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Page 1: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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Page 2: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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Page 3: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

Syrian Arab Republic

Ministry of Higher Education

Tishreen University

Faculty of Sciences

CChheemmiiccaall ssttuuddyy ooff BBeehhaavviioouurr aanndd DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn ooff SSoommee

HHeeaavvyy MMeettaallss IInn EEssttuuaarriinnee WWaatteerrss wwiitthh RReellaattiioonn ttoo

SSaalliinniittyy::

AApppplliiccaattiioonn ttoo AAll--KKaabbeeeerr AAll--SShheemmaallyy RRiivveerr EEssttuuaarryy

A Thesis submitted for the Master Degree in Analytical

Chemistry

By

OOSSAAMMAA AABBDDOO

Supervised by

DDrr.. GGhhiiaatthh AABBBBAASSSSEE PPrrooff.. SSeeiiff EEddddiinn NNOOUURREEDDDDIINN

Department of Marine Chemistry

Higher Institute of Marine Research

Department of Chemistry

Faculty of Sciences

Page 4: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

Tishreen University Tishreen University

2008

كلمة شكركلمة شكركلمة شكركلمة شكر

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وإدارة كلية العلوم قسم الكيمياء

Page 5: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

��k�%& l ��� ;3<5�� #.���8����k�%& l ��� ;3<5�� #.���8����k�%& l ��� ;3<5�� #.���8����k�%& l ��� ;3<5�� #.���8�� j����� '��a mG<�� n�o� : 3<) �51F 0مه�` ���"j����� '��a mG<�� n�o� : 3<) �51F 0مه�` ���"j����� '��a mG<�� n�o� : 3<) �51F 0مه�` ���"j����� '��a mG<�� n�o� : 3<) �51F 0مه�` ���"....

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أصدقائي

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Page 6: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

هللا نور السموات واألرض

Page 7: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

1

سرية ذاتيةسرية ذاتيةسرية ذاتيةسرية ذاتية

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Page 8: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

2

��������������������

�� � ����� �� ��� ������ � ����� �� ��� ������ � ����� �� ��� ������ � ����� �� ��� �������� ����� � �� �� �! "�#� $% �&'(� �� � ��) *���� ����� � �� �� �! "�#� $% �&'(� �� � ��) *���� ����� � �� �� �! "�#� $% �&'(� �� � ��) *���� ����� � �� �� �! "�#� $% �&'(� �� � ��) * +, -.+, -.+, -.+, -. /�(0� 1�(�2 �) /�(0� 1�(�2 �) /�(0� 1�(�2 �) /�(0� 1�(�2 �)

/�� 34� 5'� /�� 34� 5'� /�� 34� 5'� /�� 34� 5'�6��� 7�'8 /�(0� � 34�6��� 7�'8 /�(0� � 34�6��� 7�'8 /�(0� � 34�6��� 7�'8 /�(0� � 34�� ،� ،� ،� ، �� �� �� �� ):; $% <, =�>/ ?� ):; $% <, =�>/ ?� ):; $% <, =�>/ ?� ):; $% <, =�>/ ?� �@'A�B D �@'A�B D �@'A�B D �@'A�B DEF �EF �EF �EF � . . . .

א�����

א�� א��

��������� ���������������א�� ���������א��� א"���!�א��������� �א��

����� �

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work described in this thesis is the

result of the work carried out by the author and presents her own

investigations under the supervision of Prof. S. NOUREDDIN & Dr. G. ABBASSE. Any use of other research work has been acknowledged in the text.

Student

Supervisor Supervisor

O. Abdo

Dr. G. ABBASSE Prof. S. NOUREDDIN

��!�

Page 9: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

3

ا�������� ��� ����� " أ� ح �ن ه�ا ا���� ����درا(� آ����'��� �&�%!ك و"�!زع ���� ا����= ی&��: " ";��: 9�%1 �8�4 �-� ا����7 ا��6���� : ���4ت ا�2-�ر و01/.-� ����%!ح�

.�%�4!ل 1%9 ش-�دة أ@ ى/�م أن

ا�;��8

أ(��� ش یE ��1و

DECLARATION

It is hereby declared that this work “Chemical study of

Behaviour and Distribution of Some Heavy Metals In Estuarine

Waters with Relation to Salinity: Application to Al-Kabeer Al-

Shemaly River Estuary ” has not been accepted for any degree, and it

is not being submitted concurrently for any other degree.

Student

O.Abdo

�" #$%�� �&' ���() ���" #$%�� �&' ���() ���" #$%�� �&' ���() ���" #$%�� �&' ���() �� ���� ��� ��� ��� ���**** ���$%�� +�$%�� ������ ���$%�� +�$%�� ������ ���$%�� +�$%�� ������ ���$%�� +�$%�� ������–––– ����� ���������� ���������� ���������� �����....

.*/�.*/�.*/�.*/���������

Page 10: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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#$ %��'�� ��H:R M��� )(���, �H'D �H:� =( M���� �H: M��� B!C T:�� 4��5� �&'�, *��! ���, �� �H' *� #$ %&��!� %��, ���� ^��� ��� �� :� #$ _��: �� ���$ #Q� ��G: � L+�

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*BC �� O@� ����� 2�� ��� #$ �H���'!� L���!� &&!�= 2����� �H TXC! #! ����!� %�A+� _ �� L+� *�'� ��� D��Q���������H *��� �B!C L � 2� +� *C� 2�>��� M@Y

S�,� 2�>��� M@Y T��'! )�� *��! ���, �Q� )( �H��!: �� [6]. ��7� �Y� �� #��� �� � �H: � �X!,� J�, ����� #$ ���,�� ��H:R_�!AX )� �� ����

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Page 11: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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L+� � ��H:� %���'� ���, �Q� �f$ @�Y� W �X�� �Y��� ^ +! �H�$ g��! #! 2�:Q���H!���� �H��:� �B!C )�� 2�>��� M@H .

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Page 12: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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[7] W���!C� ����! 4�� ! ��H:R 2� +�<+C! DJ,� ��� �J, : �� 4��'���' �� 4��Q��&�$ $�e' 4�� ��... ��� �:>, � �:� @Y *>��$ L+� �� :� �� ����!: <Q�+C �HY��� &��!! #!

� �H: M��� <Q�+C D�, M��� �. @� M�.�� �.,��� �� �HY��� �,��� �'�� h��!! #! ?�) #�,0.2‰ ( %���'� �, M��� �,����) #�,39‰( �� :� *>�� �H$ #�!� � D %���.,�

4��$�e')%�� d��!! = ��!�R �� 2�Q� .( 2� +� ���Y� <C�!! �H�Y� ��: %S��[8] : � 2� +� *��!2�Q� ��'�!:c ����. � 2� +� *��!: ��4&��� 4� O���R� ��� *>� ��, 2�:Q�� �� �����.

� 2� +� *��!:��� 4��'!� M��� T� ����� 2�>��� T���H:.

� 2� +� *��! �AC� 4���� 4��5� �� �>�U��R� �+�� �� �� )�� ���, .

� �� � ������ ���� �����

:+! ��H:R 2� +� �)( ��'�����H �H!�� L�, P�:� �>B> ����Q� [2] : �'�=Salt wedge estuaries :&��!! S�� 2 ���ت �� ��ة ������ .� �� D4�� �: �XAC:��$�!!

� @� M��� 4��, � �H�$L��:!� �, M�'!� � ��$� �,�� M��� D ��!�!� �� 4B� G$�,!� ��!�Q�����H: ��.�! J.�, 4���$� �,��� ?���! � C P&�!!� D�H+�C )�� ���, �

#,��� �S�e! �� :�halocline $ %�SX:!� 2�� *�� )��N� �HX� �� ) *���(.

*��)�( 4��,��� %�SX:!� ��H:R 2� +� ��: Salt wedge Estuary [2]

Page 13: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

7

:�Partially mixed estuaries: : �� P ���ت ����� ����� .� @Y #$ M��� %��� TXC! W��$�!� ���H: M���� ���� 2���! * 5 �� �����!� 2��>b! )( 2� +� L+� i!:��

#Q&' U&��! �@ .���H: M��� ���� ���!� ��!�� �'&��!� ���, � ?���! � C ?� !��,��� H�'�!4� $�,:�4� L+� *� )�� D �$�.! �.� � �� �, �,: �$�! ���� J�,

*A�R #$ M��� �:� 8�� J�,� ��:� ^ � �:� N�R �,: ) *���(.

*��)�( ��: 4��Q&' � �!C� ��H:R 2� +� Partially mixed Estuary [2]

0. 4���� � �!C� 2� +�Fully mixed estuaries : i!:�� %� ��� #Y �� ���, ���!U&�

#�� D�,��� �'S��!� 2�5� : )( L+� ���:�� M��� �� �C � �: L�,\ M�.��� �.H: �, "�� ���� ����� 4��:�'!�4������D ���! J�, 4������ �,��� ?���! � C P&�!!

#,��� �S�e! �� :�halocline *�� )�� �, M���� �H: M��� �� ���!!� ����!: � �:�) *��0.(

*��)0( ��: 4���� � �!C� ��H:R 2� +� Fully mixed Estuary [2]

Page 14: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

8

� �� � ��� � ������ ���!���������� ���� "# ��$����% � �� ���

�H:b �,��� �S��! #��'( ��� � �+) %������e�( #$ %��'�� �,��� �� ��]���, M���D �� � *��� %������ � ���! %���� M��� #$ %��'�� ���X�� !� T��' *� 2���H �HQ$��� � �� �������� D�,!���� )( 2�:� �� T��' *����. #$ �,��� �>b!!

�H�Y� *��� %S�� L+� �� :� :T5�� D�&'� �� ���, D!��D�H: M��� �$�! d� ...� �,��� <5�:!! 4%��� L � "�!� *+$ *BC P�A!� �H: M��� %�&]��� ��&� *���� ��

����!�, M��� .�H:� ��� #$ �>Z! . *>� d�CR ��Q���������H 2��e!� ��5pH ?@ *,:� ��'��R� �,��� %���& T� ��&�(D.O2) �,��� %���& T� M&���! <5�:!� ?@[8].

� &��pH

4����� M��� ����5 ��&!) ?� . ���5 ��&!pH( T� �� *��!:= M��� )( ���H: M������, .� �>Z� O@#$ ���5 N�AC:� 4����� ��&! #! ��:��� �+�:� ����,� ��B,:pH M���[5, 8] .

� '����� (�) %�� (D.O2)

*,:� ��'��R *+� 2� +� M��� )( *BC ����!��� ��!���� :���!: "�H?�' � M��� *C�#Q�X L���! ����� ��!� : ��� �H ���! #! ���, L���R� D

�� <5�:!M&���! M��� #$4����� P�A!�� _!�B,: N�AC: L � %��, �'��. ��� ?�Z��X� ���� �� %�� � 2���� ��'�� #,+ ��+ 2�A�C� M��� J��! ��:��,� ��!� : ��

�C�A!� )( ��'��R �� %�� � 2���� OBH!�� ��� *,:� M@Y O��A! ���! #! ����!� ���X� ��� [8] .

� �* ���� �����SM (Suspended matters)

�&���! <5�:! ��� �,��� %���& �:� #Q�� ���� #$ D ���! �>Z! ���+A 2��e#$ 4�� � 4��>b! �� ��� ���� ��� M��� #$L+� D ���H: M��� �$�! ��&� "�!� *+$ #A$

����� ��� ���� ��&! #�!� � M��� %���� %���& )( ?�Z� ��� D ��+ *+$ *BC ��� ��$�!� M��� %�&] <5�:! L � �H!��� NAC:!$[5, 8] .

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� �+ � �$���� �$���� "# �������� ����� � " %,�� -.����

� �Y&���! )�� ����� ����A� ����,�� ��:��� �+�:� <�C ��!�! = *. D .�$ #���'� *���� )�� 4�X�� ��Q�������&�A �H!� � !�� �Q� #$ �Y(Speciation) 4B>.� ���� �+:�$ D

*��� ���� ���:� LB�!�= 2����� 4�����X ����(Cr3+

) ���� � !�� ��:� ��.�� ���:� ���� *��� (Cr

6+) [9] .&�! ���� �(��V! ��:��� 2�>���� #��� P � �.:� #.$ �+�C ���Y� �@

��H:R 2� +�D *>� %��e!� ��Q� ��� �>b!� #��� P&�! @Y �R : *,:� ��'��R� �,���(D.O2) %���R ����� � P�'�( .�pH [10] .

�� -.���"$���� ����� "# " %,��:

�! D�.H��� %S�., ���.� )�� *�!�! �A�!C� *���b #Q�� ���� #$ ��:��� �+�:� �' #.$ %��'�� ��� � ����� ���X� ��� P�:� ��!C� � !�� ��,:� ��:��� ���X� 2����

M���(Fulvic acid & Humic acid) ���X�= 2���� D(OH-, SH

-, SO4

2-, Cl

-) D 2�.���

���X� ��Q�&' ���X� ��� T� � !�� ��Q�&' ��:���(POM) h� � )�� <��� *�� �� ��:��� 2��������H� ��Q�&'� ����� ���[11].

�� ��� ��� "# " %,�� -.���:

��V! �� ���2 ��� �+�C J�, k ��Y 4� ��J��! 2� ��V! = �H:R D#Q� 4�.�Z� ).(M��� ����: �H:( @( WL�,� 2�.>��� *�.�!:� ��.+� �.� �.��Y 2������ 4�X�� ��Z![12] .

)�� ?�!,� �A�!C� 2�:��� ���� i�&� �� %�� � 2�� ���� :#:��� �� D ������ D2�������:����X�= ��� D���X� ��� D���:�R� &�:e:�� ���, ��) ����.�� 2�A.��$ D2��� � D2�:� ��( W

#$ O@� # ��� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� � !� �� ��Z�� ���! 2��a �� ��� �'�� O@ ��Q�H ���) 2�� ��� #$ ��'��R �$�! �� ?�(oxic conditions :

� �:� ��� &�:e:�� ���, ������ T� O�!�� L���!2. � �� � ��� � ���� &�:e:�� ���, ������ T� ?���� *�� !� <�+��=.

� ��� � ��� T� #:��� ?�X� � !�=. � 2�������:��R� �� � ����� ��: T� U���:= .

Page 16: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

10

��Q�YB ��� #$ ���)�:� ?� ��: ��'��R &���! �(anoxic conditions D �.���� ��.�!$ 2�.!�� � ���.� P�'�( ����� L � %� ��� #Y 2��� � *�� )�� ��:��� �+�:� L���!

(SO42-

) 2�� � ���� )((S2-

) ��:��� ���� T� !�! �Y��� #!�[13] .

*��' �� �)� (��'� *���� �Y� #$ @Y �:>, #$ ������ ����> ��:��� �+�:� #Q�� ���� 2�� ����[10].

��' *)� ( #$ ������ ����> ��:��� �+�:� �'�! *���� �Y�M��� 2�� ����

������ �) '�%,� 0�� ������

Cu2+

, Cu CO3, Cu OH+, Cu S, Cu Fe S2, Cu2 CO3 (OH)2

Cu3 (CO3)2 (OH)2, Cu (OH)2, Cu O Cu

Cr(OH)2+, Cr(OH)3, Cr(OH)4

-, HCrO4

-, CrO4

2- Cr

Cd2+

, Cd Cl+, Cd Cl2, Cd Cl3

-, Cd OH

+, Cd S, Cd HS

+, Cd(HS)2,

Cd (HS)3-, Cd CO3, Cd (OH)2 Cd

Zn2+

, Zn Cl+, Zn SO4, Zn OH

+, Zn CO3, Zn S Zn

Fe2+

, Fe Cl+, Fe SO4, Fe (OH)2

+, Fe (OH)4

-, Fe S, Fe S2, Fe CO3, Fe

(OH)3, Fe2 O3, Fe3 O4, Fe PO4, Fe3 (PO4)2 Fe

Ni2+

, Ni Cl+, Ni SO4, Ni S, Ni (OH)2 Ni

Pb2+, Pb Cl+, Pb Cl2, Pb Cl3-, Pb OH+, Pb CO3, Pb S, Pb (OH)2, Pb O2 Pb

Mn2+, Mn Cl+, Mn S, Mn CO3, Mn (OH)2, Mn O2 Mn

� �1 � 234��� '�����"# 5� -.� �������� ������������� ���� "#

��:��� �+�:� �� 4�� �: ���Y 2���� ��H:R 2� +� )��!!��Y �����Q� ����� :

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� "�H :�,��� �e+ L � 4���,� 2� +� )( ��:��� �+�:� *�+� ���� ^ � "�� �� 8��! O@ �!�� D"�H� ��� �� 2�Q�&' �H�� *�,! #! � 5��!� �� �R

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O��� ���� ��!�!�� ��' � *�� 2� +� M��� #$ ������ #Q������:!$��� d�� )�� �� P&�! ��A�� M@Y*���� �A�!C� �� R �� �+�:� ��Q���������H #$ %�>Z� WP&�! @Y

�'�! ��:��� �+�:� ��H:R 2� +� #$ 4��&��D�� � �>B> �� #Q�� ���� #$ ��H:� ��:>��Y : �� *,:� ���� �� ��� 4BX$ D 2�� ��� #$ �Y��'�. � ��:��� �+�:� *��!: �!� �� *BC �� �� R M@Y 2����� :*B,:= (Solution) L���!� (Precipitation) &&!�=�

(Absorption) �����! (Complexation) <�+��=� (Adsorption) [5]. L��!� 2��e!������H*>� ��Q���� :.� �,��� pH ���'��R ����� ��� �� "�� d�!,�� *,:�

���X����� 4���Q�4� ��:��� �+�:� P&�! ����� #$ �� �>B> �� R [15, 16].

