of x- and gamma rays - oak ridge associated … 57.pdfof x- and gamma rays marg,arete ehrlich...

U S Department of Commerce 0 Sinclair Weeks Secretary

National Bureau of Standards A V Astin Direc[or

Photogra phic Dosimetry

of X- and Gamma Rays

Margarete Ehrlich

National Bureau of Standards Handbook 57 Issued August 20 1954

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents WashlI1Qton 25 D C - Price 15 cents

1

Preface

Tlli 1I1l11dhOOk (ontain PlilllHIT fa(tllal lintn nlld haic priIHipk llP(pnry for pitotol2TlIpilil (oiIII l1 ry of Xshyand galllmH IH II W11 pnpll((l in IPPOllS( to ltIll lIIglllt ll((d fpil ill nlrioll pim( for lllOl (olllpllte illfolIlulioll oil Ihis lopic --il](( Ihl Radialioll PIIi( Lalwrator of th(middot nl iOlI1l 1 BUlPl1n of --itHl1dord lws orkld (x(ll1i(I 111

I hi Jldd for H IllIl11b(r of nur it aPJ)(HJ(( I hal it IlIl1 1)( ] Il]pf1l1 to o(lwl ork(middot tn pllblish this ](TlIllllllntioll of Illltplinl n n g(nlrnl illforlllatioll itandbook

]ot of tit( ilifonnlllion PI((lIlnl i (OIl((lIl with tlie 1I of (OlllllP(ilii photograph( IIIIll for X- and gHllllllll-111 doilllIIY Emphnsis i pia (Ill Oil I ho( prop(1 i( of pitoto2rapiti( (IllUiOIlS lltnt UI( hai( to radiation doilllshy((IT Li]lls( ntl(llti(1l is (dild to iimiluliolls inhp[(llt ill Ill( Ilwthod lIIHI llHlIlliul anll (I l)]((HlIliOlH lhnl should Iw oh-(1(d Bp(lIIS( (oniltl (]11 1gt1( tl(xibilit ill Ipdllliqu( 11lld pro((dul of film doilll(1 IT i poibll itltshyoul ap]l((iabll (ff(middot(middot( ()n lli( Plld (SUII 110 nl(PlIlpl j IIlndp to sJ)((ify ill of til( d(middottnil 11l1iqll(l~

Ill( work ill jll(pnlillg thi lIandbook fUppOItld ill parI by til ( S _middotrIllY --igllnl COIPf Engill((Jing LnhollIshylori( -(kll()kdI1lllIt is alo lIlId of Ih( 1iIIlIl(( f(nd(l(d I hrolll t IIlt (OllllllPIll ofi(INl by tit( tlliOllS

(yin( of t h(~ ])l(middotlillliILHIY draftmiddot of till Illlldl)Ook

A r ASTI) Director

III

Contents

IrdH( J IllI rodlllti 2 I ( I pillgrlpi1i( tilill for Ill( IIH1](1l(ll1 uf rmiiatiull

lt1 2 J 1)oJ- (illij 22 I(a l11fIJ(ld uf X- or galJllIIH-ra du( ill lerI1 of

([(11--11

2 of phl)l()~mpili( tll)il[(lr ltllt to llrgy

21 il)li of t(1 roill (pJilihrillili 2 ])in1 iOllal

l Cril (ria 101 II [(1 of a pilol mpili( lIal rial fur dnilll-(I r

l1 illiflfjlllil of film (llllILio )2 E1HlUW dfIIH)HtlII(

Ul ((1111 1i-t (IIil iil aud 1ld1l1 range 1 (alihratiII II phul di((kr

-11 Badial iUll 1)((lllIli 12 11(lt11lt-1(1 of IIII d()f

) Pllol OampUHph it pnl(illl( (l (hmiddotn ilqll(lJ and jIHrpr(l~liol of d(gtll~iit til

1 V1lU ~ (Xplgtlln

7 --ltlrn~( pf phul(Jcr~iphit 1f11f(ri~11 ~ ~111Unllll

1 Hef(-nll

IV

III

1

j

I 1

10 10 12 12 ) 1gt 10 1(

23 23 2ti 2s

Photographic Dosimetry of X- and Gamma Rays

argarete Ehrlich

1 Introduction

TIll ll(((] for i tl (Xl)(lli ( nl~((L ill t ](1 i]III( di(( for lr( lllllISlI(IlH1l1 X- llld glllIllH llldiati(lll ha gllHtl in(T(n(d lile illt((I ill IlI(middot IndinlioH ](Pl) I 1( of (onmwJ(lnll nnlilnhl( pllOttlgraphi fillll

Ill( 11( or pliottlfrlaplii( film 101 X- lIlt gnlllllw-ra (loilll(tIY i Ihto)(1 i(ny julifiabl hlll ri(ld lI~dlll and 1(linll( 11111 oll]Y Illtl hll(lt1 (Ill I (jlllHI lIldtshy

sl II neling of I Ill nlli()ll Illta(middot of pllot ogm phie (ll~i I (Hlid 1

Hmi of it inli(j(nl liHlitlilioH It j Ilw purpo of tlti ILllldhook to clillify tilt hajc

((In(tpl of tlt( 11( of (OlJlll(Ilid photographic lilm prodshyuel for X- alld nmlllll-1l doilllctn to organiz( OJl) of tll( infllllll1ltiolJ a(ulllu[(d ill 111( Iladntiul] Plni LllhoraloJ of lite ntiollal BUr(nll of -tillldunJ tllDing llip PIII (nl nnd In PIp(]1 IIti InfOllllaliol iii a f011ll Ihnl shoilid pm( lIful 10 nllttT lIlk(I ill Ihl lild of photo-glllphil X- and mlllH-myosillwIIY

SJl((ili(llll~ I II ami book I(als it h I hI 11Iojllllip of pholoflHphi( Plllilbioll Ihal lllnkl I (il 11( fot Iudinl ilill d()silll(lr~ loild(middot II ]loinl 0111 the limilnliolls oj 111( mrlhod Hlld tli(us-l 11ll pr(llItioIlS to 1)( 1111(1 in Iltt 1middot1(middot(t ion (XjlOSll( ]lll)(llng nlld d(IlilollHll~ of til( fillll IlIHI (Iinl B((llUS( of II( gl(I1 lJxilJilil ill I Ill I((hlliqu(- alld pro((duI of Mllll loilllllry 1l(J llltmpt is mad 10 lweify I h(1ll IllliqlldL Spl(iti( I(dllliqlll Iwult 1)( Chostll nlld ndju(middotd H((oldillg 10 1()(lIl olldil iOIl

Yhil( 0Il( oj till mal(lial (oillaillld ill Ihi I hlildhoo i g(lwnll tlloligh 10 lIppl 10 pholographi do-illl(t J~ nol only of X- Hild gn III Illl1 ra bill nlo or IIl1H1 11)lts oj rnriialion tIll dllniJd di(lIioll an (ollllllt to X- alld galllIllH-m dOIIll(IT It is fdl Illlll till 10 11)( ratlH1 ~tJlll[llj(nl(~d naillI( or phol(Jgraphi( doillllIIy or 11111

t) of l1Hiia t iOIl H hll n ray Ind IlllIt roll j)(IIlIgt it j not jloihlp to iolJ( HutiwritHtiy( tIPII(llt 011 Ihl lIb((t HI tl]( pncllt lill](

2 Use of Photographic Film for the Measureshymen t of Rad ia tion Dose

PlwloglpiIi( radinlioll doimllr IlHly 1)( d(filwd H~ liIt lIltlImiddotoUl(IlHnt of t IH do( of n pnltilulnr (Itlt r()]]wgllPl H OJ 1()Jjlll(lIlnl n(liltiol hmiddot IlWiln (If plahlilIing n nIH-loOl( ((gtIT(po)(kll(P h([ ((11 lt10lt and photograplll( (liP(t It j tI(jPjOl( of illlJlOltlj(( to rklilHntc thl tlJln do( and ]lll()t()~laJlhi( (1((t cilady and to ItIHIPlIHllll 11)( difiinltie illh(I(1I1 ill til( l1HalI](IlHnl of lilpp qUlIlltltl(

21 Dose Definition

TIll lnhlIlt1 t iOllnl COlllllliiull OJ] Haliiologi(oi l-nit llIOl1lIlHllll(d thaI dOl hl (XI)l(s(d in t(II1 of thl quantity of PIl(rfl ni)so]h(d P(I ullil llIass of ilmdill(d IlllI(lilll at tIll plltH( (If illt((t Ill( COllllllijoll d((i((ci limn (

lhnt titl roelltg(ll (lklined ill 11il) sholiid (ontil11( (0 1)( rt(()ltllliz(d Il til( unil nf X- Hlld galllllll-ltl- dop ill -il of it 1~n~-I(l1hlih(d lI(gtjltlrw al c1(Ht 101 (juHntlllll lII(lgi( up to i 1( 11]1

1(fIlInllHuh of (]( phot t (rill of ltliflllI t nllbllliioll ]()2Hlitilm tu thl ha 10 ()f pClotoglnplill film Hmpk I)]

pllie (1Ii t

th( (

drlct 11( IIllHip ill J(Pll(lI (i Ill IlIP

1 Y of a fllO((pt

22 Measurement of X- or Gamma-Ray Dose in Terms of Photographic Density

Ill( ditIirul( in Idnlillg do( n phologrnphil dellst lip ill (Il f(1 lhat hil( till m(lltg(1l is a llHalI( of mdishyntioll 11l(lgy nhollHd ill ail llH pho(oglapiti( a((iotl of X- OJ 1I1111ll1l nltlintioll I (=Intilll (It Ilsllit of ionization in 111(il(I-lwiilt1( (Iy(ab of (1)( pIlOt phie (Il1IIioll nnd ill thlt lllatil 1Illotlldill2 it [4 th( Inil Hhnrplioll (wtfililnt of nil ditllIglllltly from that of ilnl halidf ho( in nholul 111( llld ill it dqHIHiPll(( oil quantlll (I)(]~ HIHI n thl I j)()HJ oj ail nud siinl lwlid( 111( nol llip nllW it is to X)H((pd that Ill( ionizing udioll of X- alld gH1ll1l1l mdintioll 1 a fUIl((ioll of quanlum ell(g~ for din halide tim not pHrnllei tlml of nil [til For

30

OIO--~--~~==========================~I~O======~2 02 04 06 08 EfFECTIVE RADIATION ENERGY ev

F[(rRI~ 1 Correatiu IleteN1I nll() (flul ill

IIldiatioll fIlPnri( al which till 1111)2( of thl 1fOIHbll Illli-ioll prodll((d ill 1 hI 1IlillbiOll propl i III (olllpa(d to thl 1lIl1diOll thjeklll litt nhojltioll t nnd (oP-pillg P()W( of tillt lttT(lll~ldin) lIl~t(lial 1I1U1 HIo he lalll1 illlo (Olhidlnllioll tlH lIlwtlOII I 111111 (Ill IllOl (olllphshy(ntl( Io((1 a qUHlllitlIiH (OITIPOIHkl(( h(((lll pltolompiti( 11)011( and iOllizllioll ill ail (all II( (11shylislHd Fi)2II( I dltltratc (]II till IIlI n tYPI(a] llllll iw II A qllullti( propoltioll1 In (ll r(ciplOnd nr IIH (XPOSIIII

Illl(iPd (0 prodlj(I H photo)2laplll( d(IIIl oj 10 I plot tld aguillst til( dl((li( nldiatioll (IHJ c of IHlrnwhrollliltil X-Illdintioll In( P(Itlll WIdth had IHI1l IllIllIIId hy IlHUIl of prop( filtration Th oJdinatl may 1)( (onid(](d H ll)(HSIl( of lillll )((d Th t(nll lllitiil ie 11(lt1 ill this reporl a n 1l01l-1ll for Pl(( It i a qllHlltil 111-(1(1 PlTpolli()Ilt1 to tilt do( 1H(d(d t()PlOdlllP tI

pho(ographi( lt111111 I( t lot to 1)( (olltl~qd I(h IHflioshymphi PIlitiil 01 1 11 It pnlllnt dlJ(h jul H gl(11 ~adiogTnphi( W(Hli(II~- jndi(]t( a lihll Ilohillg )l0(1 Hnd (OIlIIlst (x]

l)PI)(IHlitlf oil til( film typt til( (Ililility helow 01 1( i l(Ill(nlh -) toiO tiuw lhnt at lUi 1( Ill( PIlitiliIY IHk O(H(pd al ahoul (Uti In (nil ()( txphiilwd HI Irn~1 quuli(aliy(h h tilt lltintinly t]()n~ 1I1)mptioll of rndintioll ill th( film (Illldjoll 1()lll(Hll(d to tlmt ill ail f~) 1n1 A thl radiat iOll lllllg iIlIrlHI I Ill nholpt illli ill t hI (IIlIIlioll and ill nil 1(lId to ()((Oll( pmportiOlwl Hlld tll( (lllulioll SIIlitiil llil Imain fairll (Oll(nllt For Illllgils ill tIll millioll-dl lIliOll tl1( Ill~iliil riI 11aill I~)h jth 1llIJgy htll thi li( i Hly gTaliwd alld lIlIl1ll lt11( lot amount ttl 1ll()]( than 2i IWII(l1t 0(1 tIll inIlyul [((jill 1 II) 10 1( (do I IIWl1I]IltI ill 11(1I1Olnlil IIllil of (hnrgp pn (uhie (IlllillHI(r of nil ithl ittlll(1l iOlliznlioll (lInmshyh (lldold within n 11lCilp ])(ll1

