EXPANDED TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM F A O Report No. 1250

Report to the Government of

B R A Z I L on a

FOREST INVENTORY IN THE AMAZON VALLEY

P a r t Five

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, 1960

FAO Report No. 1250 Project No. BRA/PO

REPORT

to the

GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL

on a

FORESTRY INVENTORY IN THE AMAZON VALLEY

(PART FIVE)

(REGION.BETWEEN RIO CAETE AND RIO 'MARACASSUME)

Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact soil.isric@wur.nl indicating the item reference number concerned.

* y

B.B. Glerum Forestry Expert

Rome, 1960

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mailto:soil.isric@wur.nl

TABLE OF CONTENTS

J^S6.

INTRODUCTION

I . DESCRIPTION OF FOREST TYPES ON "TERRA FIRME" BEWEEN THE - .RIO CAETE AND THE RIO MARACASSUME

A,

C'. D.

EV

Preface . . Topography and soil of the- area Survey method' v '. '. '. -. •. '. •. •. Forest types- .'..'. -. -. -. . -. -. . 1'. Piriä . '. -. -. -. •. •. •. -. -. -. 2'. Gurupi . . . . -. . . -. -. . 3» Maracass-umé -. -. -. -. •. -. -. -. Conclusions

Ff Eooaomic evaluation of the three forest types .

II, ECONOMIC ASPECTS

A', Preface -. . -. -. . -. -. . . . • . . . - . . B. Climate . .-.-.-. -. -. -. :. . . . . -. . C', Area mapped • . . . . .•.-.-. D'. Population and production . . '. -. -. . E 7, The s>amp or "Igapó" forests , . . , F, The dry land or "Terra Firme" forest-G/» Recapitulation -. . . -. -. -. . . -. -. -. E, Conclusions . . . . .

3 4 5 8 10 16 20 24 30

33

33 34 34 36 40 41 43 46

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

ANNEX

Tree species of the region south of the Afoazon. 49 (Common and scientific names)

Tree species encountered only in the Caetc and Maracassumé region (Conmon and aciontific nanos) 66

GRAPHS: I Frequency curve of species II Occurrence of forest types III Diameter classes of different forest types

. IV 'Climate in'various localities V Fig. A. Porcontago of main foDilios por forest

•type

Fig.- B Percentago of main .-.spocios per forest type.

MAP: '. Forest map5 Soil map and Topographical map of the region

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INTRODUCTION

The region between the. "Rio Caeté-and the Rio Maracassumé is the fifth forest area.to he surveyed in the Ama-zon Valley by the Inventory Section of the FAO/lMESCO Amazon Mission.

The region is located between- 47° 15' and 45° 45' longitude while the southern limit is the 2° latitude. ' The area covered with dry land virgin high forest, is approximately 444,800 ha. Three rivers cross the area in a south-north directions Piriä, Gurupi and Maracassumé.

The total area has been divided into three forest types?

1'. Piriä (dry land forest areas 169,500 ha} 2', Gurupi (dry land forest areas 124,900 ha, 3. Maracassumé (dry.land forest areas 150,400 ha;

Some results of the survey ares

Average number Average gross volume of trees/ha _ inra.

3/ha Piriä 109 161 Gurupi 95 131 Maracassumé 89 122

Some of the most important tree species encountered in these forest types are?

Average gross volume m m 3/ha

Andiroba 6't6 (3'.0< Louro vermelho 3'. 6 (3'. 2( Cupiuba 4'« 3 (4'»2< Magaranduba 2'. 4 f 2'.2̂ Sucupira 0.8 (0,7,

Andiroba ' 5'. 6 (3'.1 Louro vermelho 0,4 ((-)'«3. Oupiuba 2-,7 (2\ 2 Macaranduba &.6 (3'. 9; Sucupira 1.5 (1«4>

Maracassumé Zndiroba 4'. 3 (1'. 7 ) Louro vermelho 2'.1 (1«9> Cupiuba 1'.1 (0-.9̂ Macaranduba 1'.8 y'»5; Sucupira 0.3 (0.2,

The numbers in parenthisis are volumes in m3/ha from diameter class 5 and up.

Gurupf

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The Caeté'-Maracassumé region is not suitable for the operation of a veneer or paper mill. It will be possible to establish small sawmills in the vicinity of the Belém-Sao Luis road to be constructed in the near future and which will traverse the region surveyed. These sawmills will have to rely for their wood supplies mainly on An'diroba, a tree species encountered in moderate quantities over the whole region.

The Forest Inventory section of the FAO/UNESCO Mission in the Amazon Valley has changed considerably since the latter part of 1957» In September 195TV Mr, Niomar Viegas' de' Carvalho Oliveira left the Mission to study in Holland, In March 1958, Mr. D. Heinsdijk, Chief of the Inventory Seotion, left for Rio de Janeiro and his place was taken by the author of this report, B. Glerum. The Seotion stays under the broad supervision of Mr. D. Heinsdijk, who is responsible for the FAO forestry inventory work in Brazil. Although, it was possible, in 1956, to carry out the survey in two areas at the same time, this system had to be abandoned in 1958. Only one techni'cian was available and, as a result,' the survey was considerably slowed down. The drawing office, headed' by Mr. Heber Rodrigues was responsible for the maps required for the survey.

The botanical work was carried out by Mr. Manuel Oliveira under the super-vision of Dr. Ricardo Lemos Froes, botanist of the Instituto Agronomico do Norte.

As an appendix,appears a list giving the common and scientific names of all different tree species enumerated during the sampling work. The spelling of the common names is according to the "Vocabulärio Ortogräf ico' de Lingua Nacional" approved by the Academia Brasileira de Lettras in 1943.

A soil survey was carried out' over a 'large part of the region by the pedologist of the FAO Mission, Mr. T. Day. The results of this survey will' be published separately.

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I . DESCRIPTION OF FOREST TYPES ON "TERRA FIRME" BETWEEN .THE

' RIO CAETE AND- THE RIO MARACASSIME

A, PREFACE

1, The maps used during the survey of the forest area were the United States Army-Air Force Preliminary Base 1s^OOjOOO maps on which the World Aeronautical Charts 1s1,000,000 were based»

2. The' annual field, work started on 24 February 1958 and finished on 1 October 1958..

3» This survey constitutes part of the general plan to carry out an exploratory survey in the central part of the Amazon Valley of the forests on "Terra Firme" located close to the navigable parts of the Amazon and. its' tributaries. This area borders and is located north-east of the re'gion bet-ween the Rio Tocantins and Rios Guamä and Capim. (See FAO Report No, 992).

4. The limits of this forest area - between Rio Caeté-Rio Maracassumë - are to the north'the Atlantic Ocean, to the west the 47° 15' 5 to the south 2°, to the south-east 45° 45' and to the north-east 45° 301.

5. With the Piria, Gurupi and Maracassumë rivers traversing the area more or less from south-north and all falling into the Atlantic Ocean, the region may be regarded^as rather an isolated area. Exports are partly orientated to Sao Luiz, partly on Bräganca.

The southern limits were due to purely practical considerations, since, after travelling upstream,big trapids were encountered that made navigation for normal launches impossible. A survey more to the south would increase oosts and the time involved considerably. Moreover?the results would be of limited practical interest due to extraction difficulties.

The choice of the eastern limits was due to the absence of high tropical forest further to the east. The western limits were imposed because further west lies the Brigantine area,which is densely populated and where no forests •remain.

6« The 1§500,000 maps used during the field work together with the available aerial photographs were corrected in the field a3 far as possible and supplied with lo'cal names« These maps were useful, but a number of corrections had to be .made. These corrections were transferred to the detailed maps 1s40,000 in the drawing office. . 1?50,000 .maps were available of the Rio Maracassumë". These maps were extremely useful.for: most of the topographical details.

The 1340,000 maps were, photographed to a scale of 1s200,000 from which the final map ,1 s200,000' was drafted. A. planimetrie map, a forest type map and a soil map were made from this final map. They appear in the Appendix.

On the forest type map the location of the forest samples taken in the field, thfe limits of the forest types found and information about navigability are given.

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B. TOPOGRAPHY AND SOIL OF THE AREA

7« The geological description below was written hy Mr. K, Jacob, geologist of the FAO/UNESCO Missions ' . -

The geological formations of the area covered by the present report can be broadly referred to the Quaternary or recent, the Tertiary (partly represented by the Pliocene Barreiras series and the Lower Miocene-Oligocene ? Pirabas series), the Crettaceous, the Algonkian Gurupf series consisting dominantly of metamorphosed Precambrian sediments with some intrusives, and the Archaean basameht.

The Quaternary or recent deposits which cover a large part of the area, consists of sand and silt generally of a dark 'colour owing to the 'presence of humic matter and are more clearly exposed, as terraces along the banks of the , Gurupf and some .of-'its .lower tributaries. The deposits seem to indicate a slow lowering of the coastal region d̂ iring the Quaternary which brought about a slow sedimentation of sands and clays.

The Tertiary is represented by thé Pliocene, and the Lower Miocene-Oligocene (? Pirabas series) 'sediments. . The Pliocene deposits generally referred to as the Barreiras series, consist mostly of fairly compact reddish-yellow and variegated clays and friable sandstones without showing1 any clear .stratification. . Intercalations of sandy layers are occasionally present. The series is well expos'ed in the upper, and middle reaches of the Gurupf river where it forms minor-cliffg. Generations of mostly iron oxide are found all along, the section of the river where the Barreiras are exposed. The. underlying sandstone beds show cross—bedding with conglomerates and pebbles'at the'base. The Pliocene sediments were probably laid down under sub-aerial conditions. The formation is generally considered to the Pliocene, even though the po'ssibility of the deposits belonging ;. to an earlier'age should also be borne in mind, .'•'

Along the coast in the municipality of Candodo Mendes limited occurrence of a complex ferrugunous phosphate-bauxite ore is known, particularly on thfe Trauira island and Pirocaua hill near the goüth of the Maracassumé" river. Occasionall;-- kaolinitc bands are also present.

