of - old.unibuc.roold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mar/03_15_23_11implicature... · beliefs,...
TRANSCRIPT
0 ConversationalImplicature(Grice):sentencesmeanwhatonesaysandmore
Howishedoinginhisnewjobatthebank?Oh,quitewell,hehasn’tbeentoprisonyet.
0 apropositionwhichisconveyedindirectly=implication
0 implicatures:1.conventional:therefore,too,syntacticconstructions2.conversationalimplicatures:determinedbytheconversationalcontext,bythemutualconversationalbeliefs,constrainedbyCooperativePrinciple
Conversationalimplicaturesare:0 generalizedSomeofthemhavecome.Notallofthemhavecome.
0 particularized
ConversationalImplicaturesarecancellableOnthemorningofthemurderJohnvisitedMary,wenttothecampusanddroppedonhisfriend,butnotnecessarilyinthatorderIt’soddthatthedogdoesn’teatcheese.->conventionalimplicature:thedogdoesn’teatcheese*It’soddthathedoesn’tbuthedoesinfacteatcheese.
0 explicitcancellationàmaydrawattentiontotheimplicature:
Iwasoverhearingsomeofthemenandwell,someofthemarewonderingwhatitiswe’reuptohere.Notme,ofcourse.Iknowyou’realwaysthemanwiththeplan.Butsome,notme,arewonderingifthereisinfactaplanatallandwhatitmightbe.
0 CooperativePrinciple=Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchange
Attardo’sPerlocutionaryCooperativePrinciple=cooperateinwhatevergoalsthespeakermayhaveininitiatingaconversationalexchange,includingnon-linguistic,practicalgoals;anticipatepeople’sneeds
A:Howlongdoesittakebytaxi?a)Oneminute–notpragmaticallyacceptable,unhelpful,validatesmistakenassumptionb)Youdon’tneedataxi–it’stwominute’swalk.GetSmithonthephone.He’srighthereinthewaitingroom.
Grice’sMaximsofconversation:1.Quantity=contributionshouldbeasinformativeasrequired:notmore,notless2.Quality=tellthetruth3.Relation=berelevant4.Manner=avoidobscurity,ambiguity,bebriefandorderly
1. Violateàintentionallymislead0 MaximofQuality
“Iknowall.AndIshouldliketobegin,"Isaid,sinkingmypersonalopinionthatthefemaleinquestionwasasoppypestinmydesiretobuckandencourage,"bysayingthatMadelineBassettisacharminggirl.Awinner,andjustthesortforyou."
1. Violateàintentionallymislead0 MaximofRelation
“HowdoyouthinkIlook,Bertie?"Well,theanswertothat,ofcourse,was"perfectlyfoul".Ievadedthequestion."Ihearyou'reinLondon,"Isaidcarelessly.
1. Violateàintentionallymislead0 MaximofMannerCHARMING:Youcan’tlie.WhereisShrek?PINOCCHIO:Well,Idon’tknowwherehe’snot.CHARMING:Youdon’tknowwhereShrekis?PINOCCHIO:Itwouldn’tbeinaccuratetoassumethatIcouldn’texactlynotsaythatisorisn’talmostpartiallyincorrect.CHARMING:Soyoudoknowwhereheis.PINOCCHIO:Onthecontrary,I’mpossiblymoreorlessnotdecinitelyrejectingtheideathatinnoway,withanyamountofuncertaintyIdonotknowwhereheshouldn’tbe.Ifthatindeedwasn’twhereheisn’t.Evenifhewasn’tnotwhereIknewhewasitcouldmean...
2.Infringeàunintentionallyviolate:imperfectlinguisticperformance0 MaximofManner‘DoyouknowtheGuestRoommiss?Well,it’sontheNewBridge,miss,betweenTudorBuildingandtheNorthAnnexwheretheCottageusedtobe,miss,onlyofcoursethat’salldoneawaynowandyouhastogoupbythemainstaircasepasttheWestLecture-Room,miss,whatusedtobetheJuniorCommonRoom,miss,beforetheymadethenewentranceandmovedthestairs,andthenturnrightandit’shalfwayalongthecorridor.Youcan’tmistakeit,miss.AnyoftheScoutswouldshowyou,miss,ifyoucouldcindoneaboutjustnow.
2.Infringeàunintentionallyviolate0 MaximofQuantity
‘Oh,thereyouare!’saidSirAymler,whowasstillbellowingoutofthewindow.‘William,thisfellowwhocallshimselfReginaldTwistleton,howabouthim?’‘Howabouthim?’‘Exactly.Howabouthim?’‘Howdoyoumean,howabouthim?’‘GoodGod,boy,can’tyouunderstandplainEnglish?Imean,Howabouthim?’
2.Infringeàunintentionallyviolate0 MaximofRelationSuchaninterestingcaseandinterestingpeopletoo,don’tyouthink,thoughwhatthejurymakeofitIdon’tknow,withfaceslikehamsmostofthem,excepttheartist,whowouldn’thaveanyfeaturesatallifitwasn’tforthatdreadfultieandhisbeard,lookinglikeChrist,onlynotreallyChristbutoneofthoseItalianonesinapinkfrockandabluetopthing.
4.suspend0 MaximofQuality:e.g.obituaries0 MaximofManner:e.g.poetry0 MaximofQuantity:e.g.textmessages
5.cloutàexploitamaxim:implicaturesPremises:a) thereisnoreasontoassumethatthespeakeris
disobeyingthecooperativeprinciple;b) thespeakerknowsthatthehearercancomeupwith
theimplicature;c) mutualcontextualbeliefs
5.FloutMaximofQuantity‘Themostridiculousrumours–someonesaidyou’dbeenexpelledforcrashingaclyingcar.’‘Well,wehaven’tbeenexpelled,’Harryassuredher.
5.FloutMaximofRelation‘Whydidyouputthatadinthepaper?’Cramerdemanded.‘Archie,thisletterfromJordanisfarcical.HeknowsquitewellthatIdonotuseBrassavolasintri-genericcrosses.Hedoesn’tdeserveananswer,buthe’llgetone.Yournotebook.DearMrJordan.Iamawarethatyouhavehadillsuccesswith–‘
5.FloutMaximofMannerHecan’tpossiblydoit,whichisanadvantage,becausetheonlythingsheeverreallystrainshimselfonarethosethatcan’tbedone.
overstatement(hyperbole)andunderstatement
0 violateGrice’smaximsofquantityNooneunderstandsmeApigwouldn’teatthisfoodNotbad!
overstatement0 epicgrandeur0 stircuriosity0 enhancepositiveface:Thatwasadeliciousmeal.0 advertisement:………..0 standardizedcasesofhyperbole:athousandpardons,scaredtodeath,I’dgivetheworld,workone’scingerstothebone,moveheavenandearth,beallears
understatement0 pragmaticpurposes:restorecredibilityTherearesomerathersplendidmuralsontheNorthWall.Theywereratherenthusiastic0 usedtounderplayaspectsofmeaningwhicharepragmaticallydisfavoured,criticism,pessimisticjudgements
Iwasn’toverimpressed0 minimizepraiseofoneself:I’mrathergoodatcrosswordpuzzles.Thatwasn’tsuchabadmealthatIcooked
0 specializationofadverbialsofdegreetowardsnegativeitems:alittlebitdirty/?alittlebitclean