23 Limitations of Photo~raphic Dosimetry Due to Ener~y Dependence

III Ihl pllugnlph il nl s11011l hOIl th( dif-111(11(( 11((((1l I 11horpl iOll dHlra(Itri1 iI or nil and of photogmphi( (1I1Ulsioll (in OIljllJ(tinll wilh thl Illnlplinl lIlTOllIHling tl](llli (BU( till photogmphic J(S(lOIlP to rnshyliatioll PXP0l1 11 tI I1Wl11I1(d ill 101111g-11I 10 he dlIHllIlllit Oil I1ld ia I ion (IlII~y TI((n 111 of I hi 1I11)(IHI(I1(( doillltric ]esull ohlnitlld ilt photomphi( tilllls at( 111(llninI ulll( tllf film an cnlihllltld il h n kllOlnl n1di1l ion do ill II IWHm ho PIlIIg clillihuliOIl i imilar 10 tllll for ilieh I hI doilllll (I ltIt( 10 b( u(d [1 I] l Iljp I IH (tllr (Iljlltlldll(( of tillt illlllIllllllt i lIflici(1l11 l(dl](((1 tlj( elwin (If rnili1liol1 (IHtgi(s for (nlibrntioll purpo( i (jili(111 lip to nholll 03 I(

III il (If I hpI limil 11 t ions phot ngrnplti( radin t ion doOishyIll(try mn hI diid(d into I I lin parts d((wlHling- upon I lip (IHrgY of Ill( IIdillliOlJ OlllC(

inY Doillllln ill Ihl limil(d nlioll of radiatioll hetln(ll DO) mid 0 l(y ill whi(b photog-Illpliil HII 1 ronI (llltg-(IIJw[Hlpnl hUI for hi(1i thl Illdin1 ion sp((lrulll i fairly (11 ](]l()itwihk ill Ihl laboralory for (1Iiilrn t iOll ]HlljlOP

(I I DoinH1 ry ill 11]( icinit of n Illllnl)(r of OIlIlP S(llH( of whi(h un in Ih lHtgy i(gioll aboy( o ( dllt( (ll1ulioll Plllitiily 1lt1111 only ]md- -jllt (IlPIg nlld S(lIllP of Ililll Hl( JHlo 01 [(1

() Dosill1pllY of high-IIl(]Y radinl ion ill (l]llilihriulll wil h ih s((ollilali( ill Olll( illolullI( Ikgrndpd 10 n 101 as (Jn

[1 fot which I Ill radiHI ion P((tIUlll Illny or lllny nut bl rltprodllcibk ill Ih( InborntolY

4

Ca( i illlportnill foJ lltldiHlioll Illollilorillg of IIn1I and I H(1l1lIlpl ill mpdi(al alld illdlltrial nldio~l11phil d(1nll mPHIs III thi (llR( fillll (llihraliol1 (b1II nlll hl1(1IdillshyPI(puIT(1 ullrkr ]lr()p(rl~ dIOIl1 condit iOJ aild 1ll1 11 rffpITId 10 for nil d()~i( inl(lfllltutiolb Fo( ln1 (hi all Ihnt j 1lI((kd fot Illlt hi~h-(nll rall~I aloliP is Is(ulialhshyOlll lalihrnli~1I1 dlllrl preJ)ll(d aI ~Oll]( lyailnblp high Itlltr~ H(l(II 111gh-IJIIg~ sotlrl( H]( IIlInlly IWlldl(d ill 11shy

(1Ilh lllldilni or indulrinl p(ahlihlll(u(s in urlu lllle

by glOlipS of p(rS()]lllPi lilal Ill( nlo (xpos(d to rudllllioll from low-CIHrg oun E Tochilill pI al [12] R Bilk (I HI II] H B ril~(y [11] aJl(1 01 hel jllItigntol IHill

alt(mptpd 10 difllIPlllint( h(lw(Pll lill doill1l(p( (P0U)I tlll1miug from t hI dillIJ(1l1 ~Ollrl( Il H 11 of nhorlHr 0() po)l[ol1s of tlli film pnckll III (hI lilliH) porlioll of Ilw d(nit-Itrsu-pxP0llJ( 1111( till rul lOS of Ih( phOI0flllphi( dpllitie obtainld lindPI tlH difl(rlllt ahshysoriHIS lin fUllllion of PIlP Thl aUlhor llo thllt if tlJ( rrjnlioll 1)(t(In II(s( rnto nll(1 tl)( (11(1 (If till lltldishyntioll i (lnldish((1 011( (nil 11( il 10 delllllli( til( (If(cli( PIl(lgY of thl mdinlion 101 nll~ ginll IXP0III( Afl(r dltlIshyl1Iinill th( ((1(ltil( (tlNgy 0111 (llll 11111 PJ()I(Id 10 dlIIlshymint IIH rnt in 1 ion do( (nn(po1I1 illg I (I H gi(1l (knsi I dlel (()IlI(til1~ Ihis (klljl by nHHn of 801ll1 Inl)Jlnlid Illlllliplillf fnto lOHql dilli(ulli( lin lIHOlIllI(lld WH11 t YO or Illon n hsorblls )11 11(d 011 111( amI lilm jltl(k(I hp(a IS( du md int ion 4l1 t I lrlr1 from 01)( l lo Ill (r reHelitS I hI til III porI iOIl llllll 11 I1H adjn ((II I H holb(1 II

alt(mpl hn alo h((11 Ilwd( 10 ohtaill II tollfdl (Iimnt of I he rat ill I iOIl (l(JgY from lit Iltl t ill Il(t 11(11 pllOl ogrll phil Iknsiti( nlll s ((I fonnllj- nlld hnd(atleritw frolll oinll S(t of IllPtnllie uhsoriHr [1) 1111 Thollgh ol~(wha( ~lIl11-Iwronl( this ll](tllOd ((Ill to 1)( wwfu] for P 11 0 III HI monishytoring Iork

In (ItSI (() II imill11 PIt)(ldlll( to that ltlplIihpri for (as( (a) IlIllY hI follow(d whlll til( 11(1( of radial ion i~ (Iud ]proltilHihlp ill Ih( lllllOn1tolY 11]( 11Il addiliollal PIIIllllshylioll is 10 (lIdoI thl IlIIlI (In(k(l~ in Illnl(Jia suitld to proidl [01 (lp(1 rOlli( ll]uilihriulll 0(1 I hI (milisioll urfu(( Thi pnrt itUl r phn( i d i(lI11i ill S((( iOIl 24 1111 t h I PP((1ll1ll of Ihp il1(idc1l1 mdinlioll i nol rtjllOdlJ(ihl( in diP lahollllolT hIlI i known ilh n fail d((lTl( of H(TIJnll

ltilhpl fJ(1ll Ih(ory or pX(l(linHlll il ma lli 11(((snl~ to (nJtlllntl lIi( 1(POll of thl doillllt(r to Ihl pntlilulnl radialioll hy pighlinf till pI(lra dos( disllihuli(lll 1l(Ctllltishyillg 10 lile jlllrlinIiHI film J(POIl( (xP((t(d in (lI(h rndintioll (Illlg illl(nul Onl if I hI IPI)(llll i fnirly ((lllnnt 101

5

Ill( (Ill in (tlPIY ltlll)l( O(T hidl Ill( pilltiulnl )((tJlllll (xt(I1I1 i it poihlc 10 flllllili l uitalll( calihratioll itl1-nut dltll iltod kllolcdll () f I hI 11HIi spld lU1l1 1(]( lIdl a nlliilratioll i d(sinmiddotd tI lt11(111( of IlllliY dll)(IHklll( IlIH III HIOlllplih(d hy 1Hloing t( llIlin ljllli pndl ill nhorlHr dpillld to lltdlWP Ill nllUllllll of lndialinll ill lill lIlIII Hllll ill hidl pholollHphil 11ll1l1iol1 11( (00

hi~dd (I1ili( (hi Ilnd 10 Iqutllizl Ill( doillllt(l J(POIlS 1)(1 til( (lit iI( (Iltlg lllllg(

A doilll(I( w()Jkiill OIIlhis plilHiplp I1S dp(rihed Hllil] h~ t hI nut I III I 11 i] Ill( doilllll(J lS 1101 (lcsillwd for P(ISOIlI1Ii 1l1()lIitolill)l hll for nliolllll tll 1lI(nCillltIll(IlI of tnlal IXP0IU( fJ()IIl 1 10 1 ()lHH) I ill 1111 (II (rg nlll-I from tHIghh o1-II (tY(Itiy( radialioll (IHlg 10 Ill( 11l(g or 1111 11- h h(1 H I roll It (ollil (WIl t of u I~n kiil (OIl I H ill I ((knsi 1 u pploXimnl Ily 1t) llllll Ihid (middot()((d itll 1(11 ll1II of till which ill tUII1 is (o(nt il h n Illlll of 1(l( Tltl iPnd and I ill I hidlI(s(S (1(

(lll(uLI t (d ill u ll n H a 10 jHoi(jp op[ i III 1111 nd 1[(1 iOll of th (IHI)lT d(THIHilIl(( or thlll (0 III 1l11I(iuI lilm TIl( Hn kltlil ( InYN 111 11l1l(k [hilk (lloUlh 10 proidl (I Id wllil lquilihriull1 ill tl( hold( lnll fol radiatioll froll1 all 11-1 lHtatron Thi doillHtl1 i ll])nhl( of IIHIStlill~ lXP0IIll ill J(I(lllg(llS itll HIl n((llll( of rolghl~ o IWIT(nl on] its uspjld (XP0lIJ( Hilt (IllII ranll

24 Considerations of Electronic Equilibrium

From 1111 slandpoint of rndialioll PlOt((tiOll a doilll([ll sho1lld (I a dos( ((pHd 10 thai ((liy(d h~ Ihl cri(ical Olgllll Olll( dillll(middot( hdo I hI skin Ylln n JlIII11 of IT Itiill (It(lgy photoll sllik(s H hlock of lUI ((Iial lIOW((I 11( l(Olldlll ]((I1oIlS Ihat nn plOjlel((1 lIluillly ill 1111 fOrnn dinclioll do llol huild lip to l(uilihrilllll it It tIll pho[on ill I Ili 1 lIllI iI 1 It II pploxinwl (Iy (f( llnl [() Iw IH(Illi1 11((t roll lIlllg( i 1(Ildl(d By (cplililniulII ( l1Htlll thl condition ill hid] as IlWIl 11((trolls an topPld in 11 li(1 of th( lIIHIlIinl n oligi1l1i1I I hpJ( (1l(glp(lilll lit( 1111111 (xshyPOll(lIlilll tllII)( ill pho(oll iulllIsity) Thi llHllll that (IS lOll lIS til( 1l1llt(linl SllITOllllllillg 11 dnsillll11 is (hiebl thall tIll rallgt of till ((Ol1dlln (1((11011 thl ((OI11lanshy(llet roll dllli t~ IIlIHUJ(d h~ II( doilllll (I is prol(rshyliollal to lh( plw(oll illl(l1il at SOli( poillt wilhin tlll doillll111 ntl

III tllP (U of phOlOIlHphi( dllsilll([(r til lo]Hli[]OIl of (I(IllOlIi( (qllilihriull i lompnlllti(ly (11 Ill IIp 10 thoul O 1( h (iltn ill it (OIl(II(ioIlHI WlHpIWr Al high(r