Small patches of doubtful lat'e Miocene or Oligocene sedimentB (? Pirabas series) are also found in the area. These are shallow marine deposits, generally consisting of yellow fossiliferous calcareous sandstone and bluish-grey clay, whose age may prove to be Oligocene on a more careful study of their fossil content.

Cretaceous sediments have been reported along the Gurupf river section. These generally 'consist of reddish argillaceous sandstone intercalated with calcareous bands. The upper portions of this series of deposits contain silicified dicotyledonus wood, and certain beds show signs of limonitisation. In the absence of satisfactory evidence, the Cretaceous age at present assigned . to this series of sediments, should be taken as purely tentative, • ' .

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Between the Cretaceous and the late Precambrian' (Algonkian Gurupl series) no other rock formations are represented in the. area. The metamorphio Algonkien formation of this area consists on highly weathered phylites (mostly hematitic), mica, shists, itabirite, etc., occasionally cut by aurigerous q'u'artz veins. The formation strongly recalls the Minas series of the shouth, Calcareous bands are practically absent. Several patches of the Algonkian have been mapped in the' area. The general trend of the rooks is ÏTNW-SSE showing pronounced dips.

The Archaean rocks which form the basement, cover a major part of the area and consist of granites, gneissose granites,, hornblende gneiss, and other related rock types. Signs of mylonitisation are present.. It would appear that both the'Archean' and the Algonkien Gurupi series were affected by the same diastrophic movements.

In general it may be stated that the greater part of the area in question forms a horst composed of the Archaean basement rocks with minor bands of the Algonkian trending in a 'MM-SSE' direction. But west of the Gurupl river there is a comparatively deep basin widening out towards the north and limited on the western side by a tongue of the Algonkien rocks extending in a ÏTNW-SSE direction passing through Tentugal and reaching the coast several miles to the east of Salinopolis. The surface deposits of' this basin are mostly the Quaternary and in part the Tertiary overlying1 older sediments the thickness of which is•at present a matter of guesswork.' The'sediments- overlying the Archaean and the Algonkian in the area covered by this report, show very little signs of tectonic disturbance, .

8. 'A description of the different levels throughout the area will be.given by Mr. Thomas Day, the pedologist of the FAO/UNESOO Amazon Mission, who. performed soil survey of the region,in his report, . ,

C. SURVEY METHOD [

9. The photographic material available consisted of trimetrtogon flight strips taken during World War II by the United States Army Air Foroe,

These photographs were used in the field for orientation' and photo-interpretation, and in the drawing office for mapping purposes.

10. The region was covered with a fairly dense network of flights but some of the strips : of areal photographs taken could not be used 'because of their poor quality (clouds were one especially disturbing factor).

The trimetrogon flight strips were;

1', one strip going from Bala de S. Caetano to Rib Cabelo de Velha 2', one strip going from S'anta Maria to Primavera 3'. one strip going from S. Josd do Piria^to Bala de S, Marcos 4'» une strip going from Soures to Guimaraes 5'« one strip going from Nova Timboteua to Rio Caeté 6', one strip going from Rio Caeté to 10 km east of Rio Guama" 7'. one strip going from Acari to 10 km east of Ourém 8'. one strip going from Rio Gurupl to Aguas Boas 9'. one strip going from Pernambuco to Rio Piria"

10V one strip going from Rio Guamä to Rio Turi acu 11« one strip going from Taciateua to Rio Maracassumé.

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The purposes of the survey were:

(a) to gather by means of photo-interpretation (based on field checking) the.necessary information about the topography of the country and its vegetation coverage, so as to' enable a.good topographic and vegetation map of the region to be drawn?

(b) to penetrate the area as far as possible, in every direction;

(c) to check on the ground the photo-interpretation and to asses the area's accessibility!.

(d) to take as many sampling units as possible from the "terra firme" forest in order, to get an insight into the growing stock and its composition!

(e) to collect the basic data for the formulatüon of recommendations before the Belém-Sao Luis road is constructed, since this road is designed. . to cross the. area with the result that people will move into the area.

The survey work- was performed in five strips with the following results;

i i i i i i [Trip; Destination j Date i No.of sample[Transect in km \ 1 1 ' . i i i i

jlst j Rio Gurupi | 24 Feb. - 23 March. 1950j 23 (23 ha) 'J 81 " . j [2nd j Rio Piriä j 22 April'- 25 May 1958 ; 35 (35 ha) ] 111' ; ]3rd j Rio Maracassumé ; 19 June - 25 July 1958 ] 29 (29 ha) ; 100 j j4th j Rio Piriä and ; ] ' j j i i Rio Gurupi j 4 Aug, - 19 Aug. 1958 j 7 (7 ha) -j 37 i j5th j Region south of. ; j 5 i ] i Braganca ; 1'5 Sept.-1st Oct.. 1958 j 10 (10 ha) ; 32 j 1 i i i i i

1 1 Total ; 132 travel days ;104 (104 ha) j 361 ;

-I- - ...-.-. .... i i i

These results compared with the results from the survey of the Rio Tapajós-Rio Xingti rogion (coo PAO report .Ho. 601) give the following pictures

Average number of travel days per trip

'Average ha samples taken per travel day

Average number of trees enumerated per travel day

Average length of transeeta per ha sample

Region Rio Tapaj ós-Rio Xingti

Region Bragamtina Area

. 35.5 26.4

1.17" 0.78

123 19

' 2,46 km 3-47 km

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Prom the beginning of this survey it was decided that a denser network should be applied to this region because it can be regarded as a transition 'zone betweren the real tropical rain forests and the drier vegetations, in the east.» The survey work, however", was much less intensive, as may be concluded from the table i.e.the lower number of trees per travel day. . •

There are several reasons for this lower averages

a. The region was very far from Belém, even a considerable distance from Braganca. Thus, many days' were lost in travelling,

b, ' The region could only be reached by b'oat passing betweren the islands-along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. When the tide was high, it was possible to travel ,but at low tide the boat had to'wait for as much as 6 hours, thus losing a considerable amount of time.

c. Large rapids were even encountered at the mouth of the rivers. Por this reason the launch oould not penetrate the area and travelling upstream had .to be done with canoes. In the Rio Pirié,eleven rapids were encountered, in the Rio Gurupf, four and in the Maracassumé, three«

d, The survey in the Rio Maracassumé was performed after the beginning of the dry.season. Almost no water,was left in the river ,and for this reason even travelling by canoe was 'extremely difficult and time-consuming.

The survey of the Rio Tr.pa36s-R.io -Xingü region covered approximately &n , area'of 1,500,000 ha dry land forest'(terra firme forest), 414,76 ha samples were takenj that is,a survey of 0,0276$.

The survey of the Bragantina regioim covers an area of about 725,500 ha of dry land forest, including grassland, caatinga, secondary forest and '. cultivation (see paragraph. 37)»

One hundred and four (104) ha samples were taken5 that is a survey of 0.0143$. The survey method can be called an intensive exploratory survey«

11« Tne samples were taken along transects, all 1 ha large, -All trees 25 cm DBH and more (corresponding to 80 om circumference) 5 EI left and right from the centre of the transect', were enumerated over a length of 1 km (1,000 x 10 m = 10,000 m

2)» The height of the merchantable bole was estimated with the help of a 5 m bamboo pole. These height estimates of the morchantablej bole were checked by direct measurements' of the exact length of this bole for an average of 3 trees per sample per ha.

The check measurements were performed by a special tree climber. The cxroumference at the end or at the top of the merchantable bole and at the middle of these trees was also measured,

The~data obtained through these measurements will very probably be used to extend and to improve the volume table' derived from similar measurements performed during the previous surveys»

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D. 'FOREST TYPES', .- ' • , . . . ' . • • • • ' --•'•'• '."'''

12. In the whole area, only.the forest, on "terra f irme" (dryland) was ; sampled. • The small', patches of undisturbed swamp forest along the rivers and creeks were ' ;

. neglect'ed, Neither patches of. savannah (caatinga) nor the secondary forests were -. •sampled. Where-dry'land forest and • ca'atinga are close together it is very'...'. ':' . •' ',• 'difficult to denote .•• the limits; there is nearly always a 'transition zone,-. .,.'- • '••ƒ

In the'basin of the Ri'o Gurupx it was- very difficult tä indicate the. •• • forest of. the "terra f irme", '• On-the 'serial .photographs it c'än be seen that many-very small elevations are scattered throughout the. area. When'ontering '..'•" the forests in that-area these small elevations can be recognized but the entire landscape is a mixture of lower and-higher'patches. ' The forests on top of the.";' ..elevations differ slightly,' in fact, from•the forests in the lower parts-but • they merge into each other' so gradually'that' only'a very detailed survey will ../•'" make'the differences clear. Because -of .-this difficulty a different^ legend had to-;. ..be introduced for the 'forest type map (see Forest Type'Map annexed)..

The composition of the dry'land, forest sampled is not everywhere-the same*'--•It was necessary' tó divide • the whole area into three forest' types; Pirid, GurupiS ' •'.and Maraca'ssumé*, • This'separation into different forest types is based mainly".' on-thé- f oil owing-phenomena s presence, .or absence of certain tree-spe'eies, differences in gross' volume ,. geographical reasons 'and. biotic reasons..