� �� ��� ��36�

� ?�Z P�A!� �,��� L+� �� ���H: L�5 �� :� #$(S < 15 ‰) � )(2� > �� ���� 2�����e #$ #Q�� ���� ������ %�� %���& L � �pH M���D J�, ��� M@Y *��!)(

L��!� U���:= D%�Y�G M@Y )��!� "�S�:!� *!�! �� "(flocculation) D����� M@Y� ��H� #5B! �:� �XAC:� 2�,��� 2@ � �:� #$ %�� � � �: J�,!M��� ���, M��� T� ���H:

[17, 18] D#�!� � �&( #$ �� � *�� �Y��! �H:f$ :� O�! h� � )�� �+��� ��:��� �+�#$ �H���!� #Q�� ���� �� ��� # ��� �� . �� ���� �,��� %���& �f$ d�Cl� ��,�: ���

*B,: %���( )( ?�Z! N� !�� ��:��� �+�:� 2�� ���� ����� ��� ^ � )�� � ����� 2������ *���!� ?���� *�� ! 2����� �'�!:�[5, 19].

� ��36� &�� pH

<�+�� ����� ��!�! h� � )�� ��:��� �+�:� #���� *�� 2�� ���� ����� ��� ���5 2��e! )��pH M��� D J�, @Cb! � M@Yh� �:,�(+) � �) �(D 2�� ��� ^ � �����

�:,� *�!��) ��, M@Y )��!�ZPC (Zero Point Charge = *'� �� ���5 .� %�S�,�pH ��!�, &���! ���� #�!� �:

pH < ZPC :� �� ����� <�+�� J�,�� L'�� 2�� ��� ^ � ����. pH > ZPC : J�,�� L�� 2�� ��� ^ � ����� '�� ����� <�+�� .

Page 18: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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*��)3( 2��e! ��>b!pH <�+�� � �: #$

���,�� �������� ��� %������ 78 9 :[15].

���5 N�AC: �� �': @�Y�pH M���?�Z� )( M��� #$ *,:� *�� ��:��� �+�:� "�� ���� T� ��$�:� L � O@� 2� +� h� � )�� � !�= T5�� )�� ��'����H

� �+. ���5 P�A!� ?�Z� ��:� pH )( M����:� <�+�� � �: %���& �H��!:� ��:��� �+

# ���� ���� ���� )( *,:� �� �� [20]. ���5 N�AC: ?�Z� Dd�Cl� �H' ��pH

N� 2��������Y ��B,: %���& )( M���&�:e:�� ���,�� ��:��� �+�:� D ����� ��� *,:� �� #$ �H! �: %���& )��[6].

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L��� ��� *,:� ��'��R 4Y�4�� #$ 2� +� #$ �A�!C� �� R �� ��:��� �+�:� P&�!��H:R :� O�! P&�! �R O@� �'�� )�� #���� *�� ��!�� �+� %�����+:� D �+�:� N� $

)&�:e:�� ���,�� (�'�! #$�:� *,:� �� ��:� �H!���� 2�'��)( �H�,! �:�� D �� 2�'��� �� )( 4���!:� ��,:� ��] *���� )( *�,!! ���� %���� # ��� �� �[5].

� 2 ���� ����� ��36��*

,�! )�� #Q�� ���� ?� ���:!� 2�����)���X� ���� 2����] 2��������Y� ��Q�&' ��:��� ��Y��]( D�! #Y�!%�� � ��, � �,��� O� �� �HBC �� ��Z!<�+��= %���� � !� T5

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Page 19: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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� ��<��� ����� ��36�

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)( �$�X( d�C� ���X� 2� ���) 2�:�!�� � 2������ ��:��R N��,�� 2�� ����Y��]�( W ��� � N��, #Y N��,R �� ����: �� �Y��� ��� � ��� ���!!(Humic acids)

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�� �+�:� M@Y P&�!� O��� #$ ��!C� �� R ��@ �� ��[22]D �X� ��� &���! ���� ������ #$ 2� +� M���� ���H: M 4%����Y&���! �� )��� ���, M��� #$[22] . %��� L��!

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#$ ���! )��� ���, �Q� ��$ D���, ��Q@e �������>,� �� ���� �!Y O��� @Y M� D���, �Q� #$ �+�:�� 2&��!��!a ���,� )�� 2���� �G�:

− #$ ��:��� �+�:� ���,! 2�:��! ��� ! ���, �Q� [24- 29] − ��H:R 2� +� #$� ���, �Q� 2�:��� ��!C� #$ ��:��� �+�:� P&�![3 - 6] − ���, �Q� #$ ��:��� �+�:�� #��� P&�![9, 15, 30] − ���, �Q� #$ ���X� ��] ���� ���X� ��� * 5 �� ��:��� �+�:� ����!

[31- 33] − ��G:R �� *+�A ^ � )�� ��Q�� 2�:&�!)"��/� �!/"�Y ( ��G: �� � ��!C��

?�, #Q� )*,:�/����/# ���( h� � M@Y � � ��:��� �+�:� *��!:� D[34] .

���> ��:��� �+�:� O��� *�, 2���� �� ���� &�':( S�! D#���5c ���+ )��� #$ )�� ���� �5� D ��!� N� R �, 4�� � 2���� M@Y *>� �B :)�>�� @:� ��� �Q�� ��(

���!: � �C�� 2����' �� ���� ���, 2� ,��2�Q�H� N� R �, �Q� ��!H� ����*>� D ��!� : �Q� � %�,!� ��R i��:� – ��!� *�� � C UNEP MAPD ���� �:'�

Page 20: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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��!� N� R �, � #��� � �� ""CIESM ���:�� #$ ���:�� #$ ���, �Q� 2���� � C� D � ���� ����� T �! ���@ �5�...�� 4BX$ @Y D *>� ���� 2��5�A!= ����'�� �:���� ��5�A!

��� �H ��� #!� �H:� ��> :� 2=���!�� A,� 4 �, �Q� ����, *�'� #$ *�� ��:! #$ 4& #Q� �+� i�� TX�� ��!�) *� ��� i��:� *>�MED POL (�$��H )(� 5�� N�

��:��� �+�:� ���, 2�� ���� 2�:Q��� M��� #$ ����>.

�� N� �+, = *�>� *� � )��� D#�� ���$ ���: �+�C 2�� ��!� �, � : � �+�:� ��G:!� P&�! )�� �, M���� ���H: 2����� �� *��A! ��>b! *�, ����

��� )�� %&!�� %�@:#$ %�>Z� ��� �$���� ����� �H: L+� #$ &&!�=(Var) ��� #$ ���:�� #$���� [35] .

� N� P&�!� &���! ���,! *�, ���� *� )�� ��Q �� M��� #$ ��:��� �+�:� ��� #$ #�:�A *,�����0 [36].

� 2�:Q�� N� � ��, � 2�� ��� #$ ����> ��:��� �+�:� &���! � 5�� ���� ��� #$ ��!� �, � �� �e *,�� )�� ���, ��EK [37] .

� �! ���� DM��� #$ <�+� �+:� &�� 2��, #$ ��, 2�:Q��� 2�� ��� ��!� N� R �, *,�� )�� ��Q �� [38].

� #$ ���� 2� ��: ��>b! ���� �H: L+� 2�� ��� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���!(Acheloos) ��� #$ ��:��� ���K [39] D ��:��� �+�:� *��!:� O��� �����

��� L+� 8A: #$���� [40]. � L�:' # ��� ��G: #$ ��Q�&' %���� 2�� ��� #$ ��:��� �+�:� ����

��� #$ �:���� ���� [41]. � *,�� )�� ���, 2�� ��� #$ ��:��� �+�:� N� &���! ���,! ����

��� #$ # �e����� [42]. � ���� 2����� ����#$ %�>Z� ��Q��&�A� ��Q� L+� #$ ��:��� �+�:� O���

(Sperchios) ��� #$ ��:�� #$�/// [43]. � *,�� )�� �:C�� ��: ���,!� ��:��� �+�:�� ���, 2�� ��� J��! ����

��� #$ �� �e��/// [44]. � ������#$ %�>Z� ��Q��&�$����� 2��� <�+� ?�+:� *��!:� ����� ����,

� L+� � � �������(Asopos) ��� ��:�� *,�� )�� T5��//� [45].

Page 21: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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� �� :� #$ #Q�� ����� 2�� ��� #$ ��:��� �+�:� N� &���! ���,! ���� i��C ���,��(Kavala) ��� #$ ��:�� *��� #$ T5��//3 [46].

� � ��� #$ ����> ��:��� �+�:� &���! ���� )�� ��5� ��H:R 2� +� M���� 2� ��� #$ ����! �� #5�� # �:' *,���//3 [47].

� ���,�� �� :� 2� +� #$ *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! ���,! ���� ��� #$ �+� *��� *�: �!��//� [48].

� , 2�� ��� #$ ����> ��:��� �+�:� &���! ���� N� R �, � ��Q �� 2�� ��� #$ ��:�� #$ ��:���� #5�� ��5� ��!��//� [49].

�� ��CR ��� *BC =( #��$ *�� � 2���� M@Y *>� �� :! ��$ D#�,� ���+ )�� ��� ����� ���)2�:���! %�!$ #$(���, J�, � #�� �H�� #$ �H �]� @�A:! S�!� D ����' #$

M@Y �Y� �� m*�� D���@ �5� �Q�Y #$� ��'��:�!� ���� ! ����� #�� �H�� #$� ����! M���� ����� �����5c M��� #$ ����> ��:��� �+�:� N� PS&�! 2��:! #! ���� 2����

%���'� ���� �� ���, 2�� ����Q�H �� "�� 8��! ^ � %���'� �/� "�Y 2S�! #! #��� *BC 2� �,� ���� ������ �H��� ��@ �� �� JB> 2�H' �� ����!� ����

����0 )( �$�Xc� 2���� d�C� �A�!C� #$ �Y@�A:! S�! ��!C�����! ����' 2����. �$ ��@:� �#!b� 2���� M@Y N� :

� 2���!�� ���� #$ ��:��, ���� �, M��� #$ ����> ��:��� �+�:� N� ��� �� ��5@B �:��� ��Q �� �� :����0 �������K [50, 51, 52].

� #$ �>��, ����� 2�� ��� #$ ����> ����� ��>n N� P&�! ��C!� *�, ���� ��H:R 2� +� N� ��:+! ���� ���,� ��� #$ ����� ���,�����K [53].

� ����> ��:��� �+�:� N� ��>n ���,! *�, 2����)Zn, Cd, Pb & Cu ( #$ #$ ?�@ <�+!�= ���� ��C!�� 8��:� � 8� � #!:��� �� ��� ��Q �� M���

������3 [54, 55]. � L��� #$ ��:��� �+�:� T5� "�+�!� ���� 8��:� � ��5@B �� ���,��

��� *,X ?�, � #Q �� ���Q� ��5� : ��X ?��� *,������ [56]. � ����> ��:��� �+�:� �&: T5� ����)Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn & Se ( 2�� ��� #$

��� #$ ��5@B �:��� o ���//K [57]. � ?��� o �� M��� � �:� N� J��! ���� N� ���, ��, 2�:Q�� N� �

��� #$ ����> ��:��� �+�:��//� [58].

Page 22: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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2222 1 1 1 1 � #$%�� ��'3� #$%�� ��'3� #$%�� ��'3� #$%�� ��'34"�*'34"�*'34"�*'34"�*'3

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#,��� U��! ��� #$ D ��H:R 2� +� ��, #$ 4��$�e' ���!:= ���,� ���� �� 4� �] ?@ M&��!� #$ J, @Y ���Y� #!b! �:Y ��� W����� �+�:� N� P&�!� O��� ���,! )��

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Page 23: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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5555 1 1 1 1 #$%�� 67��8� 9���#$%�� 67��8� 9���#$%�� 67��8� 9���#$%�� 67��8� 9���

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Page 24: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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� �� � ������ @�)

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Page 25: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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*��)K :(�� ��� 2�:�� T�' ��: PS&�! T� #��� �� � �H: L+� �� :� #$�e' C� .

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Page 26: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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� �+ � '� �� � ������ ��<��

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Page 27: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

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7�tC�� )�����, Q�� 2���� JB> %�� #�� 6�*���� � )( �',25 ml � �� "��� .

� �1 � ������ '� �� ����� 2&':l�*��,! 2�:�� ?�@ <�+!�= &�H' ��C!�� )Varian 220 ( *.��� ?@.

#!�:�! �� � LH�#!�$�e ��A D �! J�, ��C!��:��! �� LH� �.+�:� *��,! ����� #$��:��� :Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr & Pb �:��!� D*,:� �� #$ #.!�$�e ��A �.+�:� *.��,!��:���:Cu, Cd & Ni. �:��! ��C!� S�! ��, #$ ����� #$ LH� �� *��,! �+�:� #$ ��:������� ���� �# ���. ���6�! ��C!� � ��'��C ������ *��,� #.$ ?��.�� #:,:� ���� �����2����� %�����. =��' �� �� � �0 a ���#!:��! #$ ���C!�� ����,� �� �.�

#!�$�e ��A� LH�.

*��')�( : ��a ���LH�� ���@! #$ ���C!��

A����� ������ 7������ -� �)��� '8

( nm ) ���� 5�, 7������

(mA) B,�� ���#

(nm) �� �� -�

Cr HCL 357.9 7 0.2 C��� (� �� �

Zn HCL 213.9 5 0.2 C��� (� �� �

Fe HCL 248.3 5 0.2 C��� (� �� �

Pb HCL 217 10 0.2 C��� (� �� �

Mn HCL 279.5 5 0.2 C��� (� �� �

Cu HCL 324.8 4 0.5 C��� (� �� �

Cd HCL 228.8 4 0.5 C��� (� �� �

Ni HCL 232 4 0.2 C��� (� �� �

Page 28: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

22

*��')0( : ����,��H� ���@! #$ ���C!�� ����, ���

������ � ����� 5������ �)��

)��$� �)��(

(�> ��� (�.

(S) .�!�� B#�� �:�

(L/min)

Cd

��F)� ��G �G �

����� �1G 1 �

'� �� �HGG � G

��I�� �HGG � �

Cu

��F)� ��G �G �

����� HGG 1 �

'� �� ��GG � G

��I�� ��GG � �

Ni

��F)� ��G �G �

����� HGG 1 �

'� �� �+GG � G

��I�� �+GG � �

Page 29: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

23

:::: 1 1 1 1 ;�<���� =7��<��;�<���� =7��<��;�<���� =7��<��;�<���� =7��<����������

+ �� � -J.� ������!���� ��$����%������ "���,�� ���%�� ��� ��� K��� "#

+����� ���!� &��pH �� ��� @� :

iQ�!: ���! ��Q���������H 2����� %@�Cb�� �� :� #$ T��' *BC #��� �� � �H: L+2=�' =���!�D )(P�A!� ��5 pH �� *��!:= �:� M���� �.��, M�.�� ).( �.��H: M��

)�,��� %���& T�( �� ��� 2,��! J�,pH ≈ 7.6-8.1. *��)�(.