6

PJ1Ili diii(ultil Iri( frolll tIl( ftWI tllUl II( nIng( of th( S((OIHhlY I((IIo]] IH(oml gl(11( (I (l1lln t h( I hi(klll or I he film pillS pn]Hl 11 PIHr Till -((0 III hi 1 (1111 roll I h (Ipro 1( nfl llol middotolllpl(hI topp(d ill til( (llllll-imiddot(lIl whertns tlll1 111(tlOl1 ould 1)( nholhld ill (itik Inn of liill li~4II( hu II( pllOlograplll( 1011 ((II (0 hI H IlIlnllI~ ~j dl(p-t ISf1l1 (h~( for 111l~ l]ltgJ( uIIIIs II( film IHllklt IS SIIIlYIlIl(kd 111 HlI nddlllOllHl hiy(1 of (jslll-l(llind(1l1 IllHt(rJnl ho( [h](klll dl]llnd upon (ht (llllO of t 1]( photolls lIl(HSIl red I [ ill Ill (lll Iltnl II fillll sl~iTOlll](kd hYnn (quilihriulll 1((1 of I iIIl-(lluiYakn( lllll (rinl ill 11111(1 tlH 11 IHX illl I III I liol (hat wOllld Ill IIJsnlh(d 1) H

hlllllllll h(in) lxpo(d 10 (1]( S11II( mdiutiull ilJI(IIi 8 Hl (xlImpk of ho~ to tllt(lmI( tit (lluilihriuin Illi(]shy

IWSS of H gl(11 1ll1111rwl hguJ( 2 tows (IH ISIIIt (If nn (X 1)( Ii 111111 I ~ith Il(O (OllltlHllinl lilm III Ihis 1I)(lishyllHnl llll IJlll1 as (O(rldith nllyillg IhidlIPI of TInkplil ~lIld (n~h lillll-Blktlil( (()lllhiillll~()ll W lx]l0ld (0 Ill llHlw(loll Irolll n ((lImit-no OI1J(( for Ih( SllIlH 1(]]Olh of lillll Th~ phologJ(llhi( dlllilY (If thl film llIll~k (xp0ld III IIlIs l1y IS ]I ot Ild Ill( t I 1Ilin(ss of [hI Bnkditp In~-lr inlrndu(((1 on] t lIP elllulsioll lIrInet In (Ill tir( portion of Illl culn I II( mill d(nil i Wlll to iner(ns( I1Wrkldh- it h Ill(](HSiIW TIn](li( i [hi(kllfSS This sho thai [hi llllmlHr of (1(~tl(lIlS al)()lIHd in Ihl lllllIsioll Imlpns(s ilh (h( Bnkditl thid_lllss

In tli s((ol1d J(lioll lli( (lInI flnll(lIs awl nacllls wllHhnt ilidislilllt llHlXilllllllL 111( (ollriilioll of hnlnll(( hN(11l [hI 111(tlOl ahsor)ld by Ihl SlllTIHlllllitw lIIU 1(1 (11(11 Ihkditl) nnd III( detIOIlS produ((d yitllin Ihi lllateriaL wlli(h art rtquirld for IllH Xillll III I dosil1llllr IISshy

]ollSI I1I1(ll1 til g-i(Jl CinlllllstltlIl((S i nSlwlh rd1T(d 10 us d~(troJli( (qtlilib1iull~ Fol ~nk~lit( Illd 111 (Olljllllll iOlI Ith lolHlll-iO rndwtlOll ((jlllllhnlllll I S((II 10 (H(1l1 n( n

1r-------------r----------r--~----~---)shyI-

~ 6 w o S 5 1

4 o Ishyo

REG(ON 3

REGION 2

REG(ON I

~middot~~--~----~--~----~--~----~6----------6~---9L----110 THICKNESS mm

FWtHE 2 Btumille qllillillllIlI iN Hllkeillf oJlaimd lJith CO G radial ion

7

tltidHof nhOll1 llllllL Th Ihild ](Ilioll of Ill gmph i dlanHIIIZld h a ~nldlllll dl(]llll of d(ll~it Ilh alJorhll IhickIW lonIllo11tiillg III til( atll1l1111tiOIlnf til( pIimH1T radwllOll Otlllll til( Bakdit I

Silllihu nllnlIllIlHIlI llllfllllllld illl tIl( InIllllrahlll11Z frOI~l 11 hl~ntroll OPIIId tl~ II 1 i)ln 11 PPI()XilllH 1 I (lflii

Idnllllll lhi(kl(~l of (llJ III LUI]11 (ll 2) (Ill III WHI(I If ow iIH l(l lllllk( liI( rtPOll( of a ptlllllglHphi(

dlllll(I(1 pnralld IIHII of nIl IlllllznllOIl dw III iJlJ nl Itoll for n1dinlioll (]HIlli ltollidllIlhh nho( llwl of 1111 film (llshy

iliil~ lllnk 1IH cWO 1111 (Itl1 ]Ollie (l[lIilihlilllll Ilwlaquoliul who H(nlgl lll()llli lululll i (1( 10 IIHII of nil (101

(Xlllllpil ILlkllill jlohIT(ll or Ildolli a i llItOlllHlY 101 nlyit iOllizH I ion dnn I )(1 I hal 1( d (izlld I (I 11](lt1111(

x- ill gHllllllll-nl~ nh(JlpliI1ll ill t(lll ()f l(llltZ(ll If OJl( wiIH Itl llI(nlIl( a qWllllily plojlortional tl Ih( (III]Z llh(lIIHd ill liyillg tiSlI ()Ile tho(l~(s II tiIII-lqllintl(Jit

(l[uilihlill111 llt1 HI III nnw ill[nl1(( hoth l111t1llli( lhor)p] OJ pmiltltr lllld

IOW-IIIOllli(-1l11111htl (klllOlIi(-qllilihlillill InYl H]( lIs(d It lOlItld lilnl Pll (k(( llY Sll h1 1 H( illllOti lJ(ld hll W((ll Ill( film pIIkll lilt thl ~lIlTP1111dill~ IlllltlrHl pmdu(( n trunsilioll dlt( (linl dillIlil till (k(llll1il (middotqllillbriulll Illll(( till llllmitPI lilt t IJl or Plt1I)(1 hnl i in (1)(111 pf llO illlptllllll(t ill urk it II X- 01 ~nllllln radiatioll ill l(

ll()lllillifonll ]H1IWI lnyr do nol (nstedilrlnlllill hltioW 011 I~( pitol ()(lli tiy( llIfnlY rit(l II()Y(] t 1]( ((jllilibshynmn Inn 1(lI~I~ts of II Illlllpr-atolllw-lllllllh(l lllalllild till jlII~()(Il(tion of ]ll~Jl(I s(]i)lIsl- (t)lllpli(llt(middot th( (olldiliml 1111 I dhtslnll(d II ligulj h(]( till pat I (Ill I till Ilt1YI]((l

OPENED FILM WRAPPER

illtli(U fJo IOIl

111111

EXPOSED DEIHAL FtLM

IlllitIlf UII II ((rll~Itll~middotI l)IIIHfil

I((I( t

8

p~lP(1 Tnppillg iII]llodlH(d 011 a Dllpollt film (YP( j](1

I hI ]lHk1 (OIlII111l111) lltl hllll H ]nPIHd ill a I-llUli slllt of (lltlllllllill dUIIIlg nil (XP()UI( 1t1 cohalt-i)n rntiintioll

25 Directional Dependence

ld(nll H pllOloglltlphir doilll(t(1 llould lIn( pllf((thshysph(lllnl g(Ollwtl 101 ulIifllllll ilpPll( to Ilidintioll fUlil l~ll dinmiddott ion Th( llltllik( (()Iltiglllllt iOIl of plwtoglllphil hIm llll ](PrtS(IlIS n dnnyllB(k illlll(llt ill tlll pho(oglllphil Ilwthod l(l(II lIlt( 10] all hut thl 10wlt (Il(loi( IllId(] ((lllsid(rn(ioll till plwtognlplii( 111((1 i- ltIII( 10tll( s((ollduri(~ pllldu((d llpOll nholptioll of tIll prillllIY IlHlinllOIl ll Ih( lllut(nHI IIITlltIHIlllg tIll lilm rutlll1 tlmll dill tu nbo]ptioll of lh( jllillWIYmdillli(lll ill (Ill film It(If lill Hngulul ltI I P(IIltI (11(( of filll lxp()(d lillder (1(1shylollil-lquilihriuHl (Ollllitioll ltl high(r radiation (IWIi( i~ lI(gligihlp EX]l(rilllllll Ity (]((llillg [-Jj indilntt tlwt fillil (XPOtt IIllde (qlliliilliulli (lllldition 10 rndintioll of HIl Pllllg of Hlllllll OI ( illlidpill Illld(1 lIll Hllgll of x() d(~ 110 ~lholll jilll]((llt 1( d(llsit~ litan fillll~ xl)t)sld llll(jpl ulllllll lOIIlIJlltlIlS hilI undlI norlllal Illtiialillll illshy(idlw( (Zllll d(~](() For lIl(Izi( l)(llh I()( nnt hioIiP] Ihnll nl (( (inllling- fOlllld till tf1((1 10 It 1( PIOIl()UIHld

h(11 tig-h-Htollli(-llll111I)(r aholl)(r H]( lI(middotd 01] th(middot lillllllllkt th) (llllljllllUlinI llllll dinl1iolllll d(IWlltI](1 I IIl(illl( IIll( lit( di((li( thitmiddotklll- of Ill lh-o)lwl

tlil ilh thl dill(1 iOIl of tll( illliltl(llI 11ltiintiolL 11ll (XllIlIpll li~lIllt h()ws lli( dinTt iOlwl dlp(ndcllll or till Dupollt film YPl iIO ill till sk(middottdlld B- filll d()illlCt(middot1 h(ll (xjlOSlr to II (ullilllut(middott h(IUll of Illdint iOll IIlId(1 Inh-1l1t101Y ((ludilioll [liT rtilt- H(TlllHl wilhill O IHIl(llt tOI all mdlllll(lil (llllgl( llho( 0 I I 1( llnd Ill] 11101( of iIWidlIH( h(t ((11 Z(f() Hlld j d(g Ill( Ih d(l~lllt (1

1I111(I(tilllllt( tIll low-lIl]g nltiiltioll (Olll(lOIllllls hy as llllWh 11 SO ]l(n(nl for all 1mzl or illcitlp]( of so lt1 ( ((ltlllk it i fnihl IIlldI ~()Jlll (olldit(llIS to (lIlpl( Irlm hold III dlldl Itlgli-11101ll1l-1I111l1)(1 dlSllri)(I hn )III illlOljlotHtld (Y(ll if tlI( Plilllnl laltiiutiol IlU](( i 11I1isotropilt For illlnll(I till (ITOI dUl to diltllinmd d(I)(IIlt1ll)(( of lIlt B--gt doiflW(1 11 hoYll to 1)( n(middotg]i~ihk small wlt(ll th( doillltler 11 llsnl foJ IlltllSlIlCIlltllts (if hiJh-(I(rg~~ rndint iOll If~)]~l il point (lur(( ill (llllilihliull1 Will II 1((lllltinrll Ilus 1 du( 10 tll( (s(nlinlh i~llshyt~()Jli( dilrihlltillll or till I ()--(ll (ti- (OIllJl()lI(ll1 ill ((IlilihshyUllll llh tbl plimHI hig-h-(IHlgy l1111inli(l1l [lS~ If

LEAD STRIP

FWl7RE -1- ll1r([lioll ill il1ifrpreil1lioll wilh (lltlle of illcId(I(( X138 film 08111111(1

nhsorlwr nrp (Illplo~-td in plIo( ngrapbie doilllPtry of Ioshy(gt1HrgY IHlillt-ollrc( radiatillll a ilolckr of higiwl ~Ylll11wlnshythan I1w H~ doillHt(I may he used in oldl to ((lllllllJH(t

adylIC dir(Ctiollul (~l(middotts It llOllld also 1)( pointld oul ill tillS (Olllwctl()tl (itnt fIllll pnckpts (oBtaining lpad foil hacki] do lO( (11lt1 t hllllSdns to pwtographi dosillltt Y as t lr~ fOl prndmCs a modificalioll ill the pnlticullll film (1llV dllHlld(IH1 ullli all ilHIlUe in itt di](~ct iOllal depelldellce

3 Criteria for the Selection of a Photo~raphic Material for Dosimetry

31 Cniformityof Film Emulsions

TIll up of photoglaphie film for ndilltioll doillwtlV ]((Juirps lhl np(ldll(ibiit~- ()f dlnsilolllltric r(slIlts yjthitl HlTUrUlY limits in line jtb tbe bioogical (quiremen(s

10

lthOlwh hill(wicu aITUra( limit difn IpnidplHhh fol )( 1)1111 i(llI r (~P( of rad in t iOll dT(middot(t llllt 11 t lid ltllld fol th( (YI)( uml (hI g(llltil uniformi(y of (11( tlllillln (Illplll Ill (hpJ( j Il)on (0 wi(YI tllnt nt pnPJlt H((lIlu(il of (lj( ordel of 1i P(]((lIt (lIl I) whin-(d for 11(lw and lIhl(thal do illl1l1I](iH(lIt u)(kl fayonhl (olldi( ion III old(r to alhiPYl (Ulllpnn1hll t1Iutn(i( with pllllt(lgraphil lll(lhod~ lIll (ffot 111( bl Ilwdl to 11-( only film mnt(linl (lr H unishyformity thnt jllllllito ad(f(lllll( ](iJl()(twihiity or dllIito-111(( li( t(ult Tn1gtk 1 how n ll (If llllll]ioll d(lIj( iIS

ohtniJ1(d un 10 difflrlll( film ampl( or (hI lIml (lIluiion hn t ell nil (middotxl)O(middot(1 illlult HII(Oll md (kn]opld lind (I (Inwly (on (oll(d (nj tOIllC( ri( (ondi l iOll