]' In :this particular case,-the main reason's werei 'Gross volume', de creases ' from the Piriä forest-, type via Gurupf type to the 'Mar'äcassumö type.; The Louro •• 'vermelho and Piquid tree species are more'abundant- in' the .Pirid type than in..-• the two othertypesj .Piquid .is absent\in-Gurupl forest type-and the Envirä branca and Envira preta species' are much more abundant in the Maracasaumd forest . type than'in'.the Gurupi-forest type. The. Piria forest type borders, 'in'the south- • •..-.-.' east, the Rio Capim forest type, of the third'.area surveyed,- ':•• -• ;

From the* beginning of the-last survey.it was expected that s'onre difference:" - would'show up. '• There were several reasons for this expectation i.e. the -• . Caete-Maracassumé area is -directly under the. influence of the Atlantic Ocean .and, '•' as a careful study of the aerial photographs showed, to the-east the tropical rainforest is; slowly'.disappearing, and being replaced by a l'ower vegetation •until finally-one enters the. dry areas 'of Mar.anhäö and Cea'rd, •'.-•:

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To' show the differences a' comparison "between the two forest types, Pirid and Capim is made "below, , ...'•.'"

" '. " • •••:-.:' . HOBEST TYPES,

Presence Class

100-90$

'. Capim

Abiurana branca Abiurana ucuubarana Brcu proto Carnipó Paveiras • ••'.'• liaparajuba 'Mata mata branco Mat a mata'ci Mata- mata proto Hosadinha

' Pirld '.̂

Axixa. -Breu preto Ga.raipó Faveiras Mata mata "branco Mata mata preto'

90-80$ Axixa' • ;

Macucu Scringarana

Andiroba Brcu "branco . Macucu Mata- mata ci Tatapiririca Uxirana.

80-70$ Aquariquarana. Jutairana. Magaranduba Uxirana

Cajü assu Inga Rosadinha Tauari"

70-60$ Ingd Ingarana- -• Taxi branco

Abiurana branca Bacabinha quina • Cupiuba Pento de macaco proto Tache preto

60-50$ )°

Abiurana cutite •'" Abiurana - -goiabinha Axus Brcu branco Caxingubarana Copaiba Copiuba • Ucuuba

Ananx Anauoira Climate Imbaiibarana Jatua • Louro "proto Pard pard Pau- jacaré" Tache branco IJruc

TOTAL CLASoES

100-50$ 28 species 32 species

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The'two forest typos have, in their 28 and 32 species respectively, in the presence classes 100 - 50$, 1 5 species in common. These 15 species represent, in these types, respectively 65 and' 49' trees per ha, or , 57$ and 45$ respectively • of the average number of trees per ha.

The species AMurana. cutute, Abiurana goibinha, Abiurana ucuubarana, Aquariquarana, Axus, Caxingubarana, Copaiba, Ingarana, Jutairana, Macaranduba, Maparajuba,.Seringarana and Ucuuba not appearing in. one of the presence classes 100 - 50% in the Piria forest typo are found there in classes 50 -"40$ 3 species, in classes 40 — 30$ 2 species, in classes 30 — 20 no species, in classes 10 — 0$ 5 species. Aquariquarana, Axua and Seringarana arc not encountered in the Piria" forest type. The species Anani, Anaueira, Andiroba, Bacabinha quina, Caju. acü, Cumate, Imbauba, Imbauba rana, Jatua, Louro preto, Para pard, Pau jacard, Penta de macaco proto, Tatapiririca, Taxi'proto, Tauari and Urucarana not appearing in one of the presence classes 100. - 50$ of the Capim forest type are found here? in the class 50 - 40$ 2 species, in the class 40 - 30$ 3 species, in the class 30 - 20$ 5 species, in the class 20 - 10$ 3 species, in the class '10 — 0% 3 species, 'The species Anaueira was not encountered in the Capim type.

From those facts it is quite clear that difforences exist between the two forest types.

.The most significant difference is that' the species Abiurana in the Pirid. type appears only in presence class 70 — 6O7Ó. In all the other forest types, from the. Bio Madeira until the Rio Capim, that is a 'f oro'st strip of 1,300 km, Abiurana always appeared in the presence class 100 - 90$. 'Figures A and £ in the Appendix illustrate the decrease of Abiurana. The data of the Piria, Gurupi and Maracassume" forest types have been included. •

Figure A shows that the percentage of the Sapotaceae (Abiuranas) decreases suddenly from 21$ till 5$« 'Phe Lecytidaceae decreases from 24$ till 21$ going from the Capim type to the Piria type. Figure B specifies the trends shown in Figure A. It can be seen from this figure that Abiurana especially decreases? as later from Pirid to Gurupi do also the Mata matas. The percentages of the other species remain the same,

A very interesting discovery, from a botanical viewpoint;, was made by the botanist of the Instituto Agrpnömico do Horto Dr. lr'iocss who discovered in the Pirid forest type a softwood species (ccnifor; 1'otiocn.rpus. This is the first time a conifer has been found in the Amazon-region»

(1) Pirid

13. This forest typo covers the arten between the river Caoto and the watershed between the Pirid 'and Gurupi rivers.

The northern limit is on the west side of the Pirid aboi;t lp km north of the Igarape Pitoró, where the forest have been cut down by shifting cultivation and on the cast side of the Piria the limit between the Pirid forest type and the Gurupi forest type up to the same latitude as the mouth of the' Igarape" Pitoró.

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The southern horder is on the west' side of tho""Piria at the same 'latitude as the most southern of our samples on that sides- in these samples Pau amarelo and-Maparajuba wore encountered; both characteristic species 'of the Capim forest type but neither of which was present in the Piria' type. On the east side of the river the southern limit is the 2° latitude. The sampl'os taken in this forest type have a moderate number of trees and a moderate volume.

Here the upperstorey and under'stöfby'"aro easily recognised as 'separate layers and the layer of 'shrubs and under shrubs is comparatively open. Climber:; parasites, epiphytes etc. arc present-but not abundant. Some palm species •' were found (mostly different from the- palm species in the Capim forest type). Traversing in'this forest is relatively easy,

•14« In this type, 49 samples were taken from 1 ha each. That this number-'""' of samples is sufficient to give an idea of the composition., of. this type can be -seen' in. the. "Curya.-dc. f roquência das cspé*cies" of the Firid.. forest type annexed.

The curve shows the number of'different species found in the type. On the horizontal axis the samples are. marked; on the vertical axis, the number of species. Above sample -No. 1 is given the number of species found'in that sample5 above sample No."2 the number of species found in sample-, Nos. 1 arid 2 together and so on.' The curve bends sharply between samplesITos. 15 and 20 'and flattens thereafter, . .This means that in the first 20 sample's all the common and frequently appearing species in this forest type were .enumerated. The species. .f.ound in 50. and more percent appear below *he curve .at the same time ,it is shown in whi'ch sample they wore' present or absents black moans present, blank means absent. Analysing this design, we can say that the absence of species in the Group -100 — 90% is by- a. remote- chance5 they arc -growing everywhere, and so can be found on every hectare selected. The species of group 60 - 50$ ar.e....m.ore......w.ldely..scattered through the type. Theoretically they will be found in one of every 2 samples of 1 "ha, but 'to bo' certain that they be enumerated in every sample taken, the samples will have to be at least 3 ha in size (see gaps between the'black strips). At the same time, it can be scon if the species -arc regularly spread out or grow only in particular parts of the area sampled. In this' case the species seem to be regularly spread out over the samples taken.

15* The species enumerated in the samples are:

Presence Common I-Jamo No. of trees

100- Axixa Breu pre to" Caraipc Pavciras

-—Mata•mata-branco Mata mata preto

141 216 294 161 5 2 1 . 301

Occur rence Volume in m'3(l To, of sampling uni-ts

carrying the reap. species)

220'. 94 45 . 181-.05 46

323.74 46 374.46 46 614.88- 47 345.34 48

TOTAL . 1,634 2 , 0 6 0 . 4 1

For ha 33 t r e e s ' 4 2 . 1 0

-G-4899

- 12 -

Presence

90-80$

80-70fo.

70-

•Andiroba Bre.u- branco Macucu-Mata mataci Tatapirdrica Uxirana '

Common.Käme Ho,of trees Volume in m3. Occurrence

241 • 326-. 19 43 . ' 119 109-. 97 . .42 94 • 110.69 40 229 191'. 33 43 112 91'.77 43 • 102 150.53 43

TOTAL • - 894 . 98O.48

Per ha • 18 trees 20.0'.

87 239.'52 • 36 . .• ' ' 114 • ' • 101'. 62 • 37 •

123 ' • 181'.94 • 36 69 193.27 " " . 38.

: TOTAL 393' 716.35

Per- lia 8 trees 14.6

Abiurana branca ' 6 8 10?'.42 . 3'1 • •Bacab'inha quina 64 • 56'. 91"- .34 Cupiuba • . . • 66 212'..78. 31 • Pento de macaco preto 60 95'. 55 3 3 ' Tache. preto. , . 72 126.20. 32

TOTAL' 330 598.86-

' ' .. Per ha ' ' 7 trees 12,2

Cajlü acu • Ingd Rosadinha Tauari

60-50fo Anani _ Anaueira-Cumaté" •

' Imbauba Imbaubarana J a t u a Louro p r e t o Pai'd p a r a 'Pau jacaré* Tache b r a n c o Urucurana

58 93

•68 40 41 58 77 39 60 39' 57

90'. 39 102'. 19

66 .29 35'. 36 44'. 70 5 % 40

103'. 96 61: 91", 69-

109,

85 63 96 ' 01

26 27 26 27 27 25 25 26 26. 25 29

TOTAL 630 836.74.