��5 �� 4�X�� G,� ���pH ��+ *+$ #$ )��� 2:�� M���)Ln �H�( #.$ 2XAC: ��:� "�!� *+$) � � �H�( D�Q�� @Y� #��Q� *�� H: M��� ���� %���& )( �.�$�!� ��� #�.!� �

"�!� *+$ *BC 4�� �: �,��� ��5 N�AC: ��5 <5�:! )( ?�Z� ?@ ��RpH D �.�:� <5�.:!! L+� )( %��� ���H: M��� ���� P�.A!� L � M��� �C ! ����� ��&!� ��+ *+$ *BC

���5 #�!� ��&!$ %��, 2�'��pH M���.

*�� )�( ��5 2��e!pH �,��� T� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H: L+� M��� #$��/�//� ���e��//�//�.

pH. vs. Salinity

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

7.9

8

8.1

8.2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

pH

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07 Jun-07 Aug-07 O ct-07

Page 30: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

24

+����� ���!� '����� (�) %�� ( D.O2 ) �� @��� � :

2�HG�2@Cl� #! 2����� *,:� ��'��R &���! #��.� �.� � �.H: L+� M��� #$

)� �Y �� 8�� �T5�!( 4���� 4����& &���! #$ �.��, M�.�� )( ���H: M��� �� *��!:= �:� ) *���( . 2,��! J�,&���! ��� �� ��!a :[D.O2] ≈ 4.6-8 mg/l. �� 4�X�� G,� ��� ��5 �!:�� *,:� ��'��R &����A!�� 2 "�!� *+$ *BC ) � � �H�(D ��XAC:4�� �: � $ *BC *+

��+ )L� �H�(.

*,:� ��'��R &���! N�AC: � !�� J�.�! ���.�� ��.'� )�� 4��Z� ���H: M��� #$ ?�X� DL �� ����)( #��Q� *�� #,+ ��+ 2�A�C� #��:+� � i!�.: ���.���

��!�& �+��� �H: d�'� #$ �YZ��( �!� #! �� �� �'��� ��� 4%��� �D !� � 2�.��� �f.$ #����X� ��� O��A! ���! #! ����!� *�A O�H!�V! *,:� ��'��R �� %�� �. ��d�Cl� ��,�: D

)( 4�A�+ M��� %��, 2�'�� P�A!� ?�Z� *,:� ��'��R &���! N�AC: _:� i!:� ��� <5�.:! M��� #$ ��'��R ��B,: #$ ��&������$ #$ % ��:#��>�'.

*�� )� ( ��5 2��e! "�� #$ *,:� ��'��RD.O2 �,��� T� �.� � �.H: L.+� M��� #$ �� %�!A #$ #�����/�//� ���e��//�//�.

D .O 2 vs . S a l i n i ty

4

4 .5

5

5 .5

6

6 .5

7

7 .5

8

8 .5

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0

S a l i n i ty (P S U )

D.O

2 (

mg

/l

D e c-0 6 Fe b-0 7 A pr-0 7 J u n -0 7 A u g -0 7 O ct-0 7

Page 31: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

25

+����� ��� ���!��� �* ���� SM �� ��� @� :

2���� iQ�!: )( <5�:! �!�� &����� ��� �� �� *��!:= �:����, M��� )( ���H: M�

) *��E(D J�,2,��! ��5 &���!: [SM] ≈ 10.2-86.4 mg/l DG,B�� N�AC: M@Y �!&�� 4�����"�!� *+$ T� �:����� ��+ *+$ *BC. ��� ��� &���! N�AC: L � ���� �:� ��

�� )( #��Q� *�� �,��� %���&��� *.!�! �� �S�:! (flocculation) U���.:= ?�Z.! #.! ���X�B� ���X� 2�Q�&' S��! �> ��������� %�� %���& L � �H . &.���! N�.AC: ���

��� �����+ *+$ *BC �� ��$�!� ���H: M��� ���� <5�:! �� i!�: �H$ D ��&.! ��, #$� #$ ��� &���! P�A!� L � r"�!� L+� M�� �$�! %���&� �H:M��� %����.

*�� )E( � &���! 2��e!�� ����,��� T� �� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H: L+� M��� #$��/�//� ���e��//�//�.

SM. vs. Sal in ity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Sal ini ty (PSU)

SM

(m

g/l

)

De c-06 Fe b-07 Apr-07 Jun-07 Aug-07 O ct-07

Page 32: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

26

+��� ��� ������� .�%��� ���!�� �8�� "# � ����� �����'����

�� )( iQ�!: 2���� #$ �Y��'� L�, ��:��� �+�:� &���! ��!� ��.� *,:� ��#!a L�!�! �$� :

?�H: P� � #$(Salinity ≤ 0.2 ‰): Zn > Cr > Fe > Pb > Mn > Cu > Cd > Ni

?�, P� � #$(Salinity ≥ 37 ‰): Zn > Cr > Pb > Fe > Mn > Ni > Cu > Cd

�� �� *��')3( *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2=�'� L+� M��� #$.

*��')3( *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2=�'�(µg/l) Mn Pb Ni Fe Zn Cd Cr Cu 4� ا��

0.45-6.43 µg/l

1.4-6.4 µg/l

0.62-2.44 µg/l

0.96-10.7 µg/l

28-82 µg/l

0.22-2.87 µg/l

7.8-37 µg/l

0.33-3.14

µg/l Gآ� ��Hل ا�.

I��� �� ا�;!ر ا�

+����� ���� �������� ������� .�%��� ���!��� ��� @� '����� �8�� "# � � :

&.���! <5�:! )( �H: L+� �� :� #$ *,:� �� #$ ������ �+�:� P&�! �����:� M@YD�,��� ���� ���, M��� )( � @� ���H: M��� �� *��!:= �:� 4����� �+ ��� G,B�

���, �+:� &���! <5�:! �� 4�X��(Fe) 4�� �: %�� � ���!�,���� �XAC:� ��� �:� �:����� �+�:� ��� T� .7�� *�� �HG)�( �� #$ �+�:� M@Y &���! 2��e! 2�.�e! �=� *,:�

*��� ��� d�� )��� ������ �+�:� T��' �!� 2��� *BC �,���.

�.�5 �� )( �,��� %���& �:� *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! <5�:! L � ���� T� � !�� ����] *���b ��H:R M��� #$ �'�!� �+�:� M@Y ���� ���, 2��������Y T���

��� �(HS) �Y��'� ���YR 4�� !� %��CR M@Y ��'� *�, #$ D "&'R M@Y �f$ �,��� %���& T�� ����e� *!�!! L��!!� i��:!(Flocculation) M���� ������ %�� %���& L � D!� [email protected] J�.,

�:� �� � *�� ����� ��5 �,��� �XAC:�(S < 15 PSU) .��!!� ��:� �&( � �: ��:��� �+b #Q�� ���� �� M�'! �H!A��� � ����, 2��������Y� �� D O@�� *��.�! ).�� �H!��.�

�, M��� #$ %��'�� � �� ���� T� 2����[61].

Page 33: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

27

���� <5�:! ��� T� �:����� *,:� �� #$ ���, �+:� &���! #$ �� � �+�:� )(M��'� ��A!�� � �: ���� _!A� L � � ����] 2��������Y *�� )������ ��� � D ?�Z.� ���

#Q�� ���� �� _!&c ����� �'�!:� *!�! �� �S�:! (flocculation) [61].

d�Cl� �H' ��D L��!�,��� %���& T� *,:� ��'��R &���! %���& ) *��� (� 4��Y� #$ 4����H:R 2� +� #$ ��:��� �+�:� P&�! ����� DC��+ 4� �.��� �����, 2@ �+�:�� � �:�

%���R 2B��A! M�'! � ���,� &�:e:� ?�+:�� P�'�( @� c ��.� #$ ��'�� � �.���'� *,:� *��� (Fe

2+ & Mn

2+)W *,:� ��'��R &���! %���& ?�Z! J�, �,!� ��H!���� )( ��H

��B,: *5� *�� )( (Fe3+

& Mn4+, 6+

) D��� �)( ?�Z �� ��H!&(� ��H ���! *.,:� ��. [62].

. ���5 %���& ?�Z!pH L.+� �.� ?�., P� � )( ?�H: P� � �� *��!:= �:�

) *��� ( )(+�:� &���! <5�:!*,:� �� #$ ��:��� � D,��'�� ��:��� �+�:� *��! J� �H!���, ��&!� *,:� *��� � �� � �: ���R #$ ��Q�� �A�AC ����� D P�.A!� ?�Z� ��, #$

2��������H h� � )�� <�+��B ����� *�� ����&� ����,� ��B,:= <5�:! )( ��������� #$ %�'�!� ��:��� �����R� # ��� �� � #Q��[63, 64].

+����� � .�%���� �� �F�� ���!���'����� �8�� "# �������� ������:

*�� �� �)٩ ( ��.+ *+$ #$ *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2=S��� P�A!��!� M��� d�!�� N�AC: )( �Q�� ��R @Y� D"�!� *+$ T� �:����� �f$ #�!� � �H: #$ ��$

"�!� *+$ T� �:����� *5� ���� �H: )( ��+� ��Q�� 2�A�C� ����! *���) J�,*S��� ��&� M���L+� �� :� )( ��$�!� ���H: .( #$ M��� %���� N�AC: �f$ O@� ).�� *�� D��+

%��� ���� N�AC: &&!� )�� %���� �:� �.+�:� "�� #$ �Y��� ��� �H, � )�� ��:��� �+#Q�� ���� ��X *,:� *�� .

����� O@� %��.�&� %��., 2�'�� P�A!� L � 4�A�+ *,:� ��'��R &���! N�AC:?��!� ��: D *,:� �H��� ��:��� �+�:� N� "�� #$���:� �H!���� 2�'�� #$ .

Page 34: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

28

*�� )�( *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2��e!(µg/l) �,��� �=� (PSU) #.$ *�R ��:�� �H� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H: L+��//� *�R ����! �H� ���e��//�.

Dis. Cd vs. Salinity

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. C

d (

ug

/l)

Dis. Zn vs. Salinity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. Z

n (

ug

/l)

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07

Jun-07 Aug-07 Oct-07

Dis. Cu vs. Salinity

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)D

is.

Cu

(u

g/l

)

Dis. Cr vs. Salinity

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. C

r (

ug

/l)

Page 35: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

29

T �!*�� )�( :� &���! 2��e! *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�(µg/l) �, ��� �=� (PSU) *�R ��:�� �H� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H: L+� #$�//� *�R ���.�! �H.� ���e�

�//�.

Dis. Fe vs. Salinity

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. F

e (

ug

/l)

Dis. Ni vs. Salinity

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. N

i (u

g/l

)

Dis. Pb vs. Salinity

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. P

b (

ug

/l)

Dis. Mn vs. Salinity

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. M

n (

ug

/l)

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07

Jun-07 Aug-07 Oct-07

Page 36: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

30

+����� ��� .�%��� (�� 8����L� �MN: � ��� ���� � ������� ��� @� '����� �8�� "#:

*��' �� � )K( �� ��5*�� = � !� �� *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! ��,��� *��� ��� ��� )���D � !� *���� ��C!�� O@�(Pearson) �5B�� ) �� ?@:

)y ( - y n x)( - xn

) y ( )x ( - )y x (n R

2222

∑ ∑∑ ∑

∑ ∑ ∑=

J�, � !�= *���� ��5 P�A!� )( iQ�!: ���!)����� ��� � ( �.�:��� �.+�:� T.��' �:� ���C� ��+ �H�� *BC ������(R < - 0.9, n = 6, P< 0.05) D �+:� "�:>!�� �������

2:�� J�, (R = - 0.78, n = 6, P> 0.05) Ln �H� *BC . �.+�:� &.���! <5�.:! �� ?��,��� %���& �:� 4�� � ���� *,:� �� #$ ��:��� $%�!A O�! #.

*��' )K( *���� ��5= � !�R �� *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���!��,���

Date

Element

Dec. 2006 Feb. 2007 Apr. 2007 June 2007 Aug. 2007 Oct. 2007

Cu - 0.93 - 0.84 - 0.97 - 0.97 - 0.96 - 0.97

Cr - 0.81 - 0.85 - 0.96 - 0.95 - 0.94 - 0.99

Cd - 0.92 - 0.95 - 0.99 - 0.96 - 0.78 - 0.94

Zn - 0.79 - 0.80 - 0.84 - 0.95 - 0.98 - 0.99

Fe - 0.84 - 0.90 - 0.91 - 0.95 - 0.95 - 0.95

Ni 0.05 - 0.39 - 0.82 - 0.93 - 0.97 - 0.96

Pb - 0.52 - 0.40 - 0.91 - 0.93 - 0.94 - 0.93

Mn - 0.98 - 0.98 - 0.88 - 0.96 - 0.93 - 0.93

G,B�2�: � n=6 *��' #$ %��� ��� T��' *'� �� � P < 0.05 ')� (� 0�MR B�.�� ( ��� � P > 0.05 ')� (� 0�MR ����� ( ���

� ��5 N�AC: 4�X�� G,B�O:& �+�:� �:� � !�= *��� � ?�H� *BC <�+�� *��:

� �� *�R ��:�� DH�R ��� *BC �H��A!��� D �B!C� ���:� %���� �� � ��>b! )( ���� �����M@Y ����,� O��� )�� %��, 2�' :��+�.

�� � �H: L+� � � *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! <5�:! �� � � ��� i!:!�:"�!� *+$ T� 4�:���� ��+ *+$ *BC �,��� %���& T� ��� *�� �� � ���� #��� D @Y� �5

#�!� � ��+ *+$ *BC *,:� �� #$ �+�:� &���!� M��� �,��� �� v*� P�A!� )( ����� �� #Q�� ���� �� ��:��� �+�:� �&( � �: ���!.

Page 37: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

31

+���+� (�� 8����L� �MN: � ��� ������� .�%��� � �����'����� �8�� "#:

P&�!� O��� ��!C� :� 4�� ! ��H:R 2� +� #$ ��:��� �+���� 8���.� �.+:�D �:��,� G,B� ���_ ��! �+�:� N� N� �HX� T� �H���� #$ 2��>b.! �.H:� ����� ���

W��� !� O@ ����! ��:��� �+�:� �� � !�= �5B� ���� )( ������ �+�:� ��:+! #$ 2����'��� �H ��!� 4�����+�:� M@Y N� O�!�� O��� �� %��' %��$ # �!�. _.��� r"�: �

= �5B� ���� 2�! ��$ � !� 2��e! �� ��:��� �+�:� &���! *,:� �� #$ �H.X� T�D *��' �� � J�,)�( *���� ��5 R �H��� *�+, �! #! � !�= 2��e! O�! ���� ��.

�'*� )�( *���� ��5 = � !�R �� &���! ��!C� �+�:� ������*,:� �� #$ Cu Cr Cd Zn Fe Ni Pb Mn

Cu 1

Cr 0.825 1

Cd 0.782 0.866 1

Zn 0.804 0.849 0.783 1

Fe 0.820 0.896 0.855 0.756 1

Ni 0.862 0.638 0.653 0.688 0.675 1

Pb 0.700 0.622 0.537 0.444 0.603 0.649 1

Mn 0.868 0.885 0.873 0.790 0.876 0.777 0.649 1

G,B�� : n = 36 *��' #$ %��� ��� T��' *'� ��(P < 0.05)

)( iQ�!: ���!#�� ��: − �5B� ��'� � !� %��'(R > 0.7, n = 36) �! �� 8�.,: �+:� &��� &.���!

d�CR �+�:�D T� ��' *�� �$�!� L+� � � �+�:� O�! &���! <5�:! �� ?�8�,: �+:� &���! <5�:!.

− �+�:� &���! �� � !�= �5B� �� 4�X�� G,B� :Cr, Cd, Zn & Fe %�.�' 2:���� �HX� N� (R > 0.7, n = 36)D � � ��!��� � <�+� �+:� �.+:�

*��:(R < 0.7, n = 36).

− &���! �� %��' � !� �5B� ��'� *��:&�:e:�� 8�,: &���!�.

− &���! �� � ��!� � !� �5B� ��'� <�+� &���!� �+�:� T��' �.�����(R < 0.7, n =36) ��8�,: �+:� .

− G,B� �$�! �� �� � �� :��� �+�:� &���! 2��e!: Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn & Fe ���� #�!� � #$ �H��'%�,� ����'� L+� #$ �H�S&�! ���� J�, ��.