Film

L Ili 1 1 ~t 1 ii] lll

1 111 1 Id 110 1111 111

L rl j Ilj LliO ltiU 111

1 1 1 I gt~ 1 il 1 1 ~ J 1 tU

I~ I L ~2 1 ~ I ~ 1 jH

1 rl~ 1 hi) I I 1lt2 liO L Ill 1 ~ 11 I I I I ~) L L n2 l liO Ill 1fil

I 1 I 111 7) ~H 1 tgtI

L Ii ~ ltIi Ilq It) lil) 1 hI

1Iil

Tltl maximulIl plllld W(((Jl Hll- lwo illdlidua ltlplIil l(ading il llbOl( lWj((l1( wlt(((middota (h( pl(nd of tIl( llY(nlgl j(l(lin~s 1)() fillll i (l1lY n bout 11~ PCJ((llt -lldl

a hih d(lt](( (f a((u( i lIllIdl nl(nilltd ollh~ yhl1t tltt l J bull bull bull

snmpl( (middotmujolll nt( (lIk(1l from (h( lIllI( III III I lIJt( ( llJing bnl(h labk2 lU) thl diffin]](( lwt(lll ititll(ilally (xpo(d lIlld sirmrltllll(ouly pro((spd llIlpk of llllilbioll of t 0 dilTll batllt lltlllllHls Thl di)((IIil hp( ((ll

ba(c(l is llSllllll IIO( too Illlg( ill (Il (n ()f (Ollllll((id (lllllsion nIHI illi lill( with thp data ohlaiJlld h till (Ill II 1-SiOll llHlIlufnllIIl(IS Ith (XP0liItS h ~Iibl(middot iight Tl( difl(1(IH( lllH- 1)( millll Iarg(l ill (Ill (1( of (middotI)Primmiddot]tal ll11ulsions as h()ll ill ti)( snlll( tnbk

11

1ll1t111

1 I ~j L- tl I UO) ~I+ nil lfl 21 12 r1

- I) )

L iJ I II -)

111 2 bO

32 Energy Dependence

point(d ont ill (([ioll 2 1111 photogmph( PlllllljOll (x11il)it IIIlt HllH ~(I(lnl 11)( of lIl(I~y dlI)(IHiltIHlt [IH ditrITI(I 1)([((11 11]( htlla riol of ])mliulnl (lHubio]] Jwillg qllHlllitlltiy( rntlHl tll1lll qllnlitntjy( [11]( dOjlllshy(tryon 11 lnrgl lIHlgY nlllg (ille1l1tiIIIg (IHgil hllo ahoul 0 1() j ]tljul](middotd it i thtlfoJ( 1l111HrY to llf( Ollll typl of lllllldli filUr J(glIrdiltss of film (hoilt ill order (ill)(r to Iollllwllnl( fo] Ill( lIHIgY tilIgtIllIllllI( 01 10 giy(gt n rough ilJltiilHlioll of Ill( 11l11gY ill qWlioll If lll(l]( Ihnn ll)( rilm i IWI(iltmiddotd for lOY(lHgP of lll do( rangl of intlIIst II 1 hllpful to 111(1 film of npPIOXillllllly tl]( HllW tIiIlOll])(

of (I](lg dl])II)(II])(I ill ()Jdll to 1l111i( posihl I hi 1I( of 0111 Il of Jl)elallic liltll for nil of IIlIIll For -Olll I)((ill poiJilllls of doillllll in IItI lllidI(nl-diagllo1 it alld II)Yshyoitagp-tirnHjl(lItII l111lg( It Ilwy 1)( poihl( to tiilllinatp tlli 11I((l for illnllic fill ( wilhout ill Iotlll(iw 100 lnnI all

11101 hy llil1ill film or (olllparnl BUIII (ll(q~ tp-J)(ll(l(II(( ill Ill( (lHIlY lI1ul(middot1 (ollitipraliol] For (XlIll]liP if a hHlI KOlbk llt 11l---Ip((d Dpllud X-ray Iilm pack Cod( DF-)x (xl)O(lt to X-ratlilltiol gllllIHt(middotd at 100-k (OIlIUIlI pollliial IItI dolt in(lrprttnshy(ioll mnltip hOlll n (nliblHtioll (111( nhtniwmiddotd al iO-b 101]shy

slnllt ]lot(lllilli j nholJ 0 1)(1((111 too low hieb for SOIn(

t ppli(a I iOIl j HIIpl n hit

33 Contrast Sensitivity and Useful Range

III oJ(jpr In Iihi( thl d(iltd H(1IIHI in do( interprlshytation it i 1l(1(1I1 10 pro(url films Ihal [(Iold giI] dos( difr(](I((~ ill 111111 of IHI~I tilmiddot]il diff(IiIW( Thi ill hI Ill( CllS( fol film 101 ~hidl thl dlmiddotIISil-nmiddotrlh-(XPOSllP

l

CllIT( lw H slItn(illltly lnlgI lOPI (01l(]]liol1a][ thi lllJ( is dnl1l ith tlll 1I1gt(iS11 Oil n lOHlil hlllie wnIP tlld I tltllI IdIITId to I (Inralt(rilil (111 Illi ((lJllrast of a phologruphic film i 1(middotIll(lti to tIll lopI of it clJamlshyt(rili( (U]( at 11 purlIIulltlr fillll dellsit hjug i11l In til( Iatio of the ltitIlII Y IIIIIII)(III 10 I ill ill(lIIJJ(llt of tlli Itgll t bm of tIll Figu rl j sbm a t y pi(1 I S-llljHlti (hulllllllit (1111 IIlHillg III llIuo1 lilllHI por-lioll (nllllnnt I for inl(llIlIdill( ltitIlili and pori ions of ~rndllnlly lop for (IY low and try hi2h dlllsiti( For film ith dwrwt(rIli( (llIT(S haillg (middotxt (ll(kd J illllll (Ollt ra1 IJUl h( ddillld ll t l)( lo])( of tltl lillilll POltiOiI of 1111 dWnI(t(risti( lUn( YlWIP n (II-tilliJl(d lllliHI i ah(lll thl dlfillilioTi lillY IH lllotiiliCd Hlld COllllllt lIlay lw d(middotfilwd 1 thl slop( of a cilOld bllwII11 th( ltlJtI point or a illdiliollI~ Iho(11 dPllily illtllnd (Owh n~ 101 inSllllli( the slop of Ihord -B in lig j)

Till lop( of tb(middot dWlH(IIlitil (111( of 11 fl(ll fillll tYI)( HrIIs wIlh Plol(fillg conditions as (middot11 as Ilh (ilp PlNg

of tIll rntiinlioll Illlplnytlti for tht (XjlnsllIC HO(II it wn- fOlllld 1 tllnt 011 tit( (1l1iI illTljll(middotd Illlrg illllnnl (fOIll np]JloximHttIW 11 (f((iI (lit]gy 10 lli~ rndiutioll (Illqil frolll a lHtatroll Ill]] at a pImiddotak 1]]Irg~ of jj [IY) lilt ((llinl f(ntlltII of Ihl IlWlcl(lilic (111( of a pallilllshyluI fillll (11 llHlilllnIl1ld for II giYl1l typi of Plo(Isillg alld thnt tl]( (UIYr ohtniJlld ilh dif1(111l1 IHltiial ion 111(lgi( (ollld hI tlHlJSfOllllld inlo ltleI oth(middot1 by n llHrt ltlnlillg of til(

5

4

EXPIJ3IJRE ROENTGr~lS

FIe [HE 5 CllUrwiflisti( (1() (Ii 11 hlI7plt( IIIIIiun

13

I

I

ailwiltltlH --1111111 HriatiOll III pltl((ill tilll( awl 1(111-])(nll111( did lIot diltll1II) th((middot f(1t 11( Thi fllt j t Ii hni fol th pJ()(dllllt or 1lt11 dlllltY-(II~(f)()III( (un( H H (OIT((tioll for jln)((IIli Hlllltj[)Il H I oulllllld

ill pct iOIl i IOllf itll -llituhl II(IfY I(PIIIIllH( md hl~h (Ollt lH-ltt

thl I(ltioll oj film t(imhl( lordollIl(tlY III H ilI1l d(~HI( nllHl i gO(IIId In lllltlioll Ili t i i t Ill( PIl1 t 1 11 of 1IOtog-rnphi( (l11l1ljoll HII hp kllll((1 III H IUIlnl)1 of dillpj(llt 1 III rndint iOJl dOIIllPtry It IS ulwll-Iolllld to 11( (OIl(lli(Jlt to IIl I a 111(1111]( oj (lIsiljyity H qlmlltlly (Ita 1 i il1-( 1ly prop0lt iOlln I t () tIl ( ]11 lil t ion d)( ](IIIIrd

o protiu(( II ((rtnill photoraphl( lII( Y(( n)so ((shytlOll 21 ((oldim to til( d(IlSII Iall III llIdl 11~( lllllL-ion i ael ualh 11(1 OlW 11lInlly dlll)( II photoglnpllll cIlsit of IOO olltiO ThIP i It (olllpjlati~)11 or yalH for th( (llil jit y of n llltllll)() of photonlphw (IllUIWlh (xl)()d to X-nllliltioll of H1~ d~(ti( (Il(I ~)f (jn

nlld tIYllopd 101 j llJillllt( 1Il ho(bk LiqUId X-Ill tlIYIshynp( lt11 OOplusmn()lo C

r~j gtltlnO 1111

-)il

7O

011

~

11 o(ln

011

rbil for iY(ll pj(H(sill~ (olldit iOll COllt In1 lt1 wdl 11

(lliliit Y ai illitlttll1 (italHIt(rili( of a ginlI lilm tlll an (()Il~ilklHhh with tlli dlOi(( of pro((ill~ ((mlli( lOllS (P( (I ion j) 1101(1 for II )iWll (llO((ing t((ItIll(lll( (()l(mst lind tllsitiyily along -Itlt filmlllllfollllJty dllllIlllll tlll )Is(flll do nll1~( of II fillll -~(flll do( IH1Hl I tl)( IXPOSIIl( iIlt(nl il tiell llJ( (lJOl ill do iIltllpl(lation hy 1))(1111 of pitoto)Inpliw d(llsl( d(HIl~)t (X((IltI ~t llnOIlshynlll allll Tbi ntlll( d(p(llIl OIl mtilJ(IIIHI ]Nlll(ll1(])(

ThIP -1 itow II -lllllpl of tiI(middot tyP( of informatioll 1l(((IPd to dl((]llIill( ui1I1 IlIIg( A Iri of (ohult-IO rnllllllll (Xj)()UII It ginll to Dupollt d(ntlll-iz( filmgt of lpl

ill2 hi(It )ft1 lolltilH (llitoll1(tri( lI()(Pill Pl

(lIIlIwd (itgtllitOlllPt rilllly Oil 2) pln( (Hch Tlililll((IIIaCT ill dos d(gt(PIlllinatioli laquo(Ollllllll -t lIlld iJ dill 10 lh( PIIIII III d(l~Ity IPlllIJllr OJ PHch lilm ampll laquo(Ollilllll Wi

d(middott(llllllU(1 flOlll a plOl of II-(IUP dPllSitY(IwfXP0III( 11l(IWIfd Ilom (oll1llln I IInd2 11]( 10(1 lilllit of IImiddot flllw of th( lillll IIllliel th( pnlti(ulal IHO((-ltill~ (olHiilioll Illny 1)( -laquoI((lId 1l((OJ(illr t () t hl illll((IIIH(Y IWllliilllf fol l Ill)lti(1l11l1 type of npplil1tioll Ill( nill( proledlln i thl1I njl(Htfd 101 till UPPI limit

