Geographic Distribution of NeanderthalsThe Geographic Distribution of Neanderthals
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The Geographic Distribution of NeanderthalsThe Geographic Distribution of Neanderthals
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Is there evidence of geneflow between Neanderthals and
modern humans?
Svante Pääbo Rasmus Niesen Monty Slatkin
A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal GenomeRichard E. Green, Johannes Krause, Adrian W. Briggs, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Martin Kircher, Nick Patterson, Heng Li, Weiwei Zhai, Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz, Nancy F. Hansen, Eric Y. Durand, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Jeffrey D. Jensen, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Can Alkan, Kay Prüfer, Matthias Meyer, Hernán A. Burbano, Jeffrey M. Good, Rigo Schultz, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Anne Butthof, Barbara Höber, Barbara Höffner, Madlen Siegemund, Antje Weihmann, Chad Nusbaum, Eric S. Lander, Carsten Russ, Nathaniel Novod, Jason Affourtit, Michael Egholm, Christine Verna, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajkovic, eljko Kucan, Ivan Guic, Vladimir B. Doronichev, Liubov V. Golovanova, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Marco de la Rasilla, Javier Fortea, Antonio Rosas, Ralf W. Schmitz, Philip L. F. Johnson, Evan E. Eichler, Daniel Falush, Ewan Birney, James C. Mullikin, Montgomery Slatkin, Rasmus Nielsen, Janet Kelso, Michael Lachmann, David Reich, Svante Pääbo
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Is there evidence of geneflow between Neanderthals and
modern humans?
Svante Pääbo Rasmus Niesen Monty Slatkin
A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal GenomeRichard E. Green, Johannes Krause, Adrian W. Briggs, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Martin Kircher, Nick Patterson, Heng Li, Weiwei Zhai, Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz, Nancy F. Hansen, Eric Y. Durand, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Jeffrey D. Jensen, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Can Alkan, Kay Prüfer, Matthias Meyer, Hernán A. Burbano, Jeffrey M. Good, Rigo Schultz, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Anne Butthof, Barbara Höber, Barbara Höffner, Madlen Siegemund, Antje Weihmann, Chad Nusbaum, Eric S. Lander, Carsten Russ, Nathaniel Novod, Jason Affourtit, Michael Egholm, Christine Verna, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajkovic, eljko Kucan, Ivan Guic, Vladimir B. Doronichev, Liubov V. Golovanova, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Marco de la Rasilla, Javier Fortea, Antonio Rosas, Ralf W. Schmitz, Philip L. F. Johnson, Evan E. Eichler, Daniel Falush, Ewan Birney, James C. Mullikin, Montgomery Slatkin, Rasmus Nielsen, Janet Kelso, Michael Lachmann, David Reich, Svante Pääbo
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Final Thoughts
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You can choose any major and still be a candidate for
medical school
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Pre-med: Preparatory courses are mostly lower division, yet it is wise to take at least 1-2 upper division quantitative/analytical biology courses. Examples of the "upper division quantitative, analytical" courses are: genetics, ecology, physiology, cell/developmental bio, neurobiology, etc. (and would not include Human Anatomy, for instance). Most students at Cal take:
Chem 1A, Chem 3A/L, Chem 3B/LOne year of Calculus (either 16A-B or 1A-B)Bio 1B, Bio1A/LPhysics 8A, 8BMCB102 or MCB c100ASome kind of upper division quantitative/analytical. A course in Statistics (Stats 2, 20, 21, 25 or 131A are all OK at Cal) is recommended, as some med schools require it.
Research experience (lab, field, on- or off-campus) is very helpful, and community service or teaching/leading is also critical for your communication skills. Speaking multiple languages is highly recommended.
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Knock on the professor’s door
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Greet the professor
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Talk to theprofessor
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...still talking tothe professor...
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Meet the nicepeople in the lab
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Work in the lab ... it’s fun!
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Don’t get kicked out of thelab for being a bad gorilla
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Go Bears!
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Go Bears!
and thanks Beth, Lauren, & Leila
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