Pe r ha 1 3 t r c 1 7 . <

-G-4899

- 13 -

P r e s e n c e Common Name No. of t r e e s Volume i n m3 Occur rence

50 -40^ Abiurana ucuub arana " '"". ' 4 3 " """W.9'6 20" ' Buiugu ' • 55 99'. 61 • 2 4 . • Dendrobanchea 62 78'. 14 : 22 I n g a r a n a ••' I p e

40 50'. 51 . 22 I n g a r a n a ••' I p e ' 126 104'. 27 • ••• 20 Kaqui 26 1-7*. 3 6 20 Louro b r a n c o 42 66'. 74 •'• 22 Louro vermelho 45 177'. 20 23 P i q u i a r a n a 33 109'.64 •••'"•' 24 Ucuubarana

Caxingubo :rana

TOTAL

Pe r h a .

30 41 .08: 21 Ucuubarana

Caxingubo :rana

TOTAL

Pe r h a .

502 804.Si-

Ucuubarana

Caxingubo :rana

TOTAL

Pe r h a . 10 t r e e s lo .4

40-30/0

Ucuubarana

Caxingubo :rana

TOTAL

Pe r h a .

19 17'. 41 : . - 18 . Cro ton ' 36 26-,46 • 15 E n v i r a b r a n c a 22 44'. 18. 18 E n v i r a p r e t a 23 20'. 43 16 • Louro amarolo 25 26-. 45 16 Magaranduba 28 ." 119'. 29 15 Mand ioquè i r a 21 • 91-.86 15 Marupa- • • 24 55*.33 19 Pa r ina r£ - ; 25 88-.09 ••• 15 Tacherana

TOTAL

. 1 8 46.OI 15 Tacherana

TOTAL 241 535.51 '

A b i u r a n a ' s e c a

Pe r ha 5 t r e e s 10 .9

' 3O-20/o ' A b i u r a n a ' s e c a

Pe r ha

10 8', 90 , 10 Breu sucuruba 17 43'. 75 12'

. .Cuiarana , . .. 14 33'.01 11 Cumarurana "26 2 6'. 90 11 C a s i a r i a b r a n c a 14 1 ? . 4 5 1.0 F a v e i r a 25 27-.41 13

• F r e i j ó b r a n c o • • 2 0 . . 24-43 U • J u t a i mir im 19 .. 78'.26 13

Moro to to -: •• 17 ' .' 26'. 79 . •11 M u r i c i 17 '26'. 52 12 Olacacoa • 17 22'. 88 - 14 Quarubarana 12 . 27-, 1 7. 11 Sapoca ia 12 • 61', 1 A 12 Sorva amnrga 15 16 .77 11 Sorva doce- ' 23 24'c5! 14

•'• Sucup i ra 1 3 • • . 41--39 12 'Tamaqüarö • 27 30'. 21 ••• 14 Tcnto • . 1 7 ,. • • 50'.C6' • 12 Ucuuba b r a n c a

TOTAL

.Per , h a . .

12 3 9 . 0 3 . --.. 11 Ucuuba b r a n c a

TOTAL

.Per , h a . .

'.., ::.327 627 .36 .

Ucuuba b r a n c a

TOTAL

.Per , h a . . 7 t r e e s 12 ,8

-G-4899

; .. •.. . ^ ; : l4 ; - r

P r e s e n c e ' ••'. •Cömmon'-l'icme • ' Nó'; ó f . t r . e e s Volume ' i n m3 -/ .

. O c c u r r e n c e

20-T-10./O 'Amapä amafgä . ' . " '. 6 ••=• '."• 6

--15'-

In the "Grdficos des Ocorrência's" of the Pirid forest typo the same data as above..arc given in graphical form per presence class. -c-•--•;-:• :.;.'• '-.'.••

16.. In the "Gr.df ico. .das Classes., de 'Diametro" of thi-'VPiria' forest 'typo', the'--' .diameter class .frequencies, are given. These' graphs appear in the ' innoiir--r •

The diameter classes are as follows?

class 3 . DBH 25 -. 34' cms' ' " class :';4 DBH 35 - 44, etc. •

The. diameter analyses: to be made of this type will be included' in an overall

report', covering all the typos 'sampled by th: Inventory Section.

.17. Grouping of species;.

The Favoi.ras wore groupeds

Faveira arara tucupl .,.". :: atana '."" barbatimao !•' • ','. bolacha " do lota " dura

„ " folha amarela " folha fina " mapuxiqui " pomba

found on 14 ha I I I I .3 11

I I 11 1! 1 ! . 5 I I

• I I ' 11 I t 1! •'15 t l ! l 1 I t t i - 28 I t l l 6 I I I t • 5 I I

16 t r e 3 1!

n-. . :. it 8 •' ii

11 1!

24 it

1 ti

68 11 8 . . it

5 11

•3 6', 12 m3 14.37 "

.36'. 32 " 22'. 67 >' 29', 08 " 87'. 34' •" 9'. 3 5 "

108'. 06 " 14'.90" -16.25 "

18». .As required from an exploratory survey, the coefficients of variation "should bo given here as- a guide for 'the .degree of. density^ for futurüy detailed surveys. The coefficients will be .given later in an overall report.

19. The area covered by the Piriaforcst type is'not densely populated. On the borders- of 'the river- Piri-dt- -3 small villages 'are found, all downstream below where thelgarape" Pitoro falls, into the Pirid.

Ho villages we're encountered further upstream; this is probably due to the fact that many rapids are encountered hero'-which make transport along the river very difficult even for canöëé. Moreover, living here is very unpleasant because of the abundant presence of' a little insect, the so-called' "Pium11,•' (similar to the Canadian black, fly),. Ho gracing cattle wore ̂ seen. Because transportation along the river is difficult, nearly all transport goes overland; •consequently -many mules wore seen. ••• Hunting and fishing is of no importance, mostly because the region is very-isolated and it is impossible to transport .the fish. Pish' seem to be ab'undant, especially in the mouth of the Parid,owing to the influence of the ocean-:

• • There -i's no weed exploitat-ion- activity;, this again is due to transport difficulties. In Sao Jose do Pirid there was once a very small sa'vvmill but even this small mill did not receive adequate supplies of raw mate-rial.

-G-4&99

(2) Gur.upi

20. This forest type covers the area between the watershed of'the Piria'and Gurupi rivers and the Maracassume and Gurupi rivers.. The northern, border is formed by the artificial lino indicating the extent of shifting cultivation.. The southern border is the 2° latitude.

All samples taken ifa this forest type have .a moderate number of. troos 'and' a moderate to low volume. The upperstorey 'end ' understorey.arc easily recognised as.separate layers. The layer of shrub is rather dense. This forest type is' situated mostly-in-a low regibn and so it'was -frequently difficult to find the exact borders between low land and "terra firme". Since "terra firme" carries the hi'gher mean growing stock« undoubtely this decreased the volume on the avor'age. Climbers, epiphytes, parasite's etc, wore present, and wore.' sometimes abundant. Traversing .this -forest is sometimes 'relatively difficult, • . not in the real "terra firme" but in the transition zones', Many palm species wore seen. ' ' • - . ' " . •

21,- In this type j, 37 sampling -untis of .1 -ha each wore taken. In the "Curva do frequência das Espdcios" it- can be seen that this number of samples was sufficient-to give an idea of the composition of. this, type, 'Again this curve bonds sharply between samples 15 and 20 and flattens-thereafter. '

There is'nothing uncommon in the design showing the 'distribution of the species over the samples. . . ' . ' . . ' • • ' '

22, The species found'and enumerated in the samples taken ares

Presence

100-90$:

Common

Caraipé" Mata mata br( Faveiras-

Andiroba Axixd Cumaté* Tauarx

Name

moo

TOTAL

Per ha

TOTAL

Per ha

IJo.of trees . .

315- ' ' 2 61 :i 21

Volume in

• .299'«57 ' 2 93'. 88-.287.30

m3. Occurrence

• ••• 3'5' '

33 •• : .35'. •

Common

Caraipé" Mata mata br( Faveiras-

Andiroba Axixd Cumaté* Tauarx

Name

moo

TOTAL

Per ha

TOTAL

Per ha

'697 ' 880,75 •>

Common

Caraipé" Mata mata br( Faveiras-

Andiroba Axixd Cumaté* Tauarx

Name

moo

TOTAL

Per ha

TOTAL

Per ha

• 19 23.8

90-SO/o

Common

Caraipé" Mata mata br( Faveiras-

Andiroba Axixd Cumaté* Tauarx

Name

moo

TOTAL

Per ha

TOTAL

Per ha

1.56 107

' 107 63

208'. 41

137'. 89 78'. 10

. 140.74

-3Ó ' 30

30 -32' •••

Common

Caraipé" Mata mata br( Faveiras-

Andiroba Axixd Cumaté* Tauarx

Name

moo

TOTAL

Per ha

TOTAL

Per ha

433 565.-H

Common

Caraipé" Mata mata br( Faveiras-

Andiroba Axixd Cumaté* Tauarx

Name

moo

TOTAL

Per ha

TOTAL

Per ha 12 .'• 15.3 • •

-G-4899'

- 17 -

-Presence .. Common Name . ..'. No. of, ;..trees Volume. i n m.3 Occu r r ence

80-70$ Anaue i ra .'.• 227 195'. 95 -,:-2.9 : Mata mata p r e t 0 ;;• 90 87:. 7 3 - 2 7 ' Ta che, p r e t o . 60 .- • - 77'«76, • 26 Uxi rana • •

TOTAL

. .-,'.-' Pe r ha

Abiurana b r a n c a

;••: 88 106.71; -, .. 27 Uxi rana • •

TOTAL

. .-,'.-' Pe r ha

Abiurana b r a n c a

•• 465 - 468 . . 1.5. •'••

Uxi rana • •

TOTAL

. .-,'.-' Pe r ha

Abiurana b r a n c a

12

-. 41

• • - 1 - 2 , 7 ' • ' •

70-60$

Uxi rana • •

TOTAL

. .-,'.-' Pe r ha

Abiurana b r a n c a

12

-. 41 52'. 58..-. .-• 22 Breü b r a n c c "" 58' 50 .49 25 Breu p r e t o . "101 91'. 19 24 Cajti agti .59 '222'. 23 24 Cupiuba,. 45- - • 99'.80 22 • Inga" - 88 7 % 37 25 Macucu ,. 53 . . . . - 52'.89,-- 2.3 P a r i n a r ^ 51 .105'. 11 23 T a t a p ä r i r i c a

Amapd'-amarga

TOTAL

P e r ha

43 . . . 4 3 , 0 5 '• 23 T a t a p ä r i r i c a

Amapd'-amarga

TOTAL

P e r ha

539 792.71 .