IIr 1l17 II Iii iii

11 il lr ill (l 10 02 )l) )n

gt nt HI 1

~H 01 tti iilO i~ III 10

4 Calibration of Photographic Dosimeters

41 Radiation Spectrum

It is (itPill from lhe pn((middotdi])) ((tim) that H photoshy)nlpllll dOSllll(t(l (1111 hI Ht bgt4I 11 o((()]]tlan d(i(I for 1ll(aslIling lItinlOll do It 11ll aloo 1gt((11 poilit(d Ollt tilat 101 X- 01 gHIllJllll ratililioll of (llllg-i( hllo nholll 0) 1( till dosilllll(ls Ill( hlst (ulihmtld ltll1lnst lit( snlll 0111(( of nltililion or 11 oW illlillll to tlj( 011( 111 in tIll HI) OJ HJound till IWISOllS (0 h lIJonitond For llJonitoring n ]Ollllll h ih-(IHIgy -lll dillt ion om(( it is 1l1((SllIT JlOt ollly (0 obtaill II lldihmtioll for Oll( OJ IllOl( hig-h-Imlg-y SOlln( hut nlsn to il(ck till 1lllgy d(IWlld(II( of till dnslI]]((l] at 10 IIHI)ilS TIll dlOi(( of th(middot hilhllllrgy SOlIl(( 0) sOlIn(s d(IHwls I-(T(ntly on 11t( alilnhility of lIdl SOlll(PS alld 011 111( uitaliility of It particlilar (nlibmtioll ))10((111111 ltlIOIIh a 1ll00HHhroIllntic Olin is plli(ml)Ilt to 11 lIlIXId-(l1(I[ SOll( Wlllll II s(lIsitiit (it((k nt difflnll( Illlrgl(s ahoy Ii 1(- is tI(sind n lllixlr Olln mll 1)(

Hi

1 sntisftldOlT 1)((lllS( iIIlUlsiOIl (llSil iil tUIlVP olll scmh at itls P1Hrgics lnd(l OllW (onltlilion- it is tI(lillshyilth pr(f(nlhll to IISI n lllixlmiddotd SOlll( if Ihis ill hpltpl npJ)]oxillllll( tIll condition lIml(] ybieh th( d(lsillwtpl will bl (xpod ill pmli(

TIlt dlOi(( of Ill( 10 -illllgY ell h hlu lIOn SOlll((S lS 111011

crili(al h(cllup of till fnt (linllg( of (llttljOlI (llsiijy ill Ill(g~ lwlo 0) P hp( lig l) H((ws( tIOIl

lllollo(h]o]llH t ie l[aI1111lll S(lU[((S (which Hmld 1)( tllP IPIlS01lshy

llhlto choi(l for this rallgpl an l~llnll llot llYtlilabk it i ll(((SSHIY 10 hlllr X-lndilIioll in n uitnbl( lllHlll1l1 10

lHIITO lis sp((trnl hand-width n lIIwh II poiblc withollt too gI(nl a los ill radilioll illtellit [ll]

42 Measurement of Beam Dose

TIt( oiJj((t of Ill in(t(nlihrntioll ~)f a pholographi( doillHI(1 nlld II prinllllY or S((Ollda IY 11l1-IOI1l-IltOJ stHndard rending in rOllltglllS is to oigttHIIl II (OlTllntlOtI 1)((((11 til( pwrg~ absorhpt Hlld l1l(auJ(d in (he ail yo11l11)( of (h( stnJl~Hnl Illld (lmt nhsorilld lind 11(1111(lt1 in (II( pllo(oshygraphie dosilll(l(r For all practitll PIlIPOS(S tI1lUSlIl(shy

mens in 1(lm of tlH Ilwntgttl oblnllHd by lIllllll 01 IltOIWrl (nlibrntld Ihimble ionization ChHlIlb(I Ith air-(lJtlinll(nt nllls of eltctlonic-tC[uilibriull1 IhicktH dl 1)( ndlqual(

II nUl 1)( n111h hil( to tn nt this poinl tllnt all d()~( I1WlSIlJ(nwnt s nnd (nl i bllll inn (XI)oIII( tould 1)( (nrri(d out with H wpll collinl1ted X- or gumllla-ry b(Hm 1I fiit(rs ami ttPpo(s (s(t(inl to tlt( s((up slt01~ld IIp pln(Td n fnr HnlY from Illl IXPOUI( posllIOll n postlll( ltl ord(1 to lYoid Httllitlg Oll(( H g(()]IltIIY i (ketld it bould 1)( lllnintnimd thlnng-llO(J1 Ih( xI)(JtllHnt holh for dos( lllPaSUI(Ill(llls and for film (X POlIl(s

IlIt ill(rS(-sqllHIP Iii llOuld not 1)1 tiSId for tIl( dd(middotrshyminutiotl of dost at n point dill(nll from thllt il( wlllch tll( j(llllIl 1Il PH llrtl1Hn I 11 IWrfolt1wd unhs npPIOprintl dwcks hn( indicllted thnt thtgt Oll(( npplOximnlt- II poinl SOltn( with U lItficilnth- high dpgn( of H((ura(~ [In] It is th(nfon ((ommPllt(d (hat tllP X- or gatlllllu-rndiution do~p-rate for (Ich cHliiJn1(ioll (Iup 1)( IlllISUI(middotd yjtll a suitablp ionization chamber

5 Photographic Processing

Ill( tlP((s~ity fOI ndlqlHlif (()Jltrol of pro((ssing conditiolls fOl s(Jl~il(lllltli( work is gllJ(rall rl(oglllz((1 Dplntpd ciis(llsiolls of the important pila( of darkroom protTdurl

16

l1JP to lw iOlllld ill Ih lit ([ll I UJ( [20) Whill IIH illlportlln(p of n satisfn(tolY PJ()((ssillf ((hlliqll( (lIH l(Yl b( sll(ltI too mud) it i nlso important to 1(Hhzl that Ilwl( IS lIOt an (II( s(1 of ]lIo((ing (oIHliliolls thilt prodll((s optUlIlIlIl (ltsuIt nlthOlHh SOl1 I(lillliqtlts mH h pdprnblmiddot to otil(ls 1I1ldpl (ltnin (onditioll It is ullally snfi(innt to (t up il rpplodlllihle t((lllliqlll I( llW l)tIt lIt(d nOt hI th sanl( for 111I Inhonlloli(s III (llOOIIllr n ((dlllHII(

Otll l11H- 1)( ltYuillId In til( j((OlHlll(lltintioll of (ll( lllllllllshy

flt1(( 1lIPI of 1Jloto~TllJhi( llw(rinls and tnk(middot iuto (ollsi~l(]shyation Ihe particular goal I hut IS 10 lw nc(()J1lpll~ll(d [hI choi(( nf dUIklool1l illuminHtion fot in-(an(( rIll Ill lidd 1J (ilt wllsiiyity of Ill( film 10 yisihll light The ~ltoi(( or PIO((ing 1Il1lks oIHI rlllk yill Ill tpleJlllill(d by tIll tilm iz( alld In (hI OIUlll( of york to 1)( halldhd TItl

Ip( of PIO((middotsillg solulion HIld to a ((tain (xlllIt thl (it-(lopillg (im( and (lI1]wratlll( mn~- hI g~lId(d by tltt desjlld u(jul nltlg( and (oulllls of till S(lIltIH lllltlklllls Fioll(( G lO thl (iltllsit -(rU8-(XPOSllrl rlinllOll of tIlt D~pollt film qw )10 for I (ri( of d(doping tilll and foJ two difrplll lt1((10]1(8 Th( liltll lmps Y(P x-

6 -

2

nll(gt

EASTMAN lIQUIO XRAY DEVELOPER

I I ( I I I I f f

ANSCO REPRODOL Dt VELOPER

5 MIN

Dpolli jilill 10 IIIIIIum of dll18iilf aith tieNOfJ(I dirOjiill(1

17

po(d to X-Iadinl iOll of lIll ((1ltIi( PIllIgy of (l07 )( TIlI W(l( d(lojlPd ll[ WOitl C ill Kodak Liquid X-IIlY dpHlopPI O ill All(() l(]llOdo] dl(lop(I Th( f1( dllllH([(li[i( (lIT( ob[nillld ill th( X-my d((]ojl(]

for difl((llt d(llopillg tillle f011ll H [ypi(itl fllllli TlH phO[ognlphi ltl11lI[i( oh[nilllmiddotd for 1 giI11 (XP0llll ill(I(a( wilh illc)(nillg d((lopillg (illllt and H long as (1l(mi(111

do llo1 lOllllllIlWI aPIH((inhly tIl( (oll[ra1 ill-

((Ih( lj((ordillgly Ill( d(llopillg I im is S((11 10 I) qllik llilinll Hlld for this nlOll nil 11Iid stop-balh illtroshydll(d 1(1((11 I lit dllnpill ltlnd fixillg hath lllH il (tgtsilllhl( c comparioll (01 lh( (harn(l (it i (lIJT~ 01gtshylaill(1 jlh Liquid X-Ill d((middotlolhl nnd till (111 ohinillld Wilh Hlpmtol d((lop(1 hms ho t IH llsdlll nlllg( of 11

PHlli(ullll film (Illllisioll (all 1)( (xl(IHI(ltI b til( liSP of dpyllop(ls of ditr(l(111 dWIII(IIlisli rbilto iOI1 dlllop-

tim of ) mill ill Kodak Liquid X-lH dlYllo]Jll tIl( lldlll Ill lli( of I h( parI i(ula I (lllllisioll (xl (Ill Is tOligh 1- from (J()-J tn 2 1 the U 01 Ill 1 Il1llg( ill 11010 )(plodo dllloj)(gt[ is nppoximntpl 1 10 1- l Tubll j sIlO ~illlilHI lH1lg1 (xtellsions fo (lllt(] iii illS 10] (x]lnsu]( to X-mdinlion of (ln-II (ff((( in (IHlgy It Illily ill poinlpd oul thnl ill pitlt of 11]( fll(l that tlH pil()(ogTHphi( (kllili(s ohtnilwd wi( h lLplodol dlinpPI for UIl giPII dos H( slllalli In llhout H fa(lo of six (luIII thogt ohtaillld ilh llll Liqllid X-I1l lt1((10]11] Ihp (llllmst (1IIOIlglollt thl ldul (llllllshySiOll Ill11g( is sOIHlinlPs high(1 fol H(prodol ltI YtIO])(I Hu( thl uiliformity of dtllit ow t hI snrfH(gt of nll

)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil

nl I () 10 IV) ill 211 1() __ it on _ r) III Iono

01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III

In [0 JOn 10 til Oll ~ )(Il

10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn

10 to wn ~U) 10 middotlIl ~l 11) 1lllltt

~IIII 10 gt11011

OIl( film sampk ull (ollsid(lHhly (pciniiy fol fiillls ilil t hi(k Illlubiollo SUill as I hI Dup()llt lllll 11)( ) lil 011 III

li~lJ( (l AllothN importallt 1(10] illoing SOIlP (hol(( i (III

11)( of lliitalioll to hI nppli(d dUling d(nlopillg II IlH

1(1l hmnl Ihnl pl0pll llHlwlIi(ul ngitntioll (illl(l of lh d(Ulopillg olllliol1 01 of llll film matllial Ol of both Iill IlIHm(( tll( unifolmily of til( d(Ililoll(lli( I(slllt as Ill n il(I(as( II( PIlr and (OIlIl)1 oi lil( llllllllial [7 2111 III some illstllll(PS slI(h H ill Ih SilllllillllllOII d(pldPllltllt of n Inl~( IlIll11hll of dllIlnl (jIm til( ngitnlioll 1lllll1Od IIIH

not PI~(111 II grlIl Hllnllllngl 0(1 slalionlll (llplo]lIlHnl ployidld Ihnl lhl pro(Iillg solulIoll 111 ltII mix(d illllllldilt(I priol to dl(lopmIlI

011( pHlii(ulnl nI(k Inpahl( or holdillg W() d(lllld-iz( 1iI111 illlllllaIHOllsh n t(stld lit IllI atlOllnl HUIIlIll oj -tnlldlllll wilh II( yilhOlll ngitalioll Ill( fmiddot1I11 of Ihis laquoS( plOHd I hal in Ill (n( of lillg( hulk 11lI it is difshyficult to r(is nil lllioll Illllltod Ihnt j 1](((slul III

[(llIO lit llld r(plopilll 0 it I I iOIl frolll Ih( film lllfn(( wilholll illlrotlwillg (IITPII[ Ihnl Innk Ill( (lIlllbioll IlowlI Ihp lllllllHlk 1lt llgtcl If(((sllllly ilhollt lilly

lioll ill Hpyiollly Il-lill(d Ollitioll 10 d (lllP a lnn 1ll1l11lwt of film silllllllnlHouly

Ih f1II 0 f ])]0(( i ng I (1Il1H 11 Iwp P IO((sj Ilg I i 1lH n ~l d I nll~t h of Pl()((oillg Oilll iOll 011 PO((illg n(IUlH(Il (HII ll( 1limillalld most (flllliI h- ]Jollillg H (OIlI]gtII s1 of (nlillllltiOlI film Hloll ilh Ibe llnkllolI IllOllilolin~ Hmpls TIHs( film ~houl1 he or til( HIll Ip( 1I1ld hilIill nlllllbls as Ih Illoni(olill films nlld sliolild hI (xpoSld Ii) ll(iiHt iOll of known dOH nd (ll(I~ Ol Il do IHIli1 111shy