Page 38: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

32

+��� ��� ������� .�%��� ���!� �8�� "# � ����� �����B2 ����

��� �� #$ �Y��'� L�, ��:��� �+�:� &���! ��!�#!a L�!�! �$� ��� � :

?�H: P� � #$(Salinity ≤ 0.2 ‰): Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cd > Ni > Cr > Cu

?�, P� � #$(Salinity ≥ 37 ‰): Fe > Mn > Zn > Cd > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu

� ���, ?�+:� �� ?���'�� 4B�� �>�R ��Y &�:e:� �� #$���� �.�� T� �:����� �H: M��� #$ r"�� O@� �+�:��� �� ���, D��:� �+�:� *5� 8�,: �+:� ���� �.�:���

��'�� 4B�� ������ ��� �� #$�.

^SX�� *��')�( &���! 2=�'���:��� �+�:� ������ ��. #$ �.��� (µg/l)D � �� #$ ������ ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2=�'� �� �:���� *BC �� G,B� .��� T.� �

*,:� �� #$ &���! 2=�'�) *��'3(D �� &���! �+�:� ��:���(Cu, Cr & Zn) #.$ *,:� �� ���� � �� �� #$ �Y&���! ������ D��, #$ �.+�:� &���! ���� �.�:���

������ (Cd, Pb, Ni, Mn & Fe) ��� �� #$ �� #$ �Y&���! �� � �� �*,:�.

*��' )� (���� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2=�'� Mn Pb Ni Fe Zn Cd Cr Cu ������

0.1-32.7 µg/l

0.03-12.6 µg/l

0.04-4.79 µg/l

15.9-791 µg/l

0.13-19.8 µg/l

0.29-8.44 µg/l

0.07-3.35 µg/l

0.02-2.6 µg/l

.�%���� '�)�

B2 ���� �8�� "#

+����� ����� �������� ������� .�%��� ���!�� ��� @� B ���� �8�� "# � �:

*�� �� �)�/ (�! �� �5B� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &������ D�.,���� ��.�!� )( iQ�!:&���! <5�:! 4����� ������ ��:��� �+�:� �� *��!:= �:� ).( ?�.H: P� �

� �P L+� �� ?�, .� ����<5�:! @Y &���! #$ )( #��Q� *�� ��.� ���� N�AC:�,��� %���& �:� #Q�� ���� #$ ����� ) *��E( D M��� #$ �! �> 2�Q�&' �� �Y O@ L ��

�> ��� � �� *!� ��X �H��'! ?�Z� ��� ���, M��� #$ �! �> ��] ^ +! ���H: �H ��!�H!&(� ����� M@H #Q�� ���� ��[65, 66].

Page 39: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

33

��Q�&' ���X� ��� *��!(POM) � �� %��' � �:�� ����� D�O��! ��:��� �+�:�)�� �HQ�!,= �HY�'! ���� �A� ����� ����! )�� %���5 %���!� ��A�G� ��& D [email protected] &.���! �����

M��� #$ ������H: M��� #$ �Y&���! �� ��>� *5� ���, D &.���! <5�.:! #.$ �Y��� ������ �� #$ ��:��� �+�:��,��� %���& T� � [22].

+����� � ������� .�%���� �� �F�� ���!���2 ���� �8�� "# �������B:

*�� �� �)١٠ (#$ ������ ��:��� �+�:� &���! �� ��� �� r"�!� )��� ���! � *5��A�+ � !��� D4�)( %��� ���H: M��� �$�! d�!�� #$ 4��>b! �>�R *��� L+� &���! 2��e!

��� �� #$ ������ D %�� � 2���� �H�� *�,! #! ���H: M��� %�&] ��&! "�!� *+$ #A$��� ��� ��� %���� ��:� <�+�� )������ ��� �H, � )�� ��:��� �+� #.$ �� � *�� �

��� �� #$ �+�:� M@Y &���! %���&r"�!� � D ��� M@Y ���� NAC:!$ ��+ *+$ *BC ���L � ��$�!� M��� %�&] N�AC: .d�Cl� ��,�: ��D $f� ��� �$� N�, *�] ����� � M���

*BC *���"�!� �� ����L+� M��� )( ��:��� �+�:� �� 2���� �$�Xc ?�Z! �� 4�.��� D4�� �: %���,� � !�! ����� M@Y : d�'� �+5 L � #��� �� � �H: ��, #$ T.� 4�.:���� �H

d�C� ��H:�. �f$ d�C� ��,�: ��� ��Q���������H 2����� iQ�!: 2���� �.,��� ���5 N�AC: )(� @� ���H: M��� %�&] L � r"�!� M��� D ���H: M��� �$�! <5�:! T�� ��+ *+$ *BC ���

4����� ��&! �,��� �f$ M��� �C ! *��� P�A!�� D��R @Y� �� � 2��e! #$ 4�G�,�� 4��� L������ �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���!�D #$ �,��� N�AC: �R *+$Z� "�!� %��.�& )( ?�

��� ��� 2� >���� �� #$ �+�:� &���! ��&� #�!� � #Q�� ���� ��X �� D *B.C ������ ��� 2� > <5�:!� �,��� %���& T�� ��+ *+$LS��!� U���:= )( *��!� �� .

Page 40: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

34

*�� )�/( ��e! ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2 ������ ���� �� #$(µg/l) �.,��� �.=� (PSU) #$ M��� *�R ��:�.� �H� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H: L+�2006 �H.� �.��e�

*�R ����!2007.

Sus. Cu vs. Salinity

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. C

u (

ug

/l)

Sus. Cr vs. Salinity

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. C

r (

ug

/l)

Sus. Cd vs. Salinity

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. C

d (

ug

/l)

Sus. Zn vs. Salinity

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. Z

n (

ug

/l)

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07

Jun-07 Aug-07 Oct-07

Page 41: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

35

*�� T �! )�/( ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2��e!����� ���� �� #$ �(µg/l) �,��� �=� (PSU) #$ M��� *�R ��:�.� �H� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H: L+�2006 �H.� �.��e�

*�R ����!2007.

Sus. Fe vs. Salinity

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. F

e (

ug

/l)

Sus. Ni vs. Salinity

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. N

i (u

g/l

)

Sus. Pb vs. Salinity

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. P

b (

ug

/l)

Sus. Mn vs. Salinity

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. M

n (

ug

/l)

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07

Jun-07 Aug-07 O ct-07

Page 42: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

36

+����� ��� .�%��� (�� 8����L� �MN: � ��� ���� � �����2 ���� �8�� "#�� ��� @� B :

*��' �� � )E( B���� ��52 = � !� �� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! �.��� T.�

*��� ��� d�� )�� O@� �,���. P�A!� )( iQ�!: ���!��� � )��� � ����� ( B��.�� ��.�2 � !�= *'� ��� ������ ��:��� �+�:� T��'(R > - 0.9, n = 6, P < 0.05)D *�.� @Y�

��� �5B� ��'� )�������� �+�:� &���! 2��e! �� 4�' ���5 �� .��� ��. #$� T.��,��� ��5 2��e!.

*���� ��5 �� �:����� �+�:�� � !�= ��:��� *,:� �� #$ �,��� T� � #.$ �:� �*��' )K (*���� ��5 T� ��� �� #$ �+�:�� � !�= ��*��' #$ �:� � )E( D: �� i!:!.�

�,��� ��5 ��&!� � �� *��!:= �:�P �� ?�, P� � )( ?�H:�� � �H: L+� #���D Z�� �� *�� �> #$ ��� �� #$ ������ ��:��� �+�:� &���! <5�:!� M��>b! T� �:�����

*,:� �� #$ �+�:� &���! <5�:! #$ .4�X�� G,B: ��� � !� *���� ���5 �� 2��e! &���!�+:� *��: T� ��5 2��e! �,��� �.�� � �.���� 4�.' ��A!�� ���! *�R ��:�� �H� *BC

(R = - 0.99, n = 6, P< 0.05) � !� *���� ���5 T� �:����� 2��e! M&���! *,:� �� #$ �,��� T� 2:�� #!� %�!A 8A: *BC��A+� ������ 4� ���! D)( ���� ��� �.+�:� �.&( ��

��!�! #Q�� ���� �� ��:����� ?@ �� )�� %�� � �'�� ��+:� _�$ �'.

*��' )E( *���� ��5 = � !� R �� ��:��� �+�:� &���! ������ .��� �� #$ T.� ��,���

��G,B :n=6 *��' #$ %��� ��� T��' *'� �� (P < 0.05)

Date

Element

Dec. 2006 Feb. 2007 Apr. 2007 June 2007 Aug. 2007 Oct. 2007

Cu - 0.94 - 0.98 - 0.97 - 0.96 - 0.97 - 0.98

Cr - 0.98 - 0.97 - 0.98 - 0.97 - 0.96 - 0.95

Cd - 0.98 - 0.99 - 0.99 - 0.96 - 0.97 - 0.99

Zn - 0.97 - 0.94 - 0.93 - 0.98 - 0.97 - 0.97

Fe - 0.95 - 0.96 - 0.95 - 0.93 - 0.95 - 0.97

Ni - 0.99 - 0.99 - 0.99 - 0.91 - 0.97 - 0.99

Pb - 0.95 - 0.98 - 0.99 - 0.98 - 0.96 - 0.95

Mn - 0.92 - 0.99 - 0.99 - 0.99 - 0.98 - 0.92

Page 43: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

37

+ �� �+ � ������� .�%��� (�� 8����L� �MN: � ��� � �����"# 2 ���� �8��B :

*��' �� � )� (*���� ��5 ��. #.$ �.����� ��:��� �+�:� &���! �� � !�=����. )( iQ�!: ���! !� �� 4���5 ���� �HX� T� �+�:� &���! 2��e! � ��� *�� J.�,���! &���! �� � !�= *���� ��5 �G�� 4�' ��A!�� �+�:�(R > 0.9, n = 36)D ���! ��:�

4�� �: *5� 2=�, N� #$(R > 0.8, n = 36).

*��' )�( ��5*���� = � !� R �� &���! ��!C� �+�:� ��:��� ��������� �� #$� Cu Cr Cd Zn Fe Ni Pb Mn

Cu 1

Cr 0.969 1

Cd 0.923 0.944 1

Zn 0.937 0.932 0.878 1

Fe 0.925 0.931 0.897 0.887 1

Ni 0.909 0.927 0.948 0.873 0.926 1

Pb 0.956 0.949 0.956 0.922 0.936 0.943 1

Mn 0.932 0.926 0.932 0.880 0.951 0.910 0.960 1

�G,B� :n=36 *��' #$ %��� ��� T��' *'� �� (P < 0.05) � *��' �� G,B� � ��#�� �� :

− %��' � !� �5B� ��'� 4�' �+�:� &���! �� :Cu, Cr & Pb (R > 0.9, n = 36) O@���+�:� ��� T� D��e! �� ?���� �� #$ �Y&���! 2 T.� ?�5 *�� �$�!� �

L+� �� :� ��X ��Q���������H *��� ��e! �:� d�CR �+�:� &���! 2��e! .

− %��' � !� �5B� ��'� &���! �� �+�:�: Fe, Zn & Cd (R > 0.8, n = 36) D �� � ���+:� &���! Zn � Ni ���+:� &���!� Zn � Mn.

− .��� �� #$ �+�:� &���! �� � !�= 2B���� ��5 �� �:���� ���! &.���!� � �� #$ ������ �+�:� PS&�! �� )( D*,:� �� #$ �+�:����� 4�>b!� ����

�H�A: *���� 4� ���! .

Page 44: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

38

+���1� ������� .�%��� ���!� � �����"# �8��B2 ���� @������ �*2 ���� :

��� L��!����� (SM) 4��� ��H:R 2� +� #$Y� �.�:��� �+�:� O��� ���,! #$ 4��

*���!� %�@: ����>+�C�H ��&�A ��Q��Q����� D .� �.+�:� N� .$ �H���.� �>b.!� &�:e:�� ���� �� � *�� #Q�������'����� [67].

���� *��)��( ����& )( �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���!���� ��� .�4� %��.�& T.�

����� ��� &���! D <�+�� ����� #$ ��� M@H �� � ��� )( ���� ��� �.�:��� �����H, � )��. d�Cl� ��,�: ��D ���! ��:��� �+�:� &���! ��&! )( 4�X�� iQ�!: ��. #.$

���� ��+ *+$ T� 4�:���� "�!� *+$ #$ *+� ?�H: �$�! *S��� P�A!� �� i!:� @Y� D ).( # ��� �� �� 2�Q�&' %���(� #Q�� ���� �C ���� %���& #�!� � L+� �� :� )(

�� ���� #��:���� v*�A .

# �� *��' )�/( *���� ��5 = � !� �� �!��:��� �+�:� &�� ������ ��. #.$ ������!��� ��� &���� ���� %�!$ *BC #��� �� � �H: L+� #$ D� G,B� ��.5 P�A!�

T��' *'� �� � !�= 2B���� �+�:� ������(R > 0.7, n = 36, P< 0.05) )( ���� ����� � ��>b! &���! 2��e!�� ������ #$ �� #$ �+�:� &���!����.

*��' )�/( ��:��� �+�:� &���! �� � !�= 2B���� ��5 ������ ��� �� #$ T.� �

� &���!� ���� ��

�G,B� :n=36 *��' #$ %��� ��� T��' *'� �� (P < 0.05)

O@� �� � *���� ��5 P�A!� 4�X�� *��' = � !�(R > 0.9, n = 36, P < 0.05) ��, #$ �� v*� &�:e:�(Mn) *��:�(Ni) �+�:� ��� T� �:����� D��� ��@.Y O��� � !� )�� *��

! 2��e! ���+:���� ��� &���d�CR �+�:� �� � �� *�� #Q�� ���� #$ �� D ��, #$���! ���5 *����= � !� <�C O:& �+:�#Y ������ �+�:� �� �� *5R.

Mn Pb Ni Fe Zn Cd Cr Cu

0.904 0.888 0.903 0.866 0.774 0.882 0.869 0.881 R

(SM vs. M)

Page 45: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

39

*�� )��( ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2��e! ������ .��� �� #$ �(µg/l) &.���! �.=� ��� ��� ��(mg/l) M��� #$ �H.� �� %�!A *BC #��� �� � �H: L+���/�//� �.��e�

�H��//�//�.

Sus. Cu vs. SM

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 20 40 60 80 100

SM (mg/l)

Su

s. C

u (

ug

/l)

Sus. Cr vs. SM

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 20 40 60 80 100

SM (mg/l)

Su

s. C

r (

ug

/l)

Sus. Cd vs. SM

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 20 40 60 80 100

SM (mg/l)

Su

s. C

d (

ug

/l)

Sus. Zn vs. SM

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 20 40 60 80 100

SM (mg/l)

Su

s. Z

n (

ug

/l)

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07

Jun-07 Aug-07 Oct-07

Page 46: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

40

*�� T �! )��( ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2��e! ��������� �� #$ �(µg/l) &���! �=� ��� ��� ��(mg/l) M��� #$ �H.� �� %�!A *BC #��� �� � �H: L+���/�//� �.��e�

�H��//�//�.

Sus. Fe vs. SM

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 20 40 60 80 100

SM (mg/l)

Su

s. F

e (

ug

/l)

Sus. Ni vs. SM

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 20 40 60 80 100

SM (mg/l)

Su

s. N

i (u

g/l

)

Sus. Pb vs. SM

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 20 40 60 80 100

SM (mg/l)

Su

s. P

b (

ug

/l)

Sus. Mn vs. SM

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 20 40 60 80 100

SM (mg/l)

Su

s. M

n (

ug

/l)

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07

Jun-07 Aug-07 Oct-07

Page 47: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

41

+�+� ��� ������� .�%��� ���!�"� ��� �8�� "# � ����� �����

��� 2�� ��� L��!4 4���Y 2����� #$�� X ?�'! #! ��Q�������' ��.H:R 2� +� �� D��V! �H:� ��� :&C4� '!! L.+� �� :� *C�! #! ���X�B� ���X� 2�>��� �� ���� _�$ T� D

2�>��� M@Y &���! ��G:! �� ��Z�� #H$ #�!� �[68] . #Y�,� ���� i�&� �� �b!!! ?� )�� ��C #���� *�� �S��� �� ����������� � ������X� � N� 2��� � �2�:� �� D #.Y�

�� ��� T!�!! <�+��= ����� %�� � ��, � �,��� � ?���� *�� !� ��[69].