T a t a p ä r i r i c a

Amapd'-amarga

TOTAL

P e r ha 15 21.4, .

- 60-50$

T a t a p ä r i r i c a

Amapd'-amarga

TOTAL

P e r ha

:•• 3 5 48'.'5 6 . 20 Ananl 54 • 83'. 47 21 Buiucu ..- 83 . , - 1 3 6 . 3 7 . 19 Macaran&uba •

P r e i j 6 b r a n c o

TOTAL

Pe r ha

= 116 246 .66 , ••. 21 Macaran&uba •

P r e i j 6 b r a n c o

TOTAL

Pe r ha

• • 288 515.06- ,

Macaran&uba •

P r e i j 6 b r a n c o

TOTAL

Pe r ha ..'; 8 13 ,9 •

50-40$

Macaran&uba •

P r e i j 6 b r a n c o

TOTAL

Pe r ha

26 38'. 47 15 Maracachimbé •• ••_-. 1 9 22'.46 15 Quaruba 33 54> 2 9'..-" 17 Rosad ihha

Abiurana seco

TOTAL.

P e r . ha

"••' 3'2 39-04 16 Rosad ihha

Abiurana seco

TOTAL.

P e r . ha

. ' . .110

3

•\yv',2G

Rosadihha

Abiurana seco

TOTAL.

P e r . ha

. ' . .110

3 A O

40-30$

Rosad ihha

Abiurana seco

TOTAL.

P e r . ha

19 " ie..71: . . ' 1 2 Abiu rana ucuub arana 1"

1 s-, 19'. 61 ' 11

Caxinguharana 12 .. "'14'.'65.- 12 C u i a r a n a ; 16 36'. 08 • .. 12 C a s i a r i a b r a n c ̂ 15 24'. 38 : 13 F a e i r a 15 "1'1-.01 12 . J u t a i r a n a 24 35'..94- '. 12 Louro p r e t o " •'. • 1 8 38 .71 ,.. 12

, Mandioqüa i r a •39 81' . 09 ' 13 Mata mata ex - 29 26 .48 11 Mata mata ex

201 304'. 66

-G-4899

18 -

P r e s e n c e Common Hame ilo. of. t r e e s Volume i n m3 Occurrence

4Ö-3056 201 304', 6 6 P a r a p a r ä 13 . 24-. 4.1 11 Ponte de macaco p r e t o 19 29'. 13 13 P u r u i .- •. 18 16'. 31 14 Quarubarana " '20- 51-.19 11 S u c u p i r a 22 58'. 35 13

• . - Tamaquar

- 19 -

P r e s e n c e Common Name No.of t r e e s Volume i n m3 Occurence

20-1 0$ 84 • • ' 73 ' . 59 . J a r a n a 5 15'. 22 4

J u t a i m i r i 11 14 .68 6 Louro vermolho .. . 5 .. 14'. 62 5 Maparajuba 11 20'.'28 ' "• 6 Mururé 6 6'. 96 6 M u t u t i 5 4'. 71 5 Pau d ' a r c o 10 14'. 84 6 Pau j a c a r é 8 • % 70 6

• Pen te de macaco "branco .. 7 . 14'. 30 6 P i q u i a r a n a 5 13'. 42 5 Sorva amarga 6 6'. 15 5 Sucuuba 4 2'. 53 4 Tent o 6 5'. 74 .4 T a q u a r i 4 2', 61 " 4 Ucuuba b r a n c a 8 25'. 23 6 Xixua

TOTAL

P e r ha

9 5 .28 . 6

'

Xixua

TOTAL

P e r ha

1.94 : 2 4 9 . 8 6

Xixua

TOTAL

P e r ha '5 • 6.7

10-0$ In this group the following species were found:

Abiurana goiabinha, Abiurana leite amarelo, Angelim de rnata, Angelim pedra, Aquariquarana, Araracanga, Axud, Acapurana, Amarelinho, Breu sucuruba, . ' Conarium, Copaibe, Cumarü folha miuda, Cumarü folha grande, Cumarurana, Cupui, Cedro,. ' Dendrobanchea, Envira prota, Euphorbiacia, Gonipapo,Geniparana,Gipio, Gombeira, Guariuba, Glicia, Itauba, Jacarouba, Joao molo, Jutsi assiS, Jutsi pororoco, Kaqui, Louro canela, Merapirang , Mcrauba, Morototo, Murupita, Mamaozinho, .Pajurö, Pau branco, Pau para tudo, Pracaxi, Pitaiba, Tarumä, Tamanqueira, Taquarirana, Tatajuba, Tinteiro branco, Ucuubarana, Umarirana, Umirf

TOTAL 129 . • • • • 199.76 '_______

• Per ha 3 trees 5*4

23. Por the diameter distribution see the graphs in tho Annos..

-G-4899

- 20 -

24« Grouping' of ..spëcioss .

Only the' faveiräs were grouped!

.-.•'• Paveira arara tucupi • " ataha - .... " barbatimao • " -bolacha " bolota " folha fina " mapuxiquf •• ,. " parkia core " pomba " uim " dura . .

25« For the coefficients of variation soe para»18.

: 26..' In' the. area covered by the 'Gurupi forest type a moderate number of people live.' . The village "of Vie mi is situated on the. left' bank at the mouth of the river. Upstream several villages vrere encountered. Shifting cultivation '

.•penetrates further to the south /than in the Bio Pirid (see attached'map). No cattle were sëenj here t'oo mules are rauch used for transportation'. Fishing and "hunting'are not important.' _ .

No wood exploitation activity was- seen. There is-a small sawmill at Vise'u.

(3)- Maracassume . "

27. This forest type is, located along the borders 'of the river Maracassume. . As can be seen on-the map,..the boundary between the Maracassume forest type and • •the Gurupi forest' type,-runs for a considerable distance right along the •Mairacassumé riVerv This, limit was-established on the suggestion of the pedologist Mr.. Thomas Day. The limits of forest i;yp'es coincides here with the limits of •• different groups of soil types (see Mr, T. Day's report).

The northern border is again formed by the artificial line indicating the separation between virgin forest 'and shifting cultivation. "

In this forest type the upporstorey and undcrstorey are easily recognised • ' as separate layers and ;the layer of shrubs, and .herbaceous plants is rather 'open,- Climbers:,' epathytes,..parasytes,' etc.-, are present but not very abundantly . and some palm species were encountered. ... • . . .

Traversing this forest is relatively easy.

28' In .this forest-type 18 samples of-t-ha each were'taken. The "Curva do 1 ' frequência das Espe"cies" shows the same . trend as the similar curves in the .two -. other, forewt types'. The'number- of samples is. too small to show any flattening after, sample. .15-20, However, during the survey'it was impossible to take more "samples - there .was no water left, in the'river — and' as may be seen later in Chapter II, Economic Aspects, this was not- necessary.

-G-48'99

found i n 1-1 ha 14 trees. 31'. 68 m'3 11 it 3 3 ti - 17'. 93 11 11 11 17 31 1! 5% 01 tt it i i . 6 7 11 14'.'64 11 ti 11 3 3 11 .14.50 it 11 11 '10 2.7 t i 71-.86 n ti 11 • 8 14 11 14'. 42 11 11 11 6 6 11 : 11'.36 11 11 It 7 • 10 11 39'. 30 , t t n I I . 1 t -j 11 .••0.74' tt 11 • it • 4 5 . it 11,86 11

- 21 -

There is nothing uncommon in the'design showing the distribution of the species over the samples."" All species"'are'more or less regularly spread out over the samples taken.

29« The species found enumerated in the samples ares

Presence

100-90$

90-80$

80-70$

70-

•.Common Name

Mata mata branco

No.of trees Volume in' m3 Occurrence

3 0 122 128,77 17 '

TOTAL 122 128,77

' " P e r ha 7 7.1

Axixa" 77 Breu p r e t o 95 Cajü aoü 37 Cara ipó 71 Cumaté 53 L o u r o ' p r e t o 57 Matamata p r e t o 59 Tache p r e t o 34 F a v e i r a s 32

Andiröba Breu branco Pare para

Abiurana branca Inge ' Pente de macaco p r e t o T a t a p i r i r i c a U r i r a n a

37 ' 29 19 22

96', 37 16 78'. 47 15

101', 16 15 65'. 91 15 55'. 70 16 41'.74 , 16 58'. 8 9 15 56', 33 15 88.25 16

TOTAL . 515 642,82

Per. ha , 29. 35.7

67 31 20

7 6'. 69 27; 96 39.67

14 13 13

TOTAL 118 ' 144.32 •

P e r ha 7 8.0 mm ' _ - . _ •

53'. 23 22'. 77 28'. .31 17'. U 79 .14

11 12 11 11 12

60-50$

TOTAL

Per ha.