(ieillll to (IlY(l Iii 1111 in IISIul mllg of Ih pnlt i(llill I films rh(] SlicIt n ])fOIIltillll is lol f(llsihlp il Illn h( IHPSS] to (ollsitil in Iit Hil 11 lllllll h(l of II u(1 iOllt 101

which qll1lllitHliY( allSIS (111 hI ohlailled 0111 aflll a (Olbidllll hll H 111011 lit of (x]HlillHlI t H t iOll

In onl1 10 Oi-middot Illl (xillllpl( of tlil ly])I of eX]lllilllltlh thlll ()uld hll~( 10 hI (Irild 0111 lht 1111 of all illshyY1sli~ulion of Ihp infiu(wl of (1lIIH1I1111l( ditJPI(Jl( b(I((11 Ihl film 111lll(riul lh film PlO((jllg Iack and lh PO((SSlllg soh1 iOlls a]( dls()i IHd ill t hI foliOing pn lHg1l1 ph

FiltrlllI 7 i a plot of phologlaphi Illil iil HISUS l(lllshy]l1lHtllll Tht (IHlillltllt -n (lllid Ollt und 10 diflIshy(Ill (()JlditlOll III Olll hoth thl IOllIllt](lIlIlI d(Il(ul-flim d((lopill) md Hild tIl( film (1( bollglll 10 111( illdi(]Ild 1 (lll]lPlI1l un ill Ill otltlI 1111 lIIk ll klpl at (OOIl 1(111-

lH

FJ(IU 7 Vllrifltiol or IiIll nlsiililll Iilh filill Olll ml- (IIiUrallrI Inor j(J ptO((XflU bull

jWIatuJ( lind II( llIljlllllUJ( of th( fillll nloll( 11 IlIi((

Bu(kgrollll1 (Olltro] tre nlll for both (OI)(litioIlS TIt plot sltO 1111 illllPHI ill 111lckgroulld fog Ihllsily as nll as an ill(l((Se in s(llsitiily of tIl (xpos(d films for hOlh Itsl tOlldiliollS lImny th l YllJiatiolls an so Iilnll ((11 in tItI caSt of both tlllt filIUS awl Ihp 1uk at 1(IllwrnlUlCs difl(](nl flom room t(llllwratlllI titnt II plusmn IO-dCg-( ditflllll(l Iwf((1l thp plO(ssillg tillljgtIIllllllt nlld tl( t(lJlwral Ur of thl film-me] (olJlhil1H t ion otdcl (ll USI only H lA-p(I(lIl

Ylm1ttioll in s()lsitiyit which is 11 within (XjWlilllltlltlll elml hlll tl( film ltllol( aI( Immght to 11 diffellllt t(mp(lIllmp titl s(1Iil[il 1I1inti01ls nl( (111 SI1l11llpl (hll lllay (Olllllle( from thi sllllh- Ihat smull dilttIltIlI(s ill laquomjl(ntt un I)(t ((ll film mH krilil lOllY(1l t lOllal dlllt al ()p_ plopinE 111(8 Hwl pro((SSillg olll lOllS do nol lll(otllll for In rgt PllH(sing ileonisl (]I(i(s How(I i I is (Ol](Ii Il hI I ltnt diffilultils lllny ari-l( if the d(qInping rnd-l llllplo(d HIP (IT In nne bulky

Two of t1w losl (OilllllOJl )lHSOIl-l foJ IllOIpssin illOllshysisttlJltils ilIl -ariat iOlls ill III( 8Irl1lgth and in Ihl 1~1II]wnlshyllll of the jllo((ssillg solutions Yariatiolls ill str(llgth lllny limIl from tIl( liSP of oillt io]) imllwdintl- nftll III (I)(fol thlY JUlY lalllld dHlllinl (quilibliull) 01 ftOlli till llS( of (xlta lIs(d OJ part Iy (n porn I (ltI soint iOllS era hI n( Hwl ll(nll [21] fOllud that Ih litm area that (llll 1)( c(yllopId in It gi Y (ll 11 nJOulI t 0 f PIO(tssing sol u I ion h( ron u ny sign ifinllil IlHlnges in film dPll~ily lW(OIll appmPllt dill with tllm

20

lpI as wpll as wilh Illl IY1)( of prolmiddottillg olnlioll TiltshyIHIHd that dlY(middotloPllll1l1 of niJoul )()() sq ill of lipn i 1 cxpo(d Kodak Blu( BraJld X-ray (ilm in Ii gal of Kodak Liquid X-my dpnlop( protilWis a lt(((1-( of nl in lti(lli ill t he lillla I port iOIl of t Ii( dw ralt1 pri it (11( whil( Ilwl( j JlO nppnlinlllp dpllsily lt(((n itll Kodak o--((lll X-rllY (illl lIIdr tIl( salll (()]lllitiolJ [(slll of l(sl illu[lating till illlPOltnlHI of llIaintaining l (Ollsta11t pre)-

1c1lljlPlIltllj( UI( ilOll ill ligun Sand IJ Tht (U]Y(S how11 ill (iglll( I Y( ohlnilHd with X-nldinlion of tlOi-I( (ffl(lin PllIrgy Kotnk Ijqllid X-ray d(nlop(t a Ilsld fo] PIO((ssing al tI I1UllIbI of dilftIcnt t1111)(liIshytllS Ill( tIllPInlt 1I]s WNt I1willtaill(d itll an H((Untl of plusmn 01 tiP ( Th( slop( of t hI (llnS i ((11 to d(I(llS(

itll d((T(aiJlg tll1l])(laI1l1 ltp (l1ll1bioll s(llsiliity lt11shy(](I1SIS a wIIL Ill( IXlplll of titl d(((I1 j 1(11 to lInshy

witb tllIulsioll tYJw Thi i l)Oll~dl1 Ollt ill ligm( n wIHI( I he Itln I iy( 1Ilil iyiti(s (plO]loJt iOllnl t n film ltItllit diyi(kd h Ill( IXj)()CuJ( ill J()(nl gll1gt I 1In plol (Id ng11illst lilnloping tllljHrnlull WIllh wilh DUpollt Ii 1m (n)( i[O n plusmn 1_ltlltg dlHllpe ill lelllpIIntll protu(( a (hnll( ill Illsiliity of lllllJOC1 ii lwnPll t t 11( sn 111( dw Ilg( iii I (1l1])(]1l t U JI prod w(s 0111- n plusmn2-jwn(nt hnllg( ill s(llsil iyily ilb DllPOllt fillll t YP( I 2m

hp]I it is not ]lossibk to (limillat( tlH ill 111111)(( of proshyconditions lllird by dl(Jopillg a (omplpt set of

21

rfVELOPNG TEMPERATURE DEGREES CENTIGRADE

FHtHI n IT(JlutiO)i of Jim 8utxiUritil trith i(I()OjJUfl tftfljJlfflift(J

ndlhrtl I iOIl filIn along- ilh tll Illonitorillg llllpl(middot pro((shyim rowlilioll (In hl I hY d((loping 11 m1lll lIumshyh(I of film (xpll(middotd to Oil( or t YO 11011 donges of H ginll ladiHtioll tog(middottlHr ilh till ampl(middot In Ihi ny th( IllHmiIWI( o IIii IIIJ(prtninli( ill [J1O(ping (nil 1)( ptishymat(d Ill( nit in I)(t ((11 tilt (Ollt 101 dellsity nllllldly obtnill(r nIld tIl( d(l1sil (OlTPI)()llriilli 10 tll(middot ])1111 i(ldlll ((I)()Ill Oil tIl( (niibrnt ion (111( has h((11 11(middotlt1 by SOIll(

authol II th( dtllit -(Oln(tiol fn((ol for til llloJlitoring nlllpl(middot Th(middoty Illldti I th( 1](11111I1y ohtained (knsti(middot 1) tl)(middot OIT((lioll fa(tol nwi llwd II) (nll(ltd (jpllltl(S 1()1 till do( illt(pnlalioJl frolll tli( t(llsity-nrslls-lxPOSIIl( (U1( [1 J Tili PIO((middotdlll( i aie(jllnt( 11 irlllg liS tIl llnkllO1l dllit i(s IiI it hin th(middot 1Il1lg( in hieh pltotoglllphie dpllit i II liIH1ll fUll(tion or (X]JOSlll( If tlli is Ilot til( (1( it i l1(hluhl(middot to modify 111p dps(IiiJ(d (OIT((t ing pO(ed II 1( hy applyil1g 11 (ol]((tioll to thi (XP0UI( scalP of th( olioillllih llyailllhip (U1T( rathl thnll to tIl( (kllil ie of t lip ~lI(Jllitolill Hlllpks Th( prop( (OITell ion fa((o to 1)(gt appii(d to tl)( (XP0UI( s(td( i tll( (Xp0III( (011(shy

pollltiillg to th( (olI11ol-film ltlPllity (Ollttt(d r~)Ihll kglOlllld fog II illt(Jplet(middotd Oil tIl( utlllnhl( (IIIT( dlld(middotd by til ltX I)()U 1( t 1]11 t Ii (Olll nil fillll l1(t un J(middot((middotj(middotd

22

6 Photographic Densitometry and Interpretashytion of Densities in Terms of Exposure

Wilh lil UdHlll oj hipoundhh lnhiliztmiddotd phol(HmiddotIrtli( dIlltishylOIlI((PI (klitolll(t Ii pIO((middottilll huy( h(OlllP H IlIHt t~1 of J()IItinc 1IId illl lllicltllt tIl( Hn (])]()(lu(lbh nlllll tU12 ill d(lli Im) difr(](1I1 dmiddotnilolllllic )H()((middotd1llP

UI( uo in u( ill Ihl Ylllioll laholal()i( III Olll lahshyoratori Os d(llilOllHtlic ((ndillgs HI lli(I) til 1(10

sellill ortlumiddot inslnllll(lIt heiug th( (lllllg for tluI1I( of ]OO-P(I((111 llllllllliioll III otlwr IlliJorntolw th(middot Z10 point of lh( illslrull](lll is lHljut(middotd to slglllf~ tIl(middot tnlllshy

Illisioll of lIll U1lPxpo(d film slIlllpl(middot dp(middotloped III till 111](

IlHIlllHr as th( mOllitoring salllplP lllld (Ollllllg frolll tli( Sl1Illt filll bnt(h (1(t dellsity )(ldillg) rh(middotp two 1lllt1liod lit(middot (quinlklll ollly if calihlHt iOIl filllls Hl dpnmiddotiopmiddotd toshy(tll1 itlt the 1ll(litolin SHtllpl(s or if tlIP hll(kgOlllld ]Pllsit y or 1lt (J d(Pllwd sample has lIot dUII1g-pd IIPIITshy in hl- Iwcn llP of foggillg of tlu (ll1uJiol h(t W(ll t lip t 11(

tIlt nllihrntioll (ITtmiddot is pnplllpd nnd tilt tUliP th d(tl~lt of lIbs(qwntl (middotxPOS(middott1 nllt p[()(pss(d nlOlIltollllg Itlm nl1lpl(middotlt is illtpl]Jnmiddotttd ill tellllS of dos(

III till (ns( of II (hnll ill bnkIOlllul fog tbl t() IllPlbod of d(nsilolll((n J(qui (orJ(liOllS of a diflpl(llt kilHI nnt IHllgni(udp if SiOll mistllkrsill dos( illltprtlntiou In to 1)( (1 nlid (( rlH1l gross (iPnl t ((S II 1(11 d ann pprOXlllll) t ( (OITP(ioll (llll 1)( (alli(middotd out in th(middot folloillg tl~

n 1111(X])01ltI film snlllplP that othlis( lin th(middot Sll~l( hilol as tl1(middot lllonitoring films i (knioppd along Itll tIlts Illonitoring filllls Ill( fillll denili(s are lh(1 mtplshypl(lpd ill t(IIll of (XPOSllt( from thp orlg1l1ul ndJlJlItlOll (IIITP Ill( trll( (XPOSl1( 1(((1(lt1 by thp 1Il01l11011Ilg IIll is obllillld 1) suiJtltldillg [rolll IIH (X]lOllJ( nilu( obtUIllyd frolll thes( Him the (xpolIr( (OIT(S]lollriing 10 titl dPIISlty abo( Ilas( Hlld fog

III tIl( (liSP of 11(1 d(llsit r(uding 110 fUltlHr (011((11011

is II (((SI 1 plmitipd tlllt 1Il(~ monitoring fillll HI( 1I0t masi (middotI~T fogged