���! iQ�!:� &�:e:�� ���, &���! P�A!� )( ���� �H: L+� 2�� ��� #$ 4����� *��:�+�:� ��� T� 4�:���� #��� �� � D&���! 2:�� ��:� *.5R #Y 8�,: � ������� . @.Cb��

&���! ��!� � �+�:�# ��� �� #$ �Y��'� L�, ��:�� #!a L�!�!:

?�H: P� � #$(Salinity ≤ 0.2 ‰): Fe > Mn > Ni > Cr > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd

?�, P� � #$(Salinity ≥ 37 ‰): Fe > Ni > Mn > Cr > Zn > Pb > Cd > Cu

*��' # ��)�� ( &���! 2=�'�:� ��:��� �+� ������ #$� ���L+� 2� �.� � �.H:#���:

*��' )��( #��� �� � �H: L+� # ��� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2=�'�

Mn Pb Ni Fe Zn Cd Cr Cu ������

210-592 µg/g

17.6-51.4 µg/g

213-362 µg/g

12.6-18.3 mg/g

21.2-73.3 µg/g

2.38-5.6 µg/g

47.6-81.4 µg/g

0.2-26.9

µg/g .�%���� '�)� "#

"� ��� �8��

+�+��� ����� �������� ������� .�%��� ���!��� ��� @� "� ��� �8�� "# � :

iQ�!: ���! )(G�,�� <5�:! �+:� &���!? 8�,:# ��� �� #$ &�:e:�� *�� G�,�� 5�� �� *��!:= �:� T(St. 1) T5�� )((St. 6) � �� ? ?�.H: P� � ).( P�. � ?�, ) *����(D ).( *�.�!:= �:� �!��A!� ���! �+�:� ��� &���! 2��e! �� G,B� ��:� T5��(St. 6). ���A! ���� )�� �HQ�!, )( ���H: 2�� ��� #$ 8�,: �+:� &���! P�A!�

�� %�� � 2�������, 2�� ��� T� 4�:���� ���X� ��� D M�'! ���� _!Ab 8�,: &��!� J�, �H�� ���X� 2���� *���! )�� %�� � _!��5� ��� O�![70].

Page 48: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

42

+�+��� �� �F�� ���!��� �������� ������� .�%����"� ��� �8�� "#:

%��, 2�'�� �B!C� ���+A 2��e! L��! 4��� 4��H� O��.� #$ �.�:��� �.+�:�#$ �>Z! #�!� � ����� 2�� ��� #$ �H�&�! . �� � *��)��( �! �� #.$ ��:��� �+�:� &������ 2�� ��� ��� *�� "�!� *+$ *BC <5�:!�� ��+ *+$ *BC )��� D �B!.C= @Y�

���+A %��� *BC &���! #$ ( ���� �� � )� ?@ ���H: M��� �$�! ��e! )��� ���#$ *.+$"�!� )( ?�Z� ��R @Y� 2�� ��� N��! %���( ����� ����! (resuspension) ?�Z.� �.��

��:��� �+�:� *��!:= �� )( # ��� �� #$ %��'������ #Q�� ���� ��X. � ���4�' 4�XAC:� �H: �$�! d�!�� ��+ *+$ *BCD ��� ����5 2�� ��� ����! %���( ����� ���!� �+�:� &���! %���& ?�Z�# ��� �� #$ ��:���. #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! %���& �� ���

���5 P�A!�� ��+ *+$ *BC *,:� �� . pH �.+�:� <�+�� � �: %���& #$ ����� h� � )�� ��:��� %��'�� ���X� ���� ��:��� �����R#$ # ��� �� .

*�� )��( ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2��e! ������ �.� � �H: L+� #$ # ��� �� #$ �H� �� %�!A *BC #�����/�//� �H� ���e��//�//�.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

De c-06 Fe b-07 Apr-07 Ju n-07 Aug-07 O ct-07

Sed

. C

u (

ug

/g).

d.w

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

De c-06 Fe b-07 Apr-07 Ju n -07 Au g-07 O ct-07

Sed

. C

r (

ug

/g).

d.w

S t .1 ( Ri ve r ) S t.2 S t.3 S t.4 S t.5 S t.6 ( S e a )

Page 49: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

43

�!*�� T )��( ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2��e! ������ �.H: L.+� #$ # ��� �� #$

�H� �� %�!A *BC #��� �� ���/�//� �H� ���e��//�//�.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

De c-06 Fe b-07 Apr-07 Ju n -07 Au g-07 O ct-07

Sed

. C

d (

ug

/g).

d.w

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

D e c-0 6 Fe b-0 7 A pr-0 7 J u n -0 7 A u g-0 7 O ct-0 7

Sed

. Z

n (

ug

/g).

d.w

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

De c-06 Fe b-07 Apr-07 Ju n -07 Au g-07 O ct-07

Sed

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e (

mg

/g).

d.w

S t.1 ( Ri ve r ) S t.2 S t.3 S t.4 S t.5 S t.6 ( S e a )

Page 50: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

44

*�� T �! )��( ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2��e! ������ .H: L.+� #$ # ��� �� #$ � �H..� �..� %�..!A *B..C #��..� �..� ���/�//� �H..� �..��e��//�//�.

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

D e c- 0 6 Fe b -0 7 A p r-0 7 J u n -0 7 A u g - 0 7 O c t- 0 7

Sed

. N

i (u

g/g

). d

.w

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

D e c-0 6 Fe b-0 7 A pr-0 7 J u n -0 7 A u g -0 7 O ct-0 7

Sed

. P

b (

ug

/g).

d.w

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

7 0 0

D e c-0 6 Fe b-0 7 A pr-0 7 J u n -0 7 A u g -0 7 O ct-0 7

Sed

. M

n (

ug

/g).

d.w

S t .1 ( R i ve r ) S t .2 S t.3 S t.4 S t .5 S t .6 ( S e a )

Page 51: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

45

*�� �� �)�0 ( # �.�� �� #$ &�:e:�� 8�,: ?�+:� &���! 2��e! �� �5B� *��!:= �:� 8�,: �+:� &���! #$ �� � <5�:! *�� �� G,B� W�� ��� 2�:�� @C� T5�� T�

T5�� ��(St. 1) T5�� )((St. 2) ^ .+� O.@ �.� � �� *�R ��:�� ?�H� *BC O@� T5�� M�'!� #'���! <5�:!(St. 6) *�.� ��.�� <5�:! @Y �� G,B�$ �H�R ��� #$ ��� W

T5�� �� r"�! #'���!(St. 1) T5�� )( 4=�+�(St. 6) #.$ L��.�! ��'� 4�X�� G,B� ��� D&���! T5�� #$ 8�,: �+:�(St. 2, St. 3, St. 4) *�R ��:�� �H� *BC O@�. �.�, #$

G,B: D&�:e:� �+:� L���!! ���5�� #$ M&���(St. 1, St. 2) *BC O@� �H�R �.$�� D S�.> 4��'���! &���! M@Y <5�:!! )( *��!:=� L+� �� :� �� ?�, P� �(St. 6).

*��)�0 ( @C� T5�� T� # ��� �� #$ &�:e:�� 8�,: ?�+:� &���! 2��e! �� �5B� �� %�!A *BC �� ��� 2�:����/�//� ���e��//�//�

Sed. Cu vs. Station

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 2 3 4 5 6Station

Sed

. C

u (

ug

/g)

Sed. Mn vs. Station

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 2 3 4 5 6Station

Sed

. M

n (

ug

/g)

Dec. 06 Feb. 07 Apr. 07 Jun. 07 Aug. 07 Oct. 07

Page 52: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

46

+�1� �,M������:

+�1��� ������� ������� -.� '����� (��8�� (�� � ����� �B ���� :

3�K����� � �: �� �5B�Dis. M / Tot. M �,��� T�:

�+�:� �� v*� *,:� *�� � �: 2,��! ��:��� &.���! ).( ������ #�.�'c��!a ��� �$� �+:��:

*��' )��( #�� &���! )( *,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! � �: 2=�'�

Mn Pb Ni Fe Zn Cd Cr Cu ������

8-87 % 23-98 % 15-94 % 1-7 % 75-99 % 15-72 % 90-99 % 38-97 % �� ���

Dis. M / Tot. M

*��' �� G,B: )��( �, �+:� �:� � �: *�'� N�AC: _.��� ��.� )�� *�� @Y� ��

��'�� *,:� *��� D ���� �� �� � �: *�'� �� G,B� ��:� �.:� 4��A!�� ���.� ?�.+:�O:&� D*,:� *��� �'�!� �B��� ��H:� ?� .

*�� �� �)�3( !� �: 2��e ) *,:� �� #$ �+:� &���! / �.+:�� #.�� &���! (�,��� %���& T� �+:�� *,:� *�� � �: P�A!� )( iQ�!: ���! J�, D�,��� �=� D *�� @Y�

�&( �� )�� �.&( �.� � �� ���! #Q�� ���� �� ���� �� #$ %��'�� ��:��� �+�:�*,:� �� #$ �+�:�D ���G,B� 4�X�� #�.�'c M&.���! )( �+:�� *,:� *�� � �: ��

2�'�� �:� 4�� �: �! �> ���! �,���� ���� ��� #$ � �� *�� ��&! �> �XAC:� �,��� )4�� !� ��25‰ (�:>!�� " �+:�? O:& ���! J�, <�+��� �: ).( *,:� �� #$ ��Y&���!

#�� &���! �! �> �,��� *'� �� %���,� 2=�'� �:� ) �� *5�10‰( . �.� �X�� G,B� ��� *�� *BC)�3( #$ ^X� ��&! ��'� � �:)&���! �� #$ �+:� *,:� /���! & #.��

�+:�� ( ��:� *�R ����!� Ln ?�H� *BC NAC:! *B.C � �: M@Y �H.� *�R ��:�.� ? � ���+�:� &���! %���& !�� @Y� D ������ ��:��� �� #$ ��+ *+$ *BC *,:�

"�!� *+$ *BC �HX�AC:�.

Page 53: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

47

*�� )�3( �� �5B� � �:)���! *,:� �� #$ �+:� & / �.+:�� #.�� &���! ( T.�#$ �,��� M��� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H: L+���/�//� ���e��//�//� .

Dis. Cd / Tot. Cd vs. Salinity

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. C

d /

To

t. C

d

Dis. Zn / Tot. Zn vs. Salinity

70%

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. Z

n /

To

t. Z

n

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07

Jun-07 Aug-07 Oct-07

Dis. Cu / Tot. Cu vs. Salinity

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. C

u /

To

t. C

u

Dis. Cr / Tot. Cr vs. Salinity

80%

82%

84%

86%

88%

90%

92%

94%

96%

98%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. C

r /

To

t. C

r

Page 54: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

48

*�� T �! )�3 ( � �: �� �5B�) *,:� �� #$ �+:� &���! / #�� &���!�+:�� ( T.� �� � �H: L+� M��� #$ �,��� �� %�!A #$ #�����/�//� ���e��//�//� .

Dis. Fe / Tot. Fe vs. Salinity

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. F

e /

To

t. F

e

Dis. Ni / Tot. Ni vs. Salinity

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. N

i /

To

t. N

i

Dis. Pb / Tot. Pb vs. Salinity

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. P

b /

To

t. P

b

Dis. Mn / Tot. Mn vs. Salinity

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Dis

. M

n /

To

t. M

n

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07

Jun-07 Aug-07 Oct-07

Page 55: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

49

^X�� *��')�0( B���� ��5= 2 � !� ��5 �� � �:) *.,:� �� #$ �+:� &���! /�+:�� #�� &���! ( ��5�*��� ��� d�� )��� �,��� .� ���5 �� )( iQ�!: ���!� � !�= *���

%�� � ���!(R ≥ 0.84, n = 6, P< 0.05) �+�:� �:�(Cu, Zn & Pb) T.��' *B.C O@�*�+A D � �: 2��e! �� )�� *�� @Y�)*,:� *�� /#�� *�� ( %�� � ���! �� �� �+�:��

�,��� ��e! �:� D ���, �+:� �:� ���(Fe) � !�= *���� ���5 �� G,B�$ *BC �XAC:� ���! �H�R T��'(R ≤ 0.8, n = 6, P > 0.05) � �: 2��e! �� ?�)*,:� *�� / #.�� *�� (=

�,��� 2��e! 4��>� ���!!D *��: �+:� ��, #$(Ni) ��.�! �. !�= *���� ���5 �� G,B����� �H�R T��' *BC ��A!�� Ln �H�(R = 0.77, n = 6, P > 0.05) D ������.� �+:� ���

(Cd) *�R ����! �H� ���� �H�R T��' *BC �XAC:� ���! _ � !�= *���� ���5 �� G,B�$(R = 0.84, n = 6, P < 0.05).

*��' )�0( � !�= *���� ��5R � �: �� )*,:� �� #$ �+:� &���! / #.�� &.���!�+:�� ( T� #$ �,���M��� �.� %�.!A #.$ #��.� �.� � �H: L+���/�//� �.��e�

�//�//�.

G,B�2�: � n=6 *��' #$ %��� ��� T��' *'� �� � P < 0.05 0�M ')� (�R B�.�� ( ��� � P > 0.05 0�M ')� (�R ����� ( ���

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07 Jun-07 Aug-07 Oct-07

Cu 0.95 0.96 0.91 0.94 0.84 0.96

Cr 0.75 0.68 0.87 0.47 0.49 0.96

Cd 0.76 0.29 0.78 0.59 0.63 0.84

Zn 0.98 0.98 0.93 0.99 0.97 0.99

Fe 0.05 0.01 0.33 0.65 0.80 0.75

Ni 0.96 0.99 0.95 0.82 0.77 0.97

Pb 0.99 0.97 0.86 0.93 0.96 0.96

Mn 0.93 0.76 0.62 0.51 0.82 0.94

Page 56: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

50

3�K���� � �: �� �5B�Sus. M / Tot. M �,��� T� :

*�� � �: 2,��!���� �.$� �+:�� #��'c &���! )( ������ �+�:� �� v*���� *��' #$ %���)�3(:

*��' )�3( #�� &���! )( ���� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! � �: 2=�'� Mn Pb Ni Fe Zn Cd Cr Cu ������

12-91 % 1.7-76 % 5-84 % 92-99 % 0.3-24 % 27-84 % 0.6-9.5% 2.5-61 % �� ���

sus. M / tot. M

� �� *��' �� G,B� � �: ��)��� �� #$ �+:� &���!� / �.+:�� #�� &���! (

���, �+:� �:� 4�' ��A!�� ���! D*�� @Y� )����'�� ���,� �� � *�� .��� ��. #$ �*,:� �� L��, )�� DO:&� ���� ?�+:� �:� �� �� � �: N�AC: G,B� ��:� D @.Y�

*,:� �� #$ ��H! �: P�A!� T� �$�!�.

*�� �� �)�K( 2��e! � �: ) &���!��� �� #$ �+:��/ .+:�� #.�� &���!�( �,��� T�D 8���� �+:� L�, �� �� � �: ��e! #$ 2�$B!C ��'� )( iQ�!: ���!�D #A$

?�+:� ��,(Zn, Pb) ��� ��Y&���! � �: �� G,B�#�� &���! )( � L.+� �.� :� #$ *�� <5�:!! #'���! �4�� �: 2 �> �� :� )( 4=�+� ���H: �� :� �� r"� ���, ) �.�&! T�

�,���( D �+�:� ���(Fe, Mn, Cr & Cd) �Y&���! � �: <5�:! ����$ �� #$ ��� ).( � #�� &���!�,���� � ��!�� �XAC:� ��� �:� 4�� �: *��5D ���� ��� �:� ���� ^ +� _:��

�,����(S > 25 PSU) D�+:� ��, #$�? 8�,: *��:� �f$Y&���! � �: <5�:!�� #$ �� ��� �,���� � ��!� ��� �:� 4� ���! �� � #�� &���! )( �(S > 15 PSU). 4�X�� *�� �� �

*B.C �.+�:� T��' �:� %�� � ���! #�� M&���! )( ���� �� #$ �+:� &���! � �: �� � �� #:�> ��:�� ?�H�)"�!� *+$ ( ��:� *�R ����!� Ln ?�H� *BC �XAC:� ���!D @Y�

��� �� #$ ������ ��:��� �+�:� &���! P�A!� T� �$�!� �HX�AC:� "�!� *+$ *BC ���+ *+$ *BC .