162

Buiucu 24 F r e i j ó b r a n c o 15 Imbauba 19 J u t a i m i r i 16 Pau j a c a r é 15 Tauarti 21 Tache b r a n c o . . . .1.7

TOTAL 127

200 .59

11.1

37'. 94 12'. 41 21'.29 41 ' . 12 20% 10 43'. 88 30,. 54

207.28

9 10 10

9 10 10

G-4899 P e r ha 1 1 . 5

. ~22 -

Presence •••• Common Name No.of'trees Volume in m3 Occurrence

.. 50-40$ Bacabinha quina . 17 12'. 31 8 - Croton 29 30,91 8 .

Envira branca " 14 19'. 26 8 Envira preta ' • 12 . 8'. 37 8 Macucu • 13- . 11.63 8

TOTAL 8'5 82.48 mm '

Per ha 5 4.6

40-30$ Abiuraria ucuubarana 21 20.56 6 Carapanauba " 1 1 . 23'.49 ' 7

. Imb.oubarana 19. 18'. 24 7 Ingarana 8 ' 9'. 12 • 6 Jatua' . 11 6'. 53 7 Jutai aoü 6 . 18'. 71 6 Kaqui 6 • • . 4'. 2 6 6 Lóuro 'amarèlo 9 ••••• 9 M 5 6

. Louro 'vermelho - 1 0 37V 30 7 'Macarunduba 17 33'. 97 6

• • - • - - • • Oläcacia . 9 10'. 33 6 • Purul 9 7'. 77 6 Sapöcäia 8 50'.31 6 Ucuuba 6 6.54 6

TOTAL' 150 256.28 . i i

' Per ha 8 ' ••••.•••• 14.2 ;

30-20$ Abiurana seca 9 6'. 33 5 . ' Anani ' . 8 • 19'. 62 5

Anaueira 10 •. ' • 8'.71 4 Breu s'ucuruba 7 12'. 43 5 Caxingubarana ' • 9 ' 9'. 15 ' 5 Copaiba 7 . ' '20.84 5 Cuiarana 4 5'. 36 4 Cumarurana 9 ••,.16'. 11 4 Cupiuba 9 20.33 5 Jaraha'- ...... .7. 12',50 ' 5 Jutai pororoco 4 4'. 15 4 Jutairana 6 6'. 24 4 Marachimbé 8 15'. 31 4 Marupfi 7 . 18'. 76 5

• .'.: Morotótó 14. '31'. 52 5 Mururé* 10 ' 27'.36 5 •'Pau santo 4 . 9'. 64 4 Pente de macaco branco 5 3'.70 5 Piquiarana 6 •'.' 13'.Ö4 4 Quarubaraba 5 ' 13'. 19 4 Sucuuba • 7 ,6y 58 •• 5_

_ _ _ _ _ . 280.87 -'

r-G-4899

- 23

Presence • Common Name No .of trees Volume in m3 Occurrence

30-20$ >., . • 155 ' 280',87 Tamaquaré" 12 12V14 4 Tento 4 5'.15 4 Taquarl 7 3'. 76 4 Uruourana 6 3'. 20 5 Xixua - •5 2.66 4

20-1 (

10-0$

TOTAL 189

Per ha .10

Amapa" amarga ' 3 Angelim da mat a 2 Angelim pedra 3 Acoite cavalo 2 Bacurï pari 2 Bacurx 2 Cumarü- folha grande 3 Cumaru folha- miuda 3 Casiaria branca 4 Dendrobanchea 5 Gipio 3 Inajarana 3 Louro branco 3 Macacauba 2 Mamorama 12 Mandioqueira 3 Mata mata ci . 5 Muriel 2 Murupita 2 Mamaozinho «5 Parinarl 4 Pau d' arco 9 Pau de remo 2 Eosadinha 5 Sucupira 3 Taxirana 2 Ucuuba branca 3 Uouubarana 5

TOTAL 102

Per ha

307.78

16.9

% 66 4'. 06 1 1:. 1 6 2% 55 1'.04 11-.45 20.32 9'. 18 "4V56 3'. 2 9 5'. 69 2 V 1 2

2'. 60 0,89

5'. 17 3'. 23 3'. 3 6 2',47 8'. 04 14'. 90 15'. 72 1'.08 5'. 38 5'. 81 2'. 66 5'. 59 3.77

182.88

10.4

3 2

3 2 2 2 2 2

3 2

3 2 2 2'

3 2 2 2 2 2

:3 3 2

3 3 2 3 3

In this group the following species were founds Abiurana casca grossa, Abiurana cutite, Abiurana goiabinha, Aquariquara, Amarelinho, Araparirana, Atabraba, Aroeira, Envira X, Euphorbiacia, Faeira, Goiabinha, Ipê, Itauba, Maparajuba-folha amarelä, Pau branco, Pau para tudo, Piquid, Pracaxf, Pitombarana, Sorva d6ce, Sumauma, Sapindacea, Tamamqueira, Taquarirana,. Tatajüba, Urucü da matav . , • • . ' .

-G-4899 TOTAL 29 .

Per ha 1 t r e e

41.42

2.3

. * • ' . ' • ri". . . i .•-.•.

••';••*^'' •';"

'24'. 47 m3. .'5'i38': • 11.

"•'i:.98. 11

'7'. 25 : ," 2ï',32; ; ".Thesé'/föré ;(.' '•;'•'' types.';h:avè' most-.-'of'. 'thèir..;sp'eGiesAin-;c/ommon..'. To-.analyse'"thé' :causëV;.'of .ffihe.se,>.;v-c'-•;..•:••-,' ' ' ' :d ' i ffere 'hces ' . i r i ' .gross .'yblume,: . t h r e e -;'gf.óup:s''pf ;-spëéïës-ar.e. 'vgiy^

O,.::-

s t ; r

.' '^G-489'9: • •.-'• "i !V;'=. i-.

http://ffihe.se

- 25 -

The first group, Group I, contains those species which decrease in average volume per ha as- the gross volume of the forest types is decreasing. Group II, gives the species which increase in average volume per ha hy decreasing gross volume of the types. Group III, gives the species which show no outstanding decrease or increase parallel with the change in volume of the average gross volume of the forest types.

Remarks? -'»- means not present

0.0 " a negligible amount present

Group I - V.olume given as an average volume per has

Forest Types

Common Name Pirié Gurupl Maracassumd

Gross volume ' 161 131 122

Andiroba 6.6 5.6 4.3 Araracanga 0-.6 0.2 ""'• ""

. .Acapurana 0'.2 O'.O — » "™ Cupiuba 4'. 3 2'. 7 1'.1 'Paveira folha fina 2'. 2 1'.9 1'.0 Fave ira 0-.6 0.3 a.o Guariuba 0-.2 O'.O " * * » • • Glicia 0'.2 \ 0.1 • " • •"* Inga 2'.1 2'.0 . 1'.2

. Ipê. 2'.1 a.7 0.0 Louro branco . 1'.3 . 0.2 C.1 Macucü 2'. 3 . 1'.4 0'.6 Mata" matd. branco 12-.5 ; .7*. 9 7'.1 Matä" maté ei 3', 9 0'.7 0.2 Mututi 0',2 . • 0'. 1 " • « " " Rosadihna 3'. 7 1'.0 0'.3 Sorva amarga 0',3 0.2 -'.-Sorva d8ce 0'.5 0-.3 0',1 Tatapiririca 1'.9 . 1'.2 0'.9 Tauarl 3'. 9 3.8 2'. 4 Ucuuba branca a. 8 0.7 0.3 Umarirana 0'.3 ' 0-.2 -'.-Urucurana

. TOTAL

of total volume

2.2 - 0.7 0.2

> . TOTAL

of total volume

i

52.9 31.9

t

19.8

Percentage

. TOTAL

of total volume 32.85g', 24.3/0 16.2$

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' • Group I I - - "Volume g i v e n - a s an a v e r a g e .volume p e r has

•, • ••".' ' Fór r i s t y.ypeg

Common Name

Gross volume • ' ' . • •

Caxingubarana. . ' Cumaru f.qlh'a miuda • . Cumarü 'f ó ïha grande . _ Cumatd . ' .- . Pave i r a a r a r a : t u c u p ï J a r a n a " ' . . . ' . •

• J u t a i ' aou ' -'- • • Marachimbó .,•••• . . ' _ ' ' ' • • • P a u ' s a n t b ƒ •. •_'• ' . v ' _••' •. .' ' ". •Sapoca ia ' . ' . ' . • ' • '' •'••

'• .'•;. ƒ"' •/.'".-.. • -TOTAL

P e r c e n t a g e of. t ó ' t a i volume

' Common na.no '• •• ;. •' • Gross volume-

Abiu rana branca- •• -.. •Abiurana' c a s c a ' g'róssa' Ab iu rana cu t i t e ..'••.•

' Ab iu rana g o i a b i n h a " •Abiurana seca _' tAbiuranai .ucuubarana" •.'". Ab iu rana l e i t e .ämarelo Amapd amarga Ananl . ' • ' . A n a u e i r ä . ••' ' Angelina-da-.mata Angel im- ped'ra • , .' • ;" A q u a r i q u a r a •' • • = A q u a r i q u a r a n a ; , Arooi ra - /•• ' . ' ; . - - .

' Axixa ' i . . • . • ' • - •

Axua •-••• '- - • ' *. Amar'elinho •Acoite.:caval'o-. "-. Atabraba. . • •/ . . • - • Arapävifana • . '.. •' •'' ' .-•Bacabinh'a- quina • ' Bacuri ...'"•• . •• -'. Sacuri pari'. : Breu. branco .; • •-.•'.'' .Bre.u' pre'to '. 'Buiucü '•'-'• , - ' ' ' • •.;

P i r i ä V .7 , \ .\ ''.Gurupl • .Maraoassumö

1 61 "131 : 122 -';,..'.