7 Storage of Photographic Material

LilliI qualltitatip illforlllHlioli I HYailnl)i( Oil tIl( lt1ltshystlu(tiy( inllu(IHt of hlllllidily Ilnd tPlllJHnlttll( Oil phntoshyllaphil (llIulioll hp it hy f(Jl1ill~ of lI11(xp()~(d o (xposd Illatpill Ol In fnltilllg of lli( Intent Illlag( him (OlllJlllllH

ulInlly 1((OlrllllPIHI n t(lljl(lal lIl of il hOllt 10deg ( Hnd 11

23

]elnti( humidity of nllottt jO ]wn(llt liS optimum fo] film slorag( Ill humidity of tIl( nlllloplHmiddot( ill cOlltnet with tltp Plllllisioll (all Ill J(adily (pt (Ollo[an( by PIl(oillg IIH ilHliidwd S ill moi( U(-])Ioof Ill( (flpct of Ioragp t(llllwnllllr( ditl(r in Il1Htmil ilh (1II111ion tyP( It IS gPlwrnlly tllI( that (ry s(lIslin (lIIl1biolls f() lllOI( lIudih lhnll (s (IIili( (1)( hul lhplP i IpaSOll

I o])(li(( llHlllJp laU1l1 illl1l[P j tgts liuhl 10 fndp ill tIlP

-(llili( Pllntliolls Th( (middotf1~middot(t Oil phntogrnpbi( tilm of high 1(]lll)(rat In prior 10 (xP0III( is IIslInll not (o]Hid((middotd (middotx((~siqmiddot fo] short-tilll( slo]ng( Ht telllwrntll(s lIJl to tindeg or (ijO C It h 0[( 1 sllgg(stld Ihat fo] any pnrti(uJal cllOi(( of torngl londil iOlls the ef1(d of tpm[wrnLlIr( nnrl humidity 011 tIl( fillll IllIlI(]ial bdo]( and nfl(] irradiation should 1( tlstpd by dp(loping snmphmiddot films at ](middotgulnlmiddot inlN-nlb and ill[ llllmiddotir (ollditioll

Tahir- fI sOlllt datn on till df(middot(( of hidl stomg( 1IIl-jl(middotrat llIP low tnrn~( humiditi(middot 011 (WO film 11( both 11(01( lllld aft] XPOSUI( Exp0ur(s (]( UdlllillitpJmiddotd dlilp tIl( films w(]( at room tlIlI]Hratlup (ahollt 24deg C) Fi~lI](~ ]() Hnd 11 how (li( (trl(t of all ~Ionlg( tft(] (xp()~lIn of til( two [jIm t)w of lnblp 0 at Ilormal room t(I1I]W]111 lII( 10 27deg C) nnd nmiddotlnti~( hllmidili(middot~ nut rxshy(((dim no 1)(]((111 yhik thp fadillg of th( n1l1l1 iIllag( of llt( l)UPOllt film ty]W )10 (n nlllintion lllollitoril1p film) CHUS(S a dlltlnw ill dos( illte]]l](latioll of 0111 lj P(](Pllt

-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull

bull DENSITY LEVEL 0amp1

o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO

Dupolli i1I1 II)I ij10 wll 1I[elll poundtllle

24

OENSITY LEVEL 031 DENSITY LEVE( 080

---- DEN$lT1 tEVEL o DENSITy LEVEL 39

bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o

i jil 041-0~1 ----_LL~-------LL----I ----L-L--JLOO---=-uLl-LYriIOOO

LATENT I~AGE FADING PERIOD HOURS

F(~ nn 11 1 odak 8pltlOsropiro 11

111)( j)S-O (olhll-rom) tWO

0(] this ])(riod of timp (lip fading of tlw Kodak film Iqw 410 douhk-fOH[(d (n IW(]OSIOpic film) (nll~( II dlshy(IlHSf ill tloS( intlI]]((ation of 00 11]((lIt OPI tligt Slimp

l(middotngtb of limp

TRlf G Elf 0 dry Imlll IIi on luo diifcfllltlilill typeR

Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (

~O-plnIllt rad~ iJ If ~lrt (-r ~ hI

1h( (Ollsid(1H t iOB II bonmiddot 11 ppl t () Io]agp only asslIlHPII thloll~llOlIt (hi~ diwuioll Ihat nIl lIlHd( ill it labollltolT Ht IpIIIPmiddotralll](middots 1)((((11 C 1l0nYeI tllP york of [orgnll [221 on foul

25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040

Fl(-liE 11 ilillWlI1 fillll stfl01f1 I( IIIP(

2~O

(tfltlIlIlilir lilh (J 1olj j( bull

ailiog-mphi lilm tP(middot illdi(alt llO nllialioll of (thitiit y 10 X-ludiatioll 0(1 a I tUl( from 10deg 10 + ()O C Oil Io or IllP I(tlt of ahout I IWI((lIt

Oil l third out lind a nlrilllioll of -10 ]Hl((lll OIl n fou)lh Thl( l1Ilts (1( (Pill iulIY (olllilmd ill this labolatory 101 difl(1I1l1 fiJm tPtmiddot Ill( 1(1 PlfOllll(d al Ih BUl(nil illdi(ntl fUltll(llllor 111111 IlIn durilll Intllll-illl)O( 101shy

matioll PIOltI(I(( dill(j(nt l(slilts 110111 itPlItillg Hft~l thp Jallnl illllll( is fOllllld Tlli is IIOWlI ill tigll( I for DushypOllt film iypp til III i( of tlH IIlHlk(middotf dlHllg(S ill (11

dellity-psuS-t]H)lll( (un( wilh dWll)ing (mp(nlllI](s it S((Ill Hdi~d)I to pmt((t till film frolll larg( ItllI]lInIshy

(1111 (hallge Ht til tillll UJ h(I( Ihi i iIllPOsil)k In lt11shy

I (rlllil( (I)(middot (middotJ](middot(I of high tllll]wratllrfS dming slorag lind Iry higll 0) VII luw 1(lllP(llIlllll dllrillg (I1Jihlntiol1 ill

oldn to h( abl(middot to apply ((rUlil1 ]ougb (OII(((ioIlS

8 Summary

fll ordl] 10 flllililnt( thl llil of Ihi HnlldhooJ fo] P11I1shyli(lIl pholographic dosim(lY and to highlight Ol mllp Illl dangs Hlld pi I fal of t hi phol ogra phil lllllhod for 1lH1Ilt-

26

11 rill ItHlintioll do 11 iJlid lllllllWI i no )(iv(11 of it IllO[ illlportllllt id(lI

Ill( pllOto)(lllphi( ud ion of X- find gtlllllJH rny (Ull hI hro1lght illtn OIl(-to-Oll( (OIIt-JlOIH(IH( itb Indintioll do( H (lllll(d ill 1()(IlIg-(Il alld il i th(I(foll p()ihl( 10 U(

photogaphi PlilIIiioIlOi fol X- HlId gHlIllllltl-lny doil(IIY IImnr hdoj ntllllI])lillg 10 Hdopl it ((Ilaill doillll1li pm(I1I( OJ( houle fllllliliHliz( 01l((jf illt [i( followillg fn(t

I Th( r(]JOIlOi( or pllologrnphi( lillll dp[)(lld Oil Ill( (lIll of IIIP X- or gallllll1l radial iOll I-(d fol III (X(l0UJ(

Px]w(inlh ill th(middot Pllig nmiddotgion IIJl 10 nholit nj Iv Ill( film h01ild tlI(nmiddotrmmiddot( 1)( (liihrnt(d itll 11 llldintioll p((tllllll silllilHI to (WI (Il(Ollllt(lld ill WI unl 11( mllls t 1)( lllllgy d(]J(jH I 11)(( Jw 11((11 sllffi(iPlltl (Ollllt(IHtd I)y tIl( (I1((t of II s(]Pct i nJ u soriJing lillll 1101lt1(1

11]( IP])OIlS( of plI)togrnphi( fillll to ]HIlttlulillg radiu-t ion rOlllllgJHI i( o (()rpunln 1) dp]lII](I 011 I II( IlIH I IlIul

til( (IIiUbioll as 111 n on Ihl inll(IPlll dlHl1I(-

1(lili(s of (IllUjoll itpJL III Ill( (alt of X- ot gallllllH radiation il i I(((ssnn- to 11llOlll](1 t hI film wit Ii maltrial ulIi(ilnl fol (k(lroli((qllilihriulIl in OId1 to oigtIHill (]If()-

dlWihk 11illlti lllld(1 l1rillg (oJl(litiolls L -(nili11 Hlld (()jllnlSI of II photngrlphi( HllllslOIl Hn

mallrinll iI111i](]((d h the ly])( of dpl(loping ag(lIt t1Hil agt and 1(I1I]WInllllp n~ -(11 as 11 tl( (kdopin( lim( til( I~]W of fiJm d(laquolopiJl) l(k find I It I 110lt11 of 11i~t al ion 111shyill~ tll( (Ioping ])lO((S PJO((slIIg (olltln lOll Illllid 11(tdoJ( h( I(pl n JHnrly (Ollstnllt H posih] If al all f(asibk (lliihllItioll films should 1)(middot pnH(middotss(middotd nlollg LIlt litl monitoring fihm~ Yil(r( tltis i im])osibl( (ont 101 ilm sllollid 1)( 118(middotlt1 to ndj 111 I It( (nli bra t iOIl (III(S ill twit n WH itS 10 (Olll)wlISnl( for nlly dlllllg( ill [lIO((Slllg (ondil iOllS

4 IllI r((Omlll(IHI11 iOIl of th(middot lllallllfll(IIIII nwy 1)( foll()(middotd Ilgultiillg 1)(1 sto]ag( lind ])Jol(sim2 ]lIO((ltilll( of tlte film lllatllial it u(ful lif( S]lUll lllld t hI fudillg IhnllllshyIpristi of ltp 11llpIlt imHlf llnd() llo)llwl (undilioll hpJ( unlll111l (i](III1IIIIIj((S nn PX])((I(ltI 10 1Ii or llO

information Itlll ])( ohtlliJ(middotd from tIll lllllllllflll1(l furt t([ t (st should hI lHt-fOllIlpd on t Il pa)t i (ula I tilm I J)(S

YlH11 11(lt1 ill (ollj UlIlI iOll wi t 11 t IH nIt 11 (II (middotd [pf(IIIH( I i~ I It is Bn lid hook shollid PI111 hlp I hI 11)( I l[ 10 h((()Il( Ilffishy(illth- fumiJinr wilh till fUlldalllllltnl pro(s of pltotoshygllIpbi( X- Hlld gllll1111U-nlY dosillllt ly 10 spi up hi 0 11 dosillltllie IniJollltolY

27

9 References r 1 J H((ulilIIt(1(lal i()lt of t 1)( I III PflHtl jOllal (01Jllllimiddotiolt (H( ]adioshy

logical 1101 ((I ion all(1 tlf Ilw Illt (IlIat jOllal (OflllllbjOli on Hadiolugieal [nit I qO atiullal Blirpan of -tandanb I alldshyhook middot17 II Iii II

[2J Alllfli(a Il ~I andllrrJ ()ialioll Z (2)- I -J( [31 ( E 1 Illlt t 11 elf t 1)( pllUl Pll( p 20a

(T11( Co (W Y I [~11 ~ilh(rt(ill and TIilli qllalltlllll tllpomiddot of -IHY

X]1lIl Oil Phil lag 9 7x7 t 11~()I [ii I J II UnPlling The of -IIIY lf(w Phy

-0( (Lolldonl B61 [iiI y lal(onl -(lllll appli(ation of Il1I(kar 10 Ill(di-

(iIlt BIit J HadioL -ppL 02 p lil) II [71 H II Iorgan alld Y Y all AIiflI Til ltIIil(PlltII of rOIlilshy

gllographil fillll and (rIIIL Hadiolog S 812 (IQW [xJ B(u roll IlIlllldiIJlI 1UlllHtl -(1 i011 III p q (lli (IIUIIll(J

Ifg (0 lli21 [U] II Ilorlill alld 111(b Qlllililalin 1(middotlalioll~ 1)(1((11 lit

photographic rppUIl( of -ra~ tilill aud I Iii qualllitmiddot uf radiatioll ()n-D(trtlllin Te-lilig Iii 11171

[IOJ II Imiddot -((IllI11 111 -p(lral (Ililii~ of Iwo (()ltllll(Iliai -ru tililt ht(11 02 alld 2 ) -1112110111 nmiddot ~(i 1111 r ~1 31 I (11)0)

ill] HIHliologj(a mOllilOrinl2 lIli hod~ alld ill 1I11ll(1I al jUlial Bu](an uf -talillHnb Handhook ii J 1 ))2 i

[12] E To(lilill H II J)ai~ alld J (alihlald lI)lItgPll-ray 111m Igtad~ dillllt(l lll J iO(lIt u(nui Hadillllt Tlitrap 6-t17j (I Oi

[13J l Ilakpl awl l B -il nlI 11 a 11 IlllplOd libll hntig( for PIT-0111I

IlI011iloril1u l(middotitOllil 7 u 12( (I rl~J B B Wi] Th nmiddot of pllOlol2rapiJi( for Illo11ilurillg