Page 57: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

51

*��' �� �)�K( *���� ��5 � �: 2��e! �� � !�=)&���! ��. #$ �+:� .���� /��! &� #���+:�� (�,��� ��5 2��e! T� *��� ��� ��� )���. ��.5 *B.C �� G,B� J�,

�+�:� �:� �,��� %���& T� �� � *�� <5�:!! �� �� � �: �� � !�= *���� ��!a ������: Cu, Zn & Pb (R < - 0.84, n = 6, P < 0.05) *BC �H�R �$��D �+:� ��, #$ ��� �.��,

(Fe) _ � !� *���� ��5 �� G,B�$(R ≥ - 0.8, n = 6, P > 0.05) � �: 2��e! ��) #.$ _������� �� /#�� *�� (#��� �� � �H: L+� � � �,��� 2��e! T� ����5 ���!D �:� ���

���! � !�= *���� ��5 �� G,B�$ *��: �+:� ��A!�� (R ≤ -0.82, n = 6, P < 0.05) *BCLn �H� ���� �H�R T��' D � .�: 2�.�e! �� G,B�$ ������� �+:� ��, #$ ��:� ) *�.�

���� /#�� *�� ( J.�, *�R ���.�! �H� ���� �H�R T��' #$ %��e+ ���! �,��� T� %�� � 2��e! M@Y ���!(R = - 0.84, n = 6, P < 0.05).

*��' )�K( ��5 *���� = � !� R � �: �� )���� �� #$ �+:� &���! / .�� &.���! #�+:�� ( T� � #$ �,���M�� �.� %�.!A #.$ #��.� �.� � �H: L+���/�//� �.��e�

�//�//�.

G,B�2�: � n=6 *��' #$ %��� ��� T��' *'� �� � P < 0.05 ')� (� 0�MR B�.�� ( ��� � P > 0.05 ')� (� 0�MR ����� ( ���

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07 Jun-07 Aug-07 Oct-07

Cu - 0.95 - 0.96 - 0.91 - 0.94 - 0.84 - 0.96

Cr - 0.75 - 0.68 - 0.87 - 0.47 - 0.49 - 0.96

Cd - 0.76 - 0.29 - 0.78 - 0.59 - 0.63 - 0.84

Zn - 0.98 - 0.98 - 0.93 - 0.99 - 0.97 - 0.99

Fe - 0.05 - 0.01 - 0.33 - 0.65 - 0.80 - 0.75

Ni - 0.96 - 0.99 - 0.95 - 0.82 - 0.77 - 0.97

Pb - 0.99 - 0.97 - 0.86 - 0.93 - 0.96 - 0.96

Mn - 0.93 - 0.76 - 0.62 - 0.51 - 0.82 - 0.94

Page 58: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

52

*�� )�K ( �� �5B� � �:)&���! �� #$ �+:����� / #�� &���!�+:�� ( �,��� T� #$ M��� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H: L+���/�//� ���e��//�//� .

Sus. Cu / Tot. Cu vs. Salinity

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. C

u /

To

t. C

u

Sus. Cr / Tot. Cr vs. Salinity

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. C

r /

To

t. C

r

Sus. Cd / Tot. Cd vs. Salinity

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. C

d /

To

t. C

d

Sus. Zn / Tot. Zn vs. Salinity

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. Z

n /

To

t. Z

n

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07

Jun-07 Aug-07 O ct-07

Page 59: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

53

*�� T �! )�K( � �: �� �5B�) �� #$ �+:� &���!���� /&���! #�� �+:�� ( T.� #$ �,��� M��� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H: L+���/�//� ���e��//�//� .

Sus. Fe / Tot. Fe vs. Salinity

92%

93%

94%

95%

96%

97%

98%

99%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. F

e /

To

t. F

e

Sus. Ni / Tot. Ni vs. Sal inity

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. N

i /

To

t. N

i

Sus. Pb / Tot. Pb vs. Salinity

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. P

b /

To

t. P

b

Sus. Mn / Tot. Mn vs. Salinity

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (PSU)

Su

s. M

n /

To

t. M

n

Dec-06 Feb-07 Apr-07

Jun-07 Aug-07 O ct-07

Page 60: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

54

+�1��� ������� ������� -.�"� ��� �8�� "$���� ����� (�� � ����� � :

3�K����� *,:�� # ��� ���� #$ �+�:� &���! �� �5B� :

�' �� �*� )��( � !�= *���� ��5(R) #.$ �.����� �.�:��� �+�:� &���! 2��e! �� ?�, � ?�H: ���� � #$ O@� # ���� *,:� ���� . P�.A!� ���H: �� :� #$ G,B�

� !�= *���� ��5(R = 0.81, n = 6, P < 0.05) �+:� �:� �.+�:� ��� T� 4�:���� *��: D�Z� � !�� @Y*��: �+:� &���! 2��e! �� )( �� �.� �.��H: �� :� #$ *,:� �� #$

=�!�= ���� L+�M&���! � 5�� *BC �� �H��� * # ��� �� #$ D^�,+ 8��� . �.�:� G,B� *5� �� ���5 � !�= *���� �'�!! ���, �+:� �:�(R = 0.28, n = 6, P > 0.05) D ?�

= *,:� �� #$ M&���! 2��e! �� ��Z� � !�! #.$ O@� # ��� �� #$ M&���! 2��e!L+� �� ���H: �� :�.

� !�= *���� ���5 P�A!� G,B� ���, �� :� #$(R= 0.85, n = 6, P < 0.05) �.:��+�:� ��� T� 4�:���� ������� �+:� D�e! �� ?� �Y��.�A! ���� *,:� �� #$ M&���! 2�

# ��� �� #$ M&���! 2��e! *BC �� ��' *�� D �+�:� �:� ���(Cr, Zn & Pb) G,B�$ �XAC:�� � �� ���! � !�= *���� ��5 ��(R< - 0.3, n = 6, P > 0.05) ��.'� )( ���� ���

� M@Y &���! 2��e! �� �A��X ����� �5B�# ���� *,:� ���� #$ �+�: D ����& �� ?� �.��, 2�� ��� #$ �Y&���! #$ �� N�AC: _� ��� �, M��� #$ *,:� �� #$ �Y&���! D

�A+ �� � ��5 ���! � !�= *���� ���5 �� G,B� *��: �+:� ��, #$�(R = 0.07, n = 6,

P > 0.05) D��'� ��� )�� *�� @Y� ��� *,:� ���� #$ M&���! 2��e! �� � !� #$ # ����H: �� :� 8�� O@� L+� �� ���, �� :�.

*��' )��( #$ # ���� *,:� ���� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! �� � !�= *���� ��5� �� � �H: L+� �� ���, � ���H: ��!� :� �.� %�.!A *B.C #����/�//� �.��e�

�//�//� . Cu Cr Cd Zn Fe Ni Pb Mn

Estuarine

River

Sector 0.71 0.63 0.69 0.60 0.28 0.81 0.81 0.52

Estuarine Marine

Sector 0.26 -0.38 0.85 -0.31 0.54 0.07 -0.32 0.58

G,B�2�: � n=6 #$ %��� ��� T��' *'� ��*��' � P < 0.05 ')� (� 0�MR B�.�� ( ��� � P > 0.05 ')� (� 0�MR ����� ( ���

Page 61: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

55

3�K����� ����� # ��� ���� #$ �+�:� &���! �� �5B� :

*��' �� �)��( � !�= *���� ��5(R) ������ ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2��e! �� ���� ���� #$ ?�, � ?�H: ���� � #$ O@� # ���� . *.���� �� *��.' �� G,B�

��� #$ P�A!� *�'�! T� ������ �+�:� T��' �:� ���H: �� :� #$ � �� ��5 @Cb� � !�= � !�= *���� � ��(R < - 0.8, n = 6, P < 0.05) �+�:� �:�(Pb, Zn, Fe, Cr & Cu) W

4�:���� ������ �+�:� ��� T� D #$ ������ ��:��� �+�:� &���! ����& �� )( ���� @Y���� �� � L+� �� ���H: �� :� #$ ��. #.$ �.+�:� M@Y &���! #$ <5�:! _� ���

8�,: �+�:� �:� 4�+�+C� # ��� D<�+�� O:&D W����� ���, T� �$�!� @Y� iQ�!: ).( ���! #!� # ���� ���� ���� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2��e! �H��� �:�+, #! ��. #.$ NAC:.! ��:� "�!� *+$ *BC ���� �� #$ ������ �+�:� &���! P�A!�

# ��� D��+ *+$ *BC ^�,+ 8���.

��5 P�A!� 4�X�� *��' �� G,B� �.+:� �:� � �� � !�= *���� � �.��, ? � O.:& (R < - 0.8, n = 6, P < 0.05) #$ ������ �+�:� ��� T� 4�:����?�, P� � L+� �� D

Y&���! 2��e! �� ������ ���5 � !� �5B� ��'� )( ���� @Y��� .��� ��. #.$ T.� �# ��� �� #$ 2��e! D� �+�:� �:� %�5 *5� �5B� M@Y ���! ��:(Cu, Cd, Ni & Pb) D

��� � '�� ��5 @Cb� � !�= *���� �� G,B� (R < 0.6, n = 6, P > 0.05) ���� ?�+:� �:�&�:e:�� #$ ��Y&���! 2��e! �� �A��X ���� �5B� O�:Y �� ?� W������ �+�:� ��� 8��

��� ���� � �# ��� .

*��' )��( #.$ # ���� ���� ���� #$ ��:��� �+�:� &���! �� � !�= *���� ��5 �.� %�.!A *B.C #��� �� � �H: L+� �� ���, � ���H: ��!� :���/�//� �.��e�

�//�//� . Cu Cr Cd Zn Fe Ni Pb Mn

Estuarine

River

Sector - 0.94 -0.87 - 0.79 - 0.95 - 0.84 - 0.59 - 0.94 - 0.72

Estuarine

Marine

Sector - 0.21 0.44 - 0.65 - 0.92 - 0.82 - 0.41 - 0.79 0.59

G,B�2�: � n=6 *��' #$ %��� ��� T��' *'� �� � P < 0.05 ')� (� 0�MR B�.�� ( ��� � P > 0.05 ')� (� 0�MR �� ( ��� ���

Page 62: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

56

+�1��� "$���� ����� (� � ����� �������� ������� ���.O �� �:

��.���R ��.�R �.� #Q�� ���� �� ������ ��:��� �+�:� �&( � �: ���� ��V! �. � �.Y���� "�.:>� ������ ��:��� �+�:� &���! )�� �� ! #! 2��e! T !! #$ ���H�

�� � �H: L+� M@Y &', #$ �H: L+� %����� ��� �� %��' %��$ # �! #�!� #Y� W#������, �Q� )( �H�+� T:�� 2�>���. ����� �� �&c � �: L��, �!:

Removal Rate % = 100*(CN.30 – CR.30) / CN.30

CN.30 :&���! �,��� �:� ?�G: (S ≈ 30 PSU)

CR.30 :���!�,��� �:� #���, & (S ≈ 30 PSU)

L��, �! �5� �,��� �:� ?�G: &���!(S ≈ 30 PSU) ����� ��: CN.30 = CRiv*(1-x) + CMar*x

CRiv :L+� �� ?�H: P� � #$ &���! CMar :L+� �� ?�, P� � #$ &���!

X :�, M���� ���H: M��� �� U&� � �:�� �,��� �:�(S ≈ 30 PSU).

3�K�0��� �&( � �:#�� *�� #$ ������ ��:��� �+�:� #Q�� ���� ��:

*��' �� �)�E ( ��5� �: ���Q� c ������ �+�:� �&)#�� *��� %��'���( ��#Q�� ���� �,��� ���5 �:�(S≈ 30 PSU)W J�, ���! �.&( ����� J��, )( � '�� ���

�.+:�� �$�.X( �.���� J��, )�� �:�! � �� ��� ��:� D#Q�� ���� �� 8���� �+:��#Q�� ���� )( 8����. *��' �� G,B� *BC� ������ �+�:� T��' �&( ����� J��,

�H�R �$�� !�� D�A�!C� L�: #Q�� ���� ���+:� "�:> 8�,: �.���� J��., G.,B� J�, � � �H� *BC #Q�� ���� )( �$�X( � �+:� ��.�&,� � .� ?�H.� *B.C ������.�.

4�X�� *��' �� G,B� ��� ���5 )��� �� � �: ��'���&( ���� �� ������ ��:��� �+�:�#Q�� �H� *BC &�:e:� �+:� �:� 2:��*�R ��:�� 2e� #!� (71 %)W N.AC� 2:�� ��:�

O:& �+:� �:� ���5(1 %) *�R ����! #$ .

Page 63: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

57

*��')�E (��Q� � �:#�� *�� #$ ��:��� �+�:� �&c � L.+� #.$ #Q�� ���� �� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H:��/�//� ���e��//�//�.

زا�� ���� ا�% Cu Cr Cd Zn Fe Ni Pb Mn

Dec-06 39 39 42 16 34 8 25 71

Feb-07 -51 34 -3 19 48 11 38 33

Apr-07 23 32 22 12 17 17 6 23

Jun-07 42 42 -8 14 17 10 52 40

Aug-07 15 29 18 5 75 31 37 54

Oct-07 22 24 11 1 68 19 14 59

3�K�0��� � �+�:� �&( � �:#Q�� ���� �� *,:� �� #$ ������ ��:��:

*��' �� �)�� ( ������ �+�:� �&c ���Q� � �: ��5)*,:� *��� %��'��� ( �� �,��� ���5 �:� #Q�� ����(S≈ 30 PSU)� W ���, �+:� �&( � �: P�A!� )( iQ�!: ���!

*,:� �� �� �:� �,��� ���5 ��@ �� �� )��� 2e� J�, ������ �+�:� ��� T� 4�:���� �&c � �: ���5(63 %) �+:� @Y �:� �.+:� �:� ���5 NAC 2:�� ��:� W����: �H� *BC

O:&(≈ 0 %) Ln �H� *BC . ��� N� *BC %��,� �+�:� �:� � �� ��� N� ��'� G,B� ��� �H�R*,:� �� )( �+�:� O�! *��!: ����� J��, )( ����.

*��')�� (��Q� � �:*,:� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� �&c � L.+� #$ #Q�� ���� �� �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H:��/�//� ���e��//�//�.

�&�� اJزا��% Cu Cr Cd Zn Fe Ni Pb Mn

Dec-06 27 40 47 13 34 -3 -3 24

Feb-07 -119 36 35 16 31 -13 9 15

Apr-07 5 32 21 9 63 12 7 40

Jun-07 37 43 10 11 32 -3 20 51

Aug-07 13 29 24 0 53 21 11 37

Oct-07 16 23 15 -3 51 12 -17 32

Page 64: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

58

3�K�0��� ���� �� ���� �� #$ ������ ��:��� �+�:� �&( � �:#Q��:

*��' �� �)�/ ( ������ �+�:� �&c ���Q� � �: ��5)���� *��� %��'��� ( �� �,��� ���5 �:� #Q�� ����(S≈ 30 PSU)W �.+�:�� �&( ����� ��'� )( iQ�!: ���! J�,

#Q�� ���� �� ���� �� #$ ������ ��:��� '�! "�:>!�� ��5 *� ������� �+:� �:� � ���H� *BC� � � ? ���&,(-11, -16 %) *�.�!: �.���� J��., )�� *�! � �� ���� M@Y� W

���� �� )( ������� �+:� )�$�X( �����( %�!A O�! *BC . *��.' �� G,B� ���)�/ (&c � �: ���5 )��� �� 4�X��:�� ���� �� �� � *�R ���.�! *BC <�+� �+:� �:� 2

(86 %) ��:� D ��.��: �H� *BC 4�X�� <�+� �+:� �:� �&c � �: ���5 *5� 2:�� (3 %) . *,:� �� �� ������ �+�:�� �&c � �: ��5 �:���� �) *��'�� ( �.&c � .�: ��5 T�

���� �� �� ������ �+�:��) *��'�/( �.�:��� �.+�:� �.&( �.���� �� i!:!�:*,:� �� ��, �� � �� ���! ���� �� #$ ������.

*��')�/ ( L.+� #$ #Q�� ���� �� ���� �� #$ ��:��� �+�:� �&c ���Q� � �: �� %�!A #$ #��� �� � �H:��/�//� ���e��//�//�.