: o - , 3 ; / • • : ' • • • • 0 . 4 . . . , 0 v 5 - ; ' - V , ' . . " " • " • * • : • ' " . . ' • ' . . - 0 ' , . 1 . ' • . • • ' • . :v'.'-0-*-5-"-

• — t — . 0 . 2 : ' - . -''. '• 1\1-- : : ' '• •1'.3 . . ' •,-2',1 •.." - ' 3 ' . 1 . '•: '•

. 0 . 7 . • • ' • ' -0'.8 ••' • •1 / r3 : ' - . ' " - 0.'1 •• ' . . ' 0 .4 •' . -" ' . ' • -0 ' .7 ..••• • o^- ' ; • • ' . '

' • , . •. 10,'3$";- •••

3 an average. volume p.er 'has '.. .-. F o r e s t T :ypës

P i r i a , . • ' ' ' Gu rup i • ; ' •''•• • ' ' M&raOnsQÜmé 161- ' ; . . ' -131'.. • • 122. • • - : • •

. " 2 v 2 ' . . . ' 1V4,• ••• Z', 9.':'.;.•-.. •. 0 ' . 2 : - • • . . 0 ' . 3 ' • • • • • . • o* 1: '.-•••• • o,.o •••'•.. ; " ' '• ' • ÓV4''. • • • • • 'Ovo.--. ••.o.V" • • . . - ' -0.-1 w ' • -o.o' . • -

.- O-i-2- •-- .. : ' . • ' • • • 0.-4- •• ' ; ..." : . 0'.3- ;- :

• ' T . 2 ' . . . ; . • - •••' " • - 'Qi5 . ' . - ' • • ' •• : ' ; : • • • 1 ' . : i . - • . - : . ••' o . o . . ' . -O. ' l . -•:•'• . ' ' • ' • - * . - r - ' • . - • ' . O,1 ' . - '. •'..-.•1V3' ' " • • '

: . - . 0 : 4 ' • • '

1'.8 '-, • • 2-.3 :.. '-:--wi •:••• •; 2'.o ' '•• • ' . ' . " 5v3 • ' ; • . • . • Ö ; 2 • • -

. 0 , 2 ' . ••. ' 0 . 0 ' • ' : ,.,ov2.:..: o. 5 ''..- • ' • ' ' 0 . 2 . - • : '• : :'••:• 0 , 6 •;.,.;.•

.-•;0-.1.. . / . • • ' . Ö . 2 .• '0,©; 'Y.- ' . • • • ' . — ' . — . ' . ' • • • 0 , 0 - '̂ " • "T '• 0 . 0 .' . ' 0 , 2 ••••; . . ' . •-.' ovo ••:.-;

• 4;. 5 ' . "• • ' . 3',7 . • ' • ' • • , ' " 5 > 3 ; . . . - V "™ • "™ 0 . 0 t

• 0 , 1 .:• . '•'.. ^ " p ' '•• ' • . ' : 0 ; 0 .; : o , i •..; -. ' - ' i r - V. Qv1 •• : . ;

• ^ • " ™ " * " ™ . • -.0v0>••••:.:

•' r V - - . - ' ""« "* ••'• 'O.O'". V'

• 1',2\ '•. •• • 0 .1 • . : ; ' • '. ' ;0;.T--'-:•'• • • ^ , -

• ; . ' . . - f . - ' • - . . - 0, :6'. ..":. .O'.O . - ' :' 0 ' .1 ' . .,- . • '•• • • .••'Ovl • : • •

•'•• 2 V 2 . - . . ' ' 1v3 • - . "• .. - . " % 5 .'•••:'

• 3'.? •• ••• ••' . '• .2V,4 • '•• .' •• .-. " .:'4V3'-:-- : • ' 2 . 0 ' • • - : • " . ; : 3 . 6 - ' . . . • •;='2.1"'.-.' .

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(Group III cont.)

Common Name

Breu suouruba Caj-fi acti Carapanauba Caraipé Conarium Copaiba Croton Cu.ia.rana Cumarurana Casiaria branca Cupui Cedr-o Cocao Cupuacti. Dendrobanchea Envira "branca Envira preta Envira X Euphorbiacia Faveira atana ^ Faveira barbatimao Faveira bolacha Faveira bolota Faveira dura Faveira folha amarela Faveira mapuxiqui Faveira mari marl Faveira parkia core Faveira pomba Faveira uim Fae'ira Freij6 branco Genipapo Gipio Geniparana Gombeira Goiabinha Goiabarana Imbauba Imbauba branca Imbaubarana Inajarana Ingarana Itauba Jacarouba Jatua Joäo mole Jutai mirf Jutai pororoco Jutairana Kaqui.

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Piria

Ö.9 4V9'

. 0,5 6'. 6

C. 7 0,5 0,7 0.5 0.3 P',0 0.1 o.o o.o 1',6 0.9' 9.4 0.2 0,0 0,3 0.7 0.4 0'.6 1',8 0.2 0.3

0.3

0,6 0.5 - ' • -

0,0 O'.O 0.0 O'.O

•o!7 0.1 0,9 o.o 1',0 O'.O 0.1 1',1 o.1 1'.6 0.1 O'.O 0.3

Forest Types

Gurupf Maracassumé

0 . 2 0 .7 O'.O 5'.6 ' " 0 . 6 ' 1'.3 8'.0 3 . 6 O.O ->.-0,1 1'.1 0 . 2 1'.7 0 . 9 0 . 3 O.4 0'.9 0 . 6 0'.2 O.O —# — O.I * ^ -ij,i. A / , a . •

-'.- . - ' . -O.O 0 . 2 0'.1 •1'.1 0 , 0 0 . 5 0 . 3 0 . 0 0'.1 0 . 0 • ' 0 . 5 • 1'.2 0 . 3 0 , 4 0'.1 0'.4 0 . 4 0 . 3 1'.2 — • . — < & ' • -

O.4 • ' •

""• "" 0'.4-0 . 3 - ' . -1'.0 0 . 1 0 . 0 * ~ « " • " 0 . 3 0 . 0 1'.0 0', 6 O.O " • « • " O.O 0 . 3 O.O —'f — O.O O.I . 0 . 0 -. 0 . 2 • — • * - ' 0 , 3 1'.2 ""• "" "•'••" 0 .1 1',0 ' 0 . 2 0 .1 0 . 2 0 . 5 O.O 0 .1 0 ,1 _/ 0 . 4 0 . 7 0 . 0 •. • • - ' . - ' 0 . 4 2'. 3 0 . 0 0 . 2 1«.0 0'.3 0 .1 0 . 2

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(Group I I I con t .X

Common Name

Leguminosa Lour.o amarelo Louro canela . Louro itauba Louro preto Lour.o vermelho Lacre Maoacauba Macaranduba. Mamorama Mandioquéira Maparajuba Maparajuba fa Marup.a" Matä-matä preto Mirapiranga Mirauba • Morototó Muriel Murta, • Mururé Murupita Marapuama• Mamäozinho Ol'acacia Pajura" Para\ pare 'Parinari Pau amarelo Pau d' arco Pau jacaré Pau de remo Pente de macaco Piquid" Piquiarana Pururx Pracaxl Pau de cobra Pitaica Quaruba Quaruba'rana Quarubatinga Sucuuba Sucupira Tamanqueira . Tam aqua ré' Tajajuba Taxi branco • Taxi preto Tent o

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' Fo res t Types

Pir iä" Gurupl , Maracassumé

Ö,1 - ' . - ->.-0,5 Ö.2 0 . 5 - ' . - r 0 . 2 " " • ' # " " 1'«4.' t t

. 2'.1 . 1v0 2', 3 3'. 6 • 0-.4 2 ' . t . . 0 . 0 : "" • *" Ö.1 - ' . - O'.O

2'. 4 . 6'. 6 ' • ' 1-.8 . 1-.2 -• 3v1 i v i 1'.9- 2'. 2 •. °«3-0.1 . 0 . 5 —•— - ' . - • • ' • / . - O'.O v . 1 • •' • Ö.4 ' 1'.0 7'.o 2-.4 3;.2

• O'.O a . o • mm • *" 0 . 0 ' . 0 . 1 • - ' . -Ö.5 . ' ö.O • 1'.7-0 .5 ' . ".. 3', 2 Ö. 2 . 0 .1 ' 0 .1 .' . ""*• "~ 0'. 2 . •• 0 ' . 2 1'.5 . 0 , 0 •' Ö.O 0 .1 0 ,1 ' • - ' t - - • '•• . - / . -"""• "" "O'.O . "'••'• 'Ö.4 ' 0 . 4 Ö.3 Ö.6 ""• T 0 , 2 . _ y . _

1'.4 Ö.6 ' . 2'.2 "• 1',8" 2 .8 . 0'.8

Ö.1 • - ' . -0 . 9 -*. O.4 Ö.8 v.8 •: 0 . 2 • 1 ' . 1 • 0 , 4 :. - ' t - • O'.O .-. 2'. f \ • 1'.2- . . 1',7 0 . 6 ' - ' t - • ö f6 2v2 : ' . • o ; 3 . 0 . 7 ..•'•• Q'. 6 0 . 4 ' 0 . 4 O'.O O'.O Ö.1 O'.O ; . "̂ # — ; ^ ; -

/ _ Ö.1 ""'.* "™ 0'.1 T .4 i • Ö.5. . "• • ' • " " • " " 0y7- •..'••• - ' . - - . . .' ;1V4. . , ' • - ' • - • .

• 0 , 2 ••: • " C ; 1 0 ,3 '-. • Ö .8 .". • . 1'.5 • ' Ö . 3 ' - . . '. 'Ö.1 • Ö..1 ö .O .