Imy alld I[lllllllll ray Hadul)) 56 22j (1)1 i 11)1 ( T Hilll ~((olldary Il rOil Plllii()11 alld middotff( hi atumi(

]llllllhr~ ulitmiddotolli HI 0 I (11)2) r Iii] F i]li~l(r Il( 11llt hud of 11( II( phutugraphi film a a

qnalilY ilidilatiull aud do 11111(] fo] x- aud ualllllli-l ray Ihol J -((1 B90 If)) (11)01

[17] 1 Ehrlilh and ~ Vitell Plwtographi[ X- ami gall II na-ra dilllltl lldOIIil 9 0 aj (Ij-Jl)

fl8J L ~IW((r alld I Fauo 1II(lraioll ami diffllioll of x-ray (altltiatioll of ial dit ril)llt iOlI~ by poiynolliial (xllan -ion J Hl(ullh 16 -lHi (1(lj I) RI2213

[HI] L ~ TaYlor Hlld G Sing(r itl-ltIIllIlJlllt ill IIJPlIlgcll of Ih gamllHl radinlioll frolll mdiUll1 by the flp-air iOlliztll in filamlwr -IllI HOllltgtllul Hallinm Therapy l-t -l2tgt (11middot101

[20J L A JOIII L E H alld H H B(aeham A dlwlopiug ma(hin( fol Yolk J Iot Pict f-llg 21i 7l ( U137)

[21J J l (rablne( and i Y 1IIIlll D(Yllujl1 uilllioll fill -ra film Part 2 Imiddotdieu Hadiogr alld PllOlogr 21 n 2 ax rUIHI

[221 H H Iuruall - qllttillitati( I uti I Ill [ft of lllwratul ot( lIilidti of X-ra )(t( alld filll~ Hadiology -t3 2iiG (I lIt

YAtlHIXGTO February Ii 194

28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf

1

Preface

Tlli 1I1l11dhOOk (ontain PlilllHIT fa(tllal lintn nlld haic priIHipk llP(pnry for pitotol2TlIpilil (oiIII l1 ry of Xshyand galllmH IH II W11 pnpll((l in IPPOllS( to ltIll lIIglllt ll((d fpil ill nlrioll pim( for lllOl (olllpllte illfolIlulioll oil Ihis lopic --il](( Ihl Radialioll PIIi( Lalwrator of th(middot nl iOlI1l 1 BUlPl1n of --itHl1dord lws orkld (x(ll1i(I 111

I hi Jldd for H IllIl11b(r of nur it aPJ)(HJ(( I hal it IlIl1 1)( ] Il]pf1l1 to o(lwl ork(middot tn pllblish this ](TlIllllllntioll of Illltplinl n n g(nlrnl illforlllatioll itandbook

]ot of tit( ilifonnlllion PI((lIlnl i (OIl((lIl with tlie 1I of (OlllllP(ilii photograph( IIIIll for X- and gHllllllll-111 doilllIIY Emphnsis i pia (Ill Oil I ho( prop(1 i( of pitoto2rapiti( (IllUiOIlS lltnt UI( hai( to radiation doilllshy((IT Li]lls( ntl(llti(1l is (dild to iimiluliolls inhp[(llt ill Ill( Ilwthod lIIHI llHlIlliul anll (I l)]((HlIliOlH lhnl should Iw oh-(1(d Bp(lIIS( (oniltl (]11 1gt1( tl(xibilit ill Ipdllliqu( 11lld pro((dul of film doilll(1 IT i poibll itltshyoul ap]l((iabll (ff(middot(middot( ()n lli( Plld (SUII 110 nl(PlIlpl j IIlndp to sJ)((ify ill of til( d(middottnil 11l1iqll(l~

Ill( work ill jll(pnlillg thi lIandbook fUppOItld ill parI by til ( S _middotrIllY --igllnl COIPf Engill((Jing LnhollIshylori( -(kll()kdI1lllIt is alo lIlId of Ih( 1iIIlIl(( f(nd(l(d I hrolll t IIlt (OllllllPIll ofi(INl by tit( tlliOllS

(yin( of t h(~ ])l(middotlillliILHIY draftmiddot of till Illlldl)Ook

A r ASTI) Director

III

Contents



([(11--11








1 V1lU ~ (Xplgtlln


1 Hef(-nll

IV

III

1

j

I 1

10 10 12 12 ) 1gt 10 1(

23 23 2ti 2s


argarete Ehrlich

1 Introduction











21 Dose Definition




pllie (1Ii t

th( (


1 Y of a fllO((pt



30














4








5








6






1r-------------r----------r--~----~---)shyI-

~ 6 w o S 5 1

4 o Ishyo

REG(ON 3

REGION 2

REG(ON I



7











OPENED FILM WRAPPER

illtli(U fJo IOIl

111111

EXPOSED DEIHAL FtLM


I((I( t

8








LEAD STRIP







10



Film


1 111 1 Id 110 1111 111


1 1 1 I gt~ 1 il 1 1 ~ J 1 tU

I~ I L ~2 1 ~ I ~ 1 jH


I 1 I 111 7) ~H 1 tgtI


1Iil





11

1ll1t111


- I) )

L iJ I II -)

111 2 bO









l




5

4



13

I

I






r~j gtltlnO 1111

-)il

7O

011

~

11 o(ln

011







IIr 1l17 II Iii iii

11 il lr ill (l 10 02 )l) )n

gt nt HI 1





Hi














16





6 -

2

nll(gt


I I ( I I I I f f


5 MIN


17







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf

Contents



([(11--11








1 V1lU ~ (Xplgtlln


1 Hef(-nll

IV

III

1

j

I 1

10 10 12 12 ) 1gt 10 1(

23 23 2ti 2s


argarete Ehrlich

1 Introduction











21 Dose Definition




pllie (1Ii t

th( (


1 Y of a fllO((pt



30














4








5








6






1r-------------r----------r--~----~---)shyI-

~ 6 w o S 5 1

4 o Ishyo

REG(ON 3

REGION 2

REG(ON I



7











OPENED FILM WRAPPER

illtli(U fJo IOIl

111111

EXPOSED DEIHAL FtLM


I((I( t

8








LEAD STRIP







10



Film


1 111 1 Id 110 1111 111


1 1 1 I gt~ 1 il 1 1 ~ J 1 tU

I~ I L ~2 1 ~ I ~ 1 jH


I 1 I 111 7) ~H 1 tgtI


1Iil





11

1ll1t111


- I) )

L iJ I II -)

111 2 bO









l




5

4



13

I

I






r~j gtltlnO 1111

-)il

7O

011

~

11 o(ln

011







IIr 1l17 II Iii iii

11 il lr ill (l 10 02 )l) )n

gt nt HI 1





Hi














16





6 -

2

nll(gt


I I ( I I I I f f


5 MIN


17







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf




21 Dose Definition




pllie (1Ii t

th( (


1 Y of a fllO((pt



30














4








5








6






1r-------------r----------r--~----~---)shyI-

~ 6 w o S 5 1

4 o Ishyo

REG(ON 3

REGION 2

REG(ON I



7











OPENED FILM WRAPPER

illtli(U fJo IOIl

111111

EXPOSED DEIHAL FtLM


I((I( t

8








LEAD STRIP







10



Film


1 111 1 Id 110 1111 111


1 1 1 I gt~ 1 il 1 1 ~ J 1 tU

I~ I L ~2 1 ~ I ~ 1 jH


I 1 I 111 7) ~H 1 tgtI


1Iil





11

1ll1t111


- I) )

L iJ I II -)

111 2 bO









l




5

4



13

I

I






r~j gtltlnO 1111

-)il

7O

011

~

11 o(ln

011







IIr 1l17 II Iii iii

11 il lr ill (l 10 02 )l) )n

gt nt HI 1





Hi














16





6 -

2

nll(gt


I I ( I I I I f f


5 MIN


17







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf









4








5








6






1r-------------r----------r--~----~---)shyI-

~ 6 w o S 5 1

4 o Ishyo

REG(ON 3

REGION 2

REG(ON I



7











OPENED FILM WRAPPER

illtli(U fJo IOIl

111111

EXPOSED DEIHAL FtLM


I((I( t

8








LEAD STRIP







10



Film


1 111 1 Id 110 1111 111


1 1 1 I gt~ 1 il 1 1 ~ J 1 tU

I~ I L ~2 1 ~ I ~ 1 jH


I 1 I 111 7) ~H 1 tgtI


1Iil





11

1ll1t111


- I) )

L iJ I II -)

111 2 bO









l




5

4



13

I

I






r~j gtltlnO 1111

-)il

7O

011

~

11 o(ln

011







IIr 1l17 II Iii iii

11 il lr ill (l 10 02 )l) )n

gt nt HI 1





Hi














16





6 -

2

nll(gt


I I ( I I I I f f


5 MIN


17







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf








6






1r-------------r----------r--~----~---)shyI-

~ 6 w o S 5 1

4 o Ishyo

REG(ON 3

REGION 2

REG(ON I



7











OPENED FILM WRAPPER

illtli(U fJo IOIl

111111

EXPOSED DEIHAL FtLM


I((I( t

8








LEAD STRIP







10



Film


1 111 1 Id 110 1111 111


1 1 1 I gt~ 1 il 1 1 ~ J 1 tU

I~ I L ~2 1 ~ I ~ 1 jH


I 1 I 111 7) ~H 1 tgtI


1Iil





11

1ll1t111


- I) )

L iJ I II -)

111 2 bO









l




5

4



13

I

I






r~j gtltlnO 1111

-)il

7O

011

~

11 o(ln

011







IIr 1l17 II Iii iii

11 il lr ill (l 10 02 )l) )n

gt nt HI 1





Hi














16





6 -

2

nll(gt


I I ( I I I I f f


5 MIN


17







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf











OPENED FILM WRAPPER

illtli(U fJo IOIl

111111

EXPOSED DEIHAL FtLM


I((I( t

8








LEAD STRIP







10



Film


1 111 1 Id 110 1111 111


1 1 1 I gt~ 1 il 1 1 ~ J 1 tU

I~ I L ~2 1 ~ I ~ 1 jH


I 1 I 111 7) ~H 1 tgtI


1Iil





11

1ll1t111


- I) )

L iJ I II -)

111 2 bO









l




5

4



13

I

I






r~j gtltlnO 1111

-)il

7O

011

~

11 o(ln

011







IIr 1l17 II Iii iii

11 il lr ill (l 10 02 )l) )n

gt nt HI 1





Hi














16





6 -

2

nll(gt


I I ( I I I I f f


5 MIN


17







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf

LEAD STRIP







10



Film


1 111 1 Id 110 1111 111


1 1 1 I gt~ 1 il 1 1 ~ J 1 tU

I~ I L ~2 1 ~ I ~ 1 jH


I 1 I 111 7) ~H 1 tgtI


1Iil





11

1ll1t111


- I) )

L iJ I II -)

111 2 bO









l




5

4



13

I

I






r~j gtltlnO 1111

-)il

7O

011

~

11 o(ln

011







IIr 1l17 II Iii iii

11 il lr ill (l 10 02 )l) )n

gt nt HI 1





Hi














16





6 -

2

nll(gt


I I ( I I I I f f


5 MIN


17







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf

1ll1t111


- I) )

L iJ I II -)

111 2 bO









l




5

4



13

I

I






r~j gtltlnO 1111

-)il

7O

011

~

11 o(ln

011







IIr 1l17 II Iii iii

11 il lr ill (l 10 02 )l) )n

gt nt HI 1





Hi














16





6 -

2

nll(gt


I I ( I I I I f f


5 MIN


17







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf

I

I






r~j gtltlnO 1111

-)il

7O

011

~

11 o(ln

011







IIr 1l17 II Iii iii

11 il lr ill (l 10 02 )l) )n

gt nt HI 1





Hi














16





6 -

2

nll(gt


I I ( I I I I f f


5 MIN


17







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf














16





6 -

2

nll(gt


I I ( I I I I f f


5 MIN


17







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf







)nlo111 )llprHll

[)Uplilil


01 n lit 1 to ~)il

11l 7110

(1110 to tH ll(~

18

III


10 )00 0 1 I) Jonn


~IIII 10 gt11011














lH






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf






20






21






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf






22















23





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf





-

10 -

I

---------------

bull o

o o

bull


o DENSiTY LEVEL 11

o bull o

----I

-I

~_~i

~----------~O~--------~~~---L--~~-------L~OOO


24



bull II bull o

bull

II

bull i o








Film IY1II

i~()(bk ~(Ol)l(

1 Y P ( 1--0 ( d u hIt

Fim(()1111itiml (



25

c

It was WI(

llId ndeg dii1pren(

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf

l 0

120

~ 080

2 f 0

040


2~O









8 Summary


26














27


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf


























28

o

NBS Handbook 57

UntitledPDFpdf