�&�� اJزا��% Cu Cr Cd Zn Fe Ni Pb Mn

Dec-06 63 24 40 51 34 17 81 83

Feb-07 19 16 -11 50 48 22 75 36

Apr-07 56 12 22 59 16 19 3 18

Jun-07 56 14 -16 53 17 26 85 37

Aug-07 21 4 11 75 75 47 81 59

Oct-07 46 50 7 82 69 41 86 71

Page 65: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

59

>>>>1111 ���? @����<�A����? @����<�A����? @����<�A����? @����<�A�

• &���! <5�:!���:��� �+�:� ������ #$ *,:� ���� ����� 4����� �.H�C� �:�

�� :�L+� #��� �� � �H: )�,��� ��&! T�(���+A 2��e!� <5�:! @Y T !�� D.

• *,:� �� �� ������ ��:��� �+�:� �&( � �: ���5 )��� 2:�� ���, �+:� �:� 2e� J�,(63 %). ��:� 2:�� :��� �+�:� �&( � �: ���5 )��� �.� �.����� �.����� �� <�+� �+:� �:� 2e� J�,(86 % ).

• ���� ��:��� �+�:� �&( � �: ���!� �: �� � �� ���� �� �� �� �+�:� �&(������ *,:� �� ��.

• �:e:�� 8�,: ?�+:� &���! <5�:!� �.� *��!:= �:� �� � *�� # ��� �� #$ &, 2�� ��� )( ���H: 2�� ������ D4�!��A!� <5�:! @Y ���� ��:� �+�:� ��� �:�

��:��� ������.

• *BC )��� #��� �� � �H: L+� 2�� ��� #$ ������ ��:��� �+�:� &���! ���!T� 4�:���� ��+ *+$ "�!� *+$ .

• � �: ��&!)*,:� �� #$ �+:� &���! /�+:�� #�� &���! ( M��� �� *��!:= �:����, M��� )( ���H:.

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١٢/٢٠٠٦"�ریL ا�;%�� Mn(µg/l)

Pb(µg/l)

Ni(µg/l)

Fe(µg/l)

Zn(µg/l)

Cd(µg/l)

Cr(µg/l)

Cu(µg/l)

ا��%!ح�

3.65 ± 0.18 4.32 ± 0.22 0.92 ± 0.05 9.30 ± 0.47 52.36 ± 2.62 1.82 ± 0.09 32.60 ± 1.63 1.75 ± 0.09 0.2

3.01 ± 0.15 5.7 ± 0.29 0.92 ± 0.05 8.40 ± 0.42 50.37 ± 2.52 0.97 ± 0.05 20.35 ± 1.02 1.03 ± 0.05 8.3

2.4 ± 0.12 5.8 ± 0.29 0.73 ± 0.04 1.09 ± 0.05 42.65 ± 2.13 0.92 ± 0.05 12.86 ± 0.64 0.92 ± 0.05 15.1

1.23 ± 0.06 4.3 ± 0.22 1.20 ± 0.06 1.20 ± 0.06 28.93 ± 1.45 0.42 ± 0.02 9.34 ± 0.47 0.86 ± 0.04 22.5

0.96 ± 0.05 4.1 ± 0.21 0.90 ± 0.05 1.60 ± 0.08 35.40 ± 1.77 0.33 ± 0.02 10.05 ± 0.50 0.52 ± 0.03 29.8

0.8 ± 0.04 3.9 ± 0.20 0.86 ± 0.04 1.10 ± 0.06 38.20 ± 1.91 0.39 ± 0.02 13.50 ± 0.68 0.51 ± 0.03 35.4

٢/٢٠٠٧;%�� "�ریL ا� 3.14 ± 0.16 3.89 ± 0.19 0.89 ± 0.04 8.66 ± 0.43 61.80 ± 3.09 1.50 ± 0.08 31.80 ± 1.59 1.63 ± 0.08 0.2

2.74 ± 0.14 4.7 ± 0.24 0.96 ± 0.05 8.23 ± 0.41 44.60 ± 2.23 1.44 ± 0.07 19.40 ± 0.97 1.32 ± 0.07 9.4

1.66 ± 0.08 5.13 ± 0.26 1.20 ± 0.06 2.21 ± 0.11 41.30 ± 2.07 0.80 ± 0.04 10.20 ± 0.51 1.06 ± 0.05 16.3

1.62 ± 0.08 5.81 ± 0.29 1.19 ± 0.06 1.89 ± 0.09 36.20 ± 1.81 0.39 ± 0.02 8.32 ± 0.42 0.98 ± 0.05 23.1

0.76 ± 0.04 2.76 ± 0.14 0.77 ± 0.04 1.55 ± 0.08 37.10 ± 1.86 0.28 ± 0.01 8.98 ± 0.45 1.20 ± 0.06 30

0.45 ± 0.02 2.88 ± 0.14 0.64 ± 0.03 0.96 ± 0.05 40.55 ± 2.03 0.22 ± 0.01 10.40 ± 0.52 0.33 ± 0.02 35.8

٤/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 4.83 ± 0.24 5.43 ± 0.27 1.22 ± 0.06 9.73 ± 0.49 75.30 ± 3.77 1.66 ± 0.08 36.50 ± 1.83 2.30 ± 0.12 0.2

2.63 ± 0.13 6.72 ± 0.34 0.96 ± 0.05 4.30 ± 0.22 62.40 ± 3.12 1.34 ± 0.07 32.70 ± 1.64 1.89 ± 0.09 8.3

1.34 ± 0.07 4.8 ± 0.24 1.30 ± 0.07 4.65 ± 0.23 59.30 ± 2.97 0.96 ± 0.05 23.90 ± 1.20 1.23 ± 0.06 15.4

1.21 ± 0.06 3.77 ± 0.19 0.87 ± 0.04 1.82 ± 0.09 51.70 ± 2.59 0.63 ± 0.03 14.80 ± 0.74 0.97 ± 0.05 22.8

0.94 ± 0.05 2.4 ± 0.12 0.64 ± 0.03 1.02 ± 0.05 53.80 ± 2.69 0.41 ± 0.02 11.30 ± 0.57 0.86 ± 0.04 29.7

0.86 ± 0.04 1.97 ± 0.10 0.62 ± 0.03 1.23 ± 0.06 55.90 ± 2.80 0.27 ± 0.01 12.40 ± 0.62 0.60 ± 0.03 36

�٦/٢٠٠٧ "�ریL ا�;%� 5.63 ± 0.28 4.63 ± 0.23 1.68 ± 0.08 7.53 ± 0.38 72.80 ± 3.64 2.14 ± 0.11 35.00 ± 1.75 2.10 ± 0.11 0.3

4.26 ± 0.21 5.1 ± 0.26 1.73 ± 0.09 6.74 ± 0.34 69.40 ± 3.47 1.22 ± 0.06 29.70 ± 1.49 1.77 ± 0.09 9.1

2.38 ± 0.12 3.83 ± 0.19 1.14 ± 0.06 3.20 ± 0.16 57.60 ± 2.88 1.05 ± 0.05 18.60 ± 0.93 1.34 ± 0.07 16.3

1.15 ± 0.06 3.12 ± 0.16 0.94 ± 0.05 3.10 ± 0.16 51.70 ± 2.59 0.83 ± 0.04 10.33 ± 0.52 0.94 ± 0.05 23

0.86 ± 0.04 1.67 ± 0.08 0.98 ± 0.05 1.85 ± 0.09 48.23 ± 2.41 0.64 ± 0.03 8.40 ± 0.42 0.61 ± 0.03 28.7

0.73 ± 0.04 1.4 ± 0.07 0.76 ± 0.04 1.42 ± 0.07 49.55 ± 2.48 0.33 ± 0.02 9.30 ± 0.47 0.66 ± 0.03 36.1

٨/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 5.18 ± 0.26 5.6 ± 0.28 2.30 ± 0.12 10.70 ± 0.54 82.40 ± 4.12 2.87 ± 0.14 37.00 ± 1.85 2.36 ± 0.12 0.4

3.66 ± 0.18 5.27 ± 0.26 1.87 ± 0.09 7.26 ± 0.36 63.55 ± 3.18 1.13 ± 0.06 25.40 ± 1.27 2.17 ± 0.11 10

1.79 ± 0.09 4.83 ± 0.24 1.32 ± 0.07 4.38 ± 0.22 57.30 ± 2.87 0.88 ± 0.04 13.80 ± 0.69 1.56 ± 0.08 18.2

1.46 ± 0.07 4.16 ± 0.21 0.86 ± 0.04 1.76 ± 0.09 48.26 ± 2.41 0.67 ± 0.03 10.73 ± 0.54 0.83 ± 0.04 23

1.24 ± 0.06 2.33 ± 0.12 0.78 ± 0.04 1.44 ± 0.07 46.70 ± 2.34 0.92 ± 0.05 9.63 ± 0.48 0.77 ± 0.04 30.1

1.17 ± 0.06 1.86 ± 0.09 0.66 ± 0.03 1.13 ± 0.06 38.00 ± 1.90 0.79 ± 0.04 7.80 ± 0.39 0.52 ± 0.03 37.2

١٠/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 6.43 ± 0.32 6.4 ± 0.32 2.44 ± 0.12 9.25 ± 0.46 73.50 ± 3.68 1.97 ± 0.10 33.40 ± 1.67 3.14 ± 0.16 0.3

4.83 ± 0.24 6.22 ± 0.31 2.53 ± 0.13 8.41 ± 0.42 67.40 ± 3.37 1.28 ± 0.06 28.40 ± 1.42 2.89 ± 0.14 9.1

2.65 ± 0.13 5.83 ± 0.29 1.88 ± 0.09 7.33 ± 0.37 62.80 ± 3.14 1.33 ± 0.07 22.80 ± 1.14 2.64 ± 0.13 16.2

1.28 ± 0.06 5.22 ± 0.26 1.26 ± 0.06 2.66 ± 0.13 55.70 ± 2.79 0.98 ± 0.05 15.80 ± 0.79 1.64 ± 0.08 23

1.54 ± 0.08 3.49 ± 0.17 0.94 ± 0.05 1.38 ± 0.07 49.40 ± 2.47 0.86 ± 0.04 10.60 ± 0.53 1.12 ± 0.06 29.7

1.22 ± 0.06 2.13 ± 0.11 0.73 ± 0.04 1.22 ± 0.06 41.30 ± 2.07 0.77 ± 0.04 8.79 ± 0.44 0.89 ± 0.04 36.8

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62

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١٢/٢٠٠٦"�ریL ا�;%��

Mn(µg/l)

Pb(µg/l)

Ni(µg/l)

Fe(µg/l)

Zn(µg/l)

Cd(µg/l)

Cr(µg/l)

Cu(µg/l)

ا��%!ح�

30.85 ± 1.54 12.07 ± 0.60 3.85 ± 0.19 565.78 ± 28.29 17.44 ± 0.87 7.42 ± 0.37 2.30 ± 0.12 2.12 ± 0.11 0.2

14.28 ± 0.71 8.85 ± 0.44 3.17 ± 0.16 364.22 ± 18.21 15.96 ± 0.80 5.35 ± 0.27 1.92 ± 0.10 1.54 ± 0.08 8.3

7.58 ± 0.38 3.20 ± 0.16 2.16 ± 0.11 202.45 ± 10.12 8.91 ± 0.45 3.41 ± 0.17 1.25 ± 0.06 0.56 ± 0.03 15.1

2.12 ± 0.11 2.07 ± 0.10 1.44 ± 0.07 141.76 ± 7.09 4.26 ± 0.21 1.50 ± 0.07 0.67 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.01 22.5

0.88 ± 0.04 0.39 ± 0.02 0.91 ± 0.05 90.42 ± 4.52 1.84 ± 0.09 0.86 ± 0.04 0.47 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 29.8

0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.56 ± 0.03 53.78 ± 2.69 1.05 ± 0.05 0.27 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 35.4

٢/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 32.71 ± 1.64 12.60 ± 0.63 4.80 ± 0.24 791.12 ± 39.56 19.83 ± 0.99 8.45 ± 0.42 3.36 ± 0.17 2.60 ± 0.13 0.2

26.73 ± 1.34 9.98 ± 0.50 3.57 ± 0.18 505.69 ± 25.28 10.44 ± 0.52 7.62 ± 0.38 2.56 ± 0.13 2.02 ± 0.10 9.4

22.79 ± 1.14 7.93 ± 0.40 3.00 ± 0.15 293.94 ± 14.70 5.11 ± 0.26 5.95 ± 0.30 1.40 ± 0.07 1.05 ± 0.05 16.3

12.12 ± 0.61 2.91 ± 0.15 1.86 ± 0.09 151.06 ± 7.55 4.44 ± 0.22 3.48 ± 0.17 0.99 ± 0.05 0.75 ± 0.04 23.1

3.90 ± 0.20 0.57 ± 0.03 1.11 ± 0.06 107.44 ± 5.37 2.11 ± 0.11 2.19 ± 0.11 0.77 ± 0.04 0.43 ± 0.02 30

0.74 ± 0.04 0.26 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.04 87.98 ± 4.40 1.10 ± 0.06 0.67 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 35.8

�٤/٢٠٠٧ریL ا�;%�� " 30.40 ± 1.52 9.74 ± 0.49 4.63 ± 0.23 645.02 ± 32.25 17.69 ± 0.88 7.16 ± 0.36 2.37 ± 0.12 2.26 ± 0.11 0.2

26.54 ± 1.33 9.05 ± 0.45 3.71 ± 0.19 693.76 ± 34.69 15.36 ± 0.77 4.70 ± 0.23 2.31 ± 0.12 2.20 ± 0.11 8.3

21.68 ± 1.08 6.58 ± 0.33 2.91 ± 0.15 534.06 ± 26.70 4.67 ± 0.23 3.99 ± 0.20 1.47 ± 0.07 1.13 ± 0.06 15.4

12.60 ± 0.63 4.13 ± 0.21 1.83 ± 0.09 242.36 ± 12.12 3.08 ± 0.15 2.25 ± 0.11 0.76 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.03 22.8

5.43 ± 0.27 1.99 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.06 132.59 ± 6.63 1.61 ± 0.08 1.41 ± 0.07 0.53 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.01 29.7

1.44 ± 0.07 0.38 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.03 51.46 ± 2.57 0.93 ± 0.05 0.63 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 36

٦/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 29.72 ± 1.49 9.17 ± 0.46 2.89 ± 0.14 535.92 ± 26.80 14.78 ± 0.74 5.91 ± 0.30 1.83 ± 0.09 1.49 ± 0.07 0.3

26.35 ± 1.32 8.00 ± 0.40 3.44 ± 0.17 628.72 ± 31.44 9.62 ± 0.48 5.15 ± 0.26 1.82 ± 0.09 1.45 ± 0.07 9.1

17.09 ± 0.85 5.11 ± 0.26 2.82 ± 0.14 427.66 ± 21.38 7.55 ± 0.38 5.16 ± 0.26 1.30 ± 0.06 0.76 ± 0.04 16.3

12.09 ± 0.60 2.64 ± 0.13 1.28 ± 0.06 322.04 ± 16.10 3.14 ± 0.16 2.86 ± 0.14 0.79 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.02 23

4.74 ± 0.24 0.31 ± 0.02 0.58 ± 0.03 106.68 ± 5.33 1.58 ± 0.08 1.84 ± 0.09 0.44 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 28.7

1.53 ± 0.08 0.13 ± 0.008 0.22 ± 0.01 18.92 ± 0.95 0.26 ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.003 36.1

٨/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 24.86 ± 1.24 7.36 ± 0.37 2.46 ± 0.12 482.33 ± 24.12 13.76 ± 0.69 4.03 ± 0.20 1.49 ± 0.07 1.24 ± 0.06 0.4

16.93 ± 0.85 4.75 ± 0.24 2.32 ± 0.12 364.22 ± 18.21 9.96 ± 0.50 3.92 ± 0.20 1.53 ± 0.08 1.18 ± 0.06 10

11.33 ± 0.57 2.58 ± 0.13 1.68 ± 0.08 128.34 ± 6.42 5.15 ± 0.26 2.77 ± 0.14 1.11 ± 0.06 0.74 ± 0.04 18.2

4.92 ± 0.25 0.55 ± 0.03 1.07 ± 0.05 94.95 ± 4.75 2.15 ± 0.11 1.57 ± 0.08 0.63 ± 0.03 0.40 ± 0.02 23

2.40 ± 0.12 0.28 ± 0.01 0.32 ± 0.02 27.94 ± 1.40 0.73 ± 0.04 0.93 ± 0.05 0.35 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.01 30.1

1.12 ± 0.06 0.08 ± 0.001 0.15 ± 0.01 19.92 ± 1.00 0.22 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.002 0.07 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.001 37.2

١٠/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 23.45 ± 1.17 6.17 ± 0.31 1.43 ± 0.07 425.55 ± 21.28 12.35 ± 0.62 3.74 ± 0.19 2.16 ± 0.11 1.43 ± 0.07 0.3

15.68 ± 0.78 5.00 ± 0.25 1.18 ± 0.06 245.53 ± 12.28 8.82 ± 0.44 2.82 ± 0.14 1.07 ± 0.05 1.28 ± 0.06 9.1

4.84 ± 0.24 2.27 ± 0.11 0.73 ± 0.04 170.15 ± 8.51 4.78 ± 0.24 2.27 ± 0.11 0.93 ± 0.05 0.82 ± 0.04 16.2

2.44 ± 0.12 0.45 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.02 122.18 ± 6.11 2.41 ± 0.12 1.57 ± 0.08 0.41 ± 0.02 0.42 ± 0.02 23

1.48 ± 0.07 0.17 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01 30.48 ± 1.52 0.45 ± 0.02 0.93 ± 0.05 0.24 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 29.7

0.58 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.002 0.05 ± 0.004 15.94 ± 0.80 0.14 ± 0.01 0.31 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.005 0.02 ± 0.003 36.8

Page 69: of... · Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Higher Education Tishreen University Faculty of Sciences

63

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١٢/٢٠٠٦"�ریL ا�;%�� Mn(µg/g)

Pb(µg/g)

Ni(µg/g)

Fe(mg/g)

Zn(µg/g)

Cd(µg/g)

Cr(µg/g)

Cu(µg/g)

U/!� ا�

483.20 ± 24.16 27.34 ± 1.37 213.78 ± 10.69 15.01 ± 0.75 48.74 ± 2.44 3.98 ± 0.20 60.62 ± 3.03 19.37 ± 0.97 St. 1

473.70 ± 23.69 25.30 ± 1.27 254.84 ± 12.74 16.96 ± 0.85 37.84 ± 1.89 3.31 ± 0.17 63.84 ± 3.19 9.58 ± 0.48 St. 2

316.20 ± 15.81 24.95 ± 1.25 245.95 ± 12.30 16.88 ± 0.84 21.30 ± 1.06 4.05 ± 0.20 63.94 ± 3.20 9.23 ± 0.46 St. 3

285.30 ± 14.27 24.01 ± 1.20 278.30 ± 13.92 18.28 ± 0.91 18.20 ± 0.91 3.48 ± 0.17 73.36 ± 3.67 8.28 ± 0.41 St. 4

260.80 ± 13.04 30.10 ± 1.51 305.20 ± 15.26 15.09 ± 0.75 32.50 ± 1.63 3.74 ± 0.19 47.67 ± 2.38 3.47 ± 0.17 St. 5

215.60 ± 10.78 32.60 ± 1.63 310.40 ± 15.52 12.72 ± 0.64 33.70 ± 1.69 3.41 ± 0.17 57.06 ± 2.85 0.33 ± 0.02 St. 6

٢/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 473.26 ± 23.66 22.35 ± 1.12 236.54 ± 11.83 14.25 ± 0.71 37.65 ± 1.88 2.38 ± 0.12 57.62 ± 2.88 18.34 ± 0.92 St. 1

489.65 ± 24.48 23.74 ± 1.19 258.32 ± 12.92 14.63 ± 0.73 38.45 ± 1.92 2.79 ± 0.14 62.80 ± 3.14 7.63 ± 0.38 St. 2

412.38 ± 20.62 19.54 ± 0.98 222.81 ± 11.14 16.54 ± 0.83 27.62 ± 1.38 3.13 ± 0.16 61.70 ± 3.09 8.76 ± 0.44 St. 3

362.72 ± 18.14 17.61 ± 0.88 237.25 ± 11.86 15.27 ± 0.76 22.75 ± 1.14 2.63 ± 0.13 53.41 ± 2.67 4.12 ± 0.21 St. 4

268.42 ± 13.42 18.35 ± 0.92 229.64 ± 11.48 13.92 ± 0.70 25.89 ± 1.29 2.45 ± 0.12 67.32 ± 3.37 2.65 ± 0.13 St. 5

248.29 ± 12.41 29.64 ± 1.48 278.65 ± 13.93 13.21 ± 0.66 30.24 ± 1.51 2.96 ± 0.15 65.38 ± 3.27 0.70 ± 0.03 St. 6

٤/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 476.33 ± 23.82 25.88 ± 1.29 243.62 ± 12.18 15.88 ± 0.79 41.62 ± 2.08 2.92 ± 0.15 62.88 ± 3.14 21.30 ± 1.07 St. 1

493.82 ± 24.69 24.86 ± 1.24 248.73 ± 12.44 15.37 ± 0.77 43.95 ± 2.20 2.63 ± 0.13 58.34 ± 2.92 19.64 ± 0.98 St. 2

401.83 ± 20.09 26.75 ± 1.34 230.64 ± 11.53 14.62 ± 0.73 39.28 ± 1.96 3.11 ± 0.16 60.55 ± 3.03 15.37 ± 0.77 St. 3

366.51 ± 18.33 23.63 ± 1.18 215.74 ± 10.79 15.96 ± 0.80 35.67 ± 1.78 2.56 ± 0.13 52.63 ± 2.63 6.82 ± 0.34 St. 4

294.79 ± 14.74 22.44 ± 1.12 256.34 ± 12.82 13.49 ± 0.67 29.66 ± 1.48 2.48 ± 0.12 50.46 ± 2.52 3.81 ± 0.19 St. 5

264.51 ± 13.23 27.69 ± 1.38 289.67 ± 14.48 14.62 ± 0.73 33.67 ± 1.68 2.97 ± 0.15 54.92 ± 2.75 1.22 ± 0.06 St. 6

٦/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 523.64 ± 26.18 36.45 ± 1.82 260.93 ± 13.05 16.83 ± 0.84 58.64 ± 2.93 3.21 ± 0.16 73.61 ± 3.68 23.54 ± 1.18 St. 1

546.95 ± 27.35 31.28 ± 1.56 256.48 ± 12.82 16.72 ± 0.84 55.71 ± 2.79 4.63 ± 0.23 67.34 ± 3.37 18.37 ± 0.92 St. 2

486.75 ± 24.34 33.14 ± 1.66 213.67 ± 10.68 15.76 ± 0.79 51.92 ± 2.60 3.68 ± 0.18 65.48 ± 3.27 9.84 ± 0.49 St. 3

413.80 ± 20.69 29.48 ± 1.47 235.91 ± 11.80 15.80 ± 0.79 46.83 ± 2.34 3.17 ± 0.16 59.82 ± 2.99 4.91 ± 0.25 St. 4

362.74 ± 18.14 30.76 ± 1.54 284.37 ± 14.22 14.87 ± 0.74 35.74 ± 1.79 2.97 ± 0.15 60.73 ± 3.04 2.18 ± 0.11 St. 5

312.68 ± 15.63 34.90 ± 1.75 312.54 ± 15.63 15.32 ± 0.77 40.84 ± 2.04 3.64 ± 0.18 57.14 ± 2.86 1.64 ± 0.08 St. 6

٨/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 586.46 ± 29.32 46.27 ± 2.31 293.48 ± 14.67 17.64 ± 0.88 73.29 ± 3.66 4.29 ± 0.21 81.46 ± 4.07 26.91 ± 1.35 St. 1

592.37 ± 29.62 42.39 ± 2.12 287.34 ± 14.37 17.92 ± 0.90 71.48 ± 3.57 4.95 ± 0.25 76.48 ± 3.82 19.46 ± 0.97 St. 2

514.94 ± 25.75 38.43 ± 1.92 254.72 ± 12.74 16.37 ± 0.82 68.48 ± 3.42 4.18 ± 0.21 63.61 ± 3.18 14.82 ± 0.74 St. 3

473.38 ± 23.67 32.73 ± 1.64 243.91 ± 12.20 15.91 ± 0.80 66.37 ± 3.32 3.84 ± 0.19 64.15 ± 3.21 6.17 ± 0.31 St. 4

431.57 ± 21.58 31.49 ± 1.57 249.36 ± 12.47 15.64 ± 0.78 61.28 ± 3.06 3.46 ± 0.17 58.37 ± 2.92 3.95 ± 0.20 St. 5

349.26 ± 17.46 42.61 ± 2.13 362.84 ± 18.14 16.31 ± 0.82 53.48 ± 2.67 5.61 ± 0.28 61.94 ± 3.10 2.06 ± 0.10 St. 6

١٠/٢٠٠٧"�ریL ا�;%�� 514.37 ± 25.72 51.42 ± 2.57 257.39 ± 12.87 16.94 ± 0.85 68.41 ± 3.42 4.19 ± 0.21 73.64 ± 3.68 24.57 ± 1.23 St. 1

481.69 ± 24.08 49.67 ± 2.48 248.12 ± 12.41 16.28 ± 0.81 62.49 ± 3.12 4.27 ± 0.21 76.91 ± 3.85 22.94 ± 1.15 St. 2

460.71 ± 23.04 43.83 ± 2.19 230.63 ± 11.53 15.37 ± 0.77 63.67 ± 3.18 3.86 ± 0.19 64.38 ± 3.22 13.86 ± 0.69 St. 3

375.90 ± 18.80 32.94 ± 1.65 241.67 ± 12.08 15.46 ± 0.77 59.15 ± 2.96 3.26 ± 0.16 57.68 ± 2.88 6.47 ± 0.32 St. 4

342.87 ± 17.14 29.67 ± 1.48 239.86 ± 11.99 14.21 ± 0.71 60.38 ± 3.02 3.17 ± 0.16 52.73 ± 2.64 2.83 ± 0.14 St. 5

296.38 ± 14.82 36.28 ± 1.81 279.82 ± 13.99 15.36 ± 0.77 52.91 ± 2.65 3.97 ± 0.20 56.90 ± 2.85 1.13 ± 0.06 St. 6

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E������E������E������E������

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]�� [� ���� D� �:,� DP ��,� .%���( #$ &Q��� N� ��>b! ���� �+:� ?�@ <�+!�= <�+� .)�//� .(D����� J�, � 2����� ����! ����' ��'� D�����R ���� ����� ��'�)��( ��� D)3( D

< :�/���0�. ]�� [� ���� D� �:,� DP ��,� .)�� &Q��� N� ��>b! ���� ������� �+:� ?�@ <�+!�= %���( .

)�//� .(���� J�, � 2����� ����! ����' ��'��D ��'� D�����R ���� �����)��( ��� D)3( D< :�00��KK.

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��>B>�" D3��/��/���K D����! ����' D ��5@B)�����.(

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]K�[ P ��,�.P �'��, D .#���]� � �) .�//K.( �+�:� �&: T5� ���� #$ ��Y��� #.$ �.���> ��:�����5@B �:��� o �� 2�� ���D ����� J�, � 2����� ����! ����' ��'�D ��.���R ��.�� ����� D

��'�)��( D ���� D <����// . ]KE [P ��,�) .�//� .( N� . ���, ��, 2�:Q�� N� � ?��� o �� M��� � �:� N� J��! ����

�:��� �+�:� D����> ������ J�, � 2����� ����! ����' ��'� �.�'� D��.���R ��.�� ����� D)��( ��� D3 < D����� .

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Summary the Distribution of trace heavy metals in estuaries is very important regarding to their toxicity, stability, accumulation and interference with different components of aquatic systems, and due to the importance of estuaries as connecting systems between land and sea, within it the crossing of land based sources of pollution occurs. The behavior and toxicity of metals in aquatic ecosystems (specially in estuaries) affect by their speciation and the type of phase (dissolved, suspended or sedimentary); some metals are very toxic in dissolved phase but they lose much of their toxicity in suspended or sedimentary phases. We present in this study the distribution of some trace heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn & Fe) in dissolved, suspended and sedimentary phases of Al-Kabeer Al-Shemaly river estuary, with relation to salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and seasonal variations. The concentrations of studied metals in dissolved phase (µg/l) were ranged between: Cd: 0.22-2.87, Cr: 7.80-37.00, Cu: 0.33-3.14, Mn: 0.45-6.43, Ni: 0.62-2.44, Pb: 1.40-6.40, Zn: 28.00-82.00 & Fe: 0.96-10.70. The concentrations of these metals in suspended phase (µg/l) were ranged between: Cd: 0.29-8.44, Cr: 0.07-3.35, Cu: 0.02-2.60, Mn: 0.10-32.70, Ni: 0.04-4.79, Pb: 0.03-12.60, Zn: 0.13-19.80 & Fe: 15.90-791.00. The concentrations of studied metals in sedimentary phase (µg/g) were ranged between: Cd: 2.38-5.60, Cr: 47.60-81.40, Cu: 0.20-26.90, Mn: 210.00-592.00, Ni: 213.00-362.00, Pb: 17.60-51.40, Zn: 21.20-73.30 & Fe: 12.60-18.30 mg/g. The hydrochemical study shows a pH increasing with transition from river water to seawater, coincident with salinity increase and suspended matter concentrations decrease, this also conjugate with unexpected increase of dissolved oxygen concentration. The concentrations of metals in dissolved phase show (during all seasons) decreasing with transition from river water to high salinity seawater, excepting nickel which didn’t appear any decrease in December. the iron concentration was sharply decreased at low salinity comparing with other metals, the concentrations of metals in dissolved phase were higher in summer than winter. also it is noted that the correlation between concentrations of (Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn & Fe) have good coincidence, and this refers to the similarity of this metals behavior. The results also show decreasing of metals concentrations in suspended phase (during all seasons) with transition from river water to seawater (with increasing salinity), this behavior was bigger than the case of dissolved phase at increasing salinity, referring to the more effect of increasing salinity on the metals in suspended phase. The concentrations of metals in suspended phase were higher in winter than summer, also these concentration show rising with increasing of suspended matter (SM) concentrations in water column. The concentrations of (Cr, Cu & Pb) in suspended phase show coincidence among them and with the other studied metals.

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The results show considerable decreasing of copper and manganese concentrations in sedimentary phase with transition from river sediments to sea sediments, while this decrease was relatively small for other metals. In addition, the concentrations of metals in the sedimentary phase was higher in summer than winter. A general increasing of the ratio "Dissolved Metal/Total Metal", and general decreasing of "Suspended Metal/Total Metal" were observed with transition from river to sea waters. Studying the distribution of metals between dissolved and sedimentary phases refers to strong correlation in the case of nickel and lead at the river sector of estuary, and in the case of cadmium at the marine sector of estuary. In addition, results of metals distribution between suspended and sedimentary phases refer to strong correlation in the case of (Cu, Zn & Pb) at the river sector of estuary, and the case of zinc at the marine sector of estuary.

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�� !a ��:��� �+�:� ����'� P&�!� O��� J, @Y #$ N��!�: :(Cd,

Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn & Fe) �>B> �� R #$ : �.� � �.H: L.+� #$ # ���� ����� *,:�#��� D 2��e!� P&�! @Y �5B�� .� �,��� �� v*� 2��e!� ���+ApH � *,:� ��'��R(D.O2).

�+�:� &���! 2,��! ��:��� *,:� �� #$ ������(µg/l) :�� T��' #$ ��.X ������ 2� �� !a 2=�' � :Cd: 0.22-2.87 DCr: 7.80-37.00 DCu: 0.33-3.14D Mn: 0.45-6.4 DNi: 0.62-

2.44 DPb: 1.40-6.40 DZn: 28.00-82.00 �Fe : 0.96-10.70.

��� �� #$ ������ ��:��� �+�:� &���! 2,��! ��:� �(µg/l) �� !a 2=�'� ��X :Cd:

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0.03-12.60D Zn: 0.13-19.80 �Fe: 15.90-791.00.

&���! 2,��!� M@Y # ��� �� #$ �+�:� (µg/g) �� !a 2=�' � ��X: Cd: 2.38-

5.60 DCr: 47.60-81.40 DCu: 0.20-26.90 DMn: 210.00-592.00D Ni: 213.00-362.00 DPb: 17.60-51.40D Zn: 21.20-73.30 � � �:� ������, �+: Fe: 12.60-18.30 mg/g.

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