. 0 . 6 '. . 0 .8 \ •'• ö,6.:- . • 0 . 1 - 0 ,1 ö. r ' • 1'.4 ' - . " . ' ••" • 0 , 9 ' " ."1'»7 '•• •.2.6 •'."." 2'. 1 ' • 3V1 . 1.0. • 0 .1 - ; 0 .3

(Group- ill cont. - 29 -

Common Name

.Texirana ;

Taquari Tinteiro,: , •: Ucuuba Ucuubarana. Umari Uxirana Urucü da mata Umiri Xixua

Piria

' " " '•'•&.$

"••'0.2'

.. o.3-"'• 0v2

0.8. . 0.3 '"- 3'.i'

0.2

G-urupx • Maracassume

. 1v1 . 'Ó.1 0.1

"•' ;. '• ' ° '*2 '

'.:-.0.:6 -J ' 0'.4 ; 0 .1 0 . 2 -

" > ' . 9 '•" :• /'.'••.'• . ' 4 v 3 . ~~ a '*"" 0 . 1

Percentage of total volume

'""•" o . o •' "... ' •• . .0 : .3 .-.'."0...1 • ' ..... o!i

TOTAL ' • i o r . ' 5 ." ' • '91 . ;2' •• • Q-6.5

'olume 63 .1# 69.4^. •'•': .?©V^

... '•'•' 'The overall .picture of the data from.these groups give the following results? ..v..-....-,.. . - _

Group

Group I

Group II

Group III

TOTAL.

Forest Types

Piriä gross volume

1 61 m3/ha fa of gross

m3 ' volume

Maracassume

1 58.'6

Gurupi . .• grosb volume gross volume

131 m3/ha ' ' 122 m3/ha fo of gross'; ;'•• $ 'of gross

m3 volume • m-3 "'": .•• ' .'.volume •

52 .9 • . 3 2 . 8 3 1 . 9 . 2 4 . 3 .

4 . 2 2 . 6 6.7 . • : ' 5 - 2

101.5 63'. 1 91 .2 ' 69 .4 •

98.5^ 129,8

1'9.8 . . 16 .2

12 .3 \ V 10 .3

..•86.5;." ' 7 0 . 9

98.9/0.. .118.6;;;;'-. . 97..45Ê

'..'.' 'The difference .in gross volume between the three forest types are. comparatively sma'll,'' Their composition is rather similar'. -Of the 23 'species in Group'I,' 7 are .not present in the Maracassume forest' typo. Of the 10-species- in' Group II, onl'y.Cumarü was riot'present .in the Pir'i.d: forest type. Of the .138 specie s 'in - > '. • Group III, 18 were not found in the Piria forest type, 23 not in thé Gurupi- .' . forest type and 38 •'riot in the- Maracassume* forest type - the poorest type óf' the"'three,

'•" The significant 'differences arc caused by Cupiuba, Maté maté branco and. Mat a mat d ci in Group'. .1.. It has been •experienced, elsewhere' that forests/in' • . .these regions, which.have been for a -long time influenced by man.often show more • ' • ,Cupiuba,,,-,Mandioqueira'f;-Qua'ruba-!ain:ö:" Quarubarafta than forests growing under similar -conditions but now-influenced by man.. 'This trend is present here only for the; .-Cupiuba species^ ~-"•" '••••••••--••••••••••>- ••:-.•••.-•••;•':-;• --- . . . . . ' ' ' . • •

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F. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE THREE FOREST TYPES

As'ä guide 'tö 'thé commercial valuation of the three types here'described, selected species are arranged in three,-different groups,

A) Group of ..species v/hich are floaters and have white or light- ..-coloured wood,

B) Group of species which are non-floators and have white or light coloured wood«

C) Group of species which have .commercial value at present or which are,in use elsewhere for flooring, veneer, plywood,

'"" -"••-••'•" ''construction wood" or sleepers.

.GEOUP A

White - o r l i g h t - c o l o u r e d f l . b a t e r s . ' Volume g i v e n i n m3 p a r h a .

Forest Types

Common Name

Gross volume

:-Amapé:

. Axixa- ' "•'" • Agoite cavalo Breu branco Breu sucuruba Envira branca Envira preta • Envira X Freij6 branco Faveira barbatimao.

•,: Inge'""•-•'•'' '" "

Imbaubauana ., v Louro amarelo

- Louro branco Louro preto Morototo Mururé" Marupä • . Pare, parä : . . ' . • , - • Sorva Taiiiaq_uare ... , -Taxi branco Tauari Ucuuba ; . -:-. .Ucuubarana Ucuuba branca .

TOTAL.

P e r c e n t a g e of t o t a l volume

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Pi r ia" Gurupi . Maracassumé

1.61 131 122

0'. 1 ' ' 1'.3 . : . 0 . 0'.4 '4:5 :"• 3-. 7- 5'.3

. 0 . 1 •mm # mm 0.1 2'. 2 1'.3 1'.5 0 . 9 ' 0 . 2 0.7 0 . 9 0 , 1 1',1 0 . 4 O-.Q 0.5 0 . 2 0 . 3 ' 0 . 0 0 . 5 1'.0 0 . 6 0 . 7 1'.2 0/,3

- 2'. 1 " 2-.0 1'.2 Q.9 0 . 1 .

; 1'.0 0 . 5 0 . 2 0.5

...... . h 3 - - ' ' •' 0 . 2 0 . 1 2'.1 1'.0 2'. 3

• 0 . 5 o.o 1'.7 . • 0 . 2 • 0 . 2 1/.5

1-.1 . •• . o*4- 1'.0 ••': 1 ' .4". • 0 . 6 2'.2

.0*8 : .-;•• • 0 , 5 • 0.1 0:6 : 0:^8 0 . 6 1v4 0 .9 1.V7 3'. 9 3'. 8 2-. 4

• • • 0 * 2 -; 0 . 6 0.4 ,,. ,o.-8 • - 0 . . 1 • 5 ;•• . 0 . 2 /A Q« 8; .. •_ .. . . . . : . • •• o » - 7 •• • o,.3

29.-1 2 1 . 2 " f

. . , ' • • • ' • • ' 2 7 . 7 mm '

I8,0fo 16. I/o -' ; '22.7$

- 31 -

The species of this group are very probably 'suitable for pulp and paper, veneer and box making and are semi-durable timber, It will be cheap and easy to transport them by river.

GROUP B

Whito or light coloured non-floaters- Tolume given in m3 per ha,

Common Name >

Gross volume

Breu preto Copaiba Faveira bolacha Paveir§ folha fina Mandioqueira Taxi preto Tento Piquiarana

TOTAL

Percentage of total volume

F o r e s t Types

P i r i a Gurupr' Maracassumó"

161 131 122

3'. 7 2'. 4 4'. 3 0 .7 0.1 1'.1 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 .1 2'. 2 • 1.9 .-1-.0 1-.9 2 .2 0 . 3 2-. 6 2'.1 • y, 1 • 1-.0 0.1 0 . 3 2 .2 0 . 3 0 .7

14-7 9.5 10 .9

9.1/0 7.2/o 8.9/0-

Only the more abundantly occuring species of this group have been selected. They will probably be suitable for veneer making.Their'transportation will 'be expensive as rivers are the only moans cf transportation and the non floaters will have to be 'carried by boat unless they are floated together with 4 times as many floaters.

GROUP C

Species with 'economical value at- the moment sub-divided in floaters and non-floaters.

Remarkss The figures in' brackets indicate the volume per ha from diameter class 5 and up«

Gross volume

Ananf Andiroba Cedro Louro vermelho

161

T-.8 M.'.0 6'. 6 (3'.0 0.1 (o-.o 3.6 (3.2

131

F l o a t e r s

2'. 3 (1'.1 % 6 (3 .1 O.I ! - ' -0 . 4 ( 0 . 3

122

1'.1. 4'. 3 :ï:? 2.1 (1.9;

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- >2

Common Name 'Piriä

Forest Types

• Gurupü " Marac'assumé

-Non- floaters'

Angelim da mata. Ange 1 im pe dr a '-

', Aroeira ' C.uiarana Cupiuba Itauba ••'- . • Jarana ".- -... • "-" 'Mac.acauha-Magarand-upa : Faveir'a.".- •'•'" Pau . amarelo ' Piquiä'• •

.Quaruba '' • 'Quaruba branca'. Qüarubarana 'Sucupira ;••'• Umiri •"

0;2

0'.5. O.'O

0.7

0'. 0' •o.-i Ü.1 •2v4 0*6: o.i: 0'.6 ' 4 .(o.i

1.4 (1'.1 :1.5 (K4j '0.3 (0;2y

.' Percentage, of total volume-. 14,4^(10,5^)

24.3^(15.5) '

1:8.5f0'(l1.8fo)

. 0,2' '0>6

,;óvö 0.3

•:i'.i' .0.1 0.7 O'.O -1'.8

ó.:ö

0.2'

!°»2< 0.9) 0,1 0'.4:) O'.O i'.5 0.0

Ó'. 6' (0.6,

0'.7 (Ov6 0.'..3 ('0.2,

13.9.(9.9)

f 1.45g ('8/1/0;

'•';'• .-'The following'species are;'in use'at- present'in the .Amazon'valley or .could. ..'

he used? '. .' • . - . • • " . • • ' ' • '••' ••.-•'. • •..'•':•.'-.'.•

,-.'•' '•' 'For.' flooring, -cover 'veneer of furniture's .-' •-.••:.

Aroeira.';?,-'Andiroba, (false-mahogany) , Cedro, Faeira., Macacauha, Sucupira. '.

'. - For veneer (plywood) s ' , - . . • ' •••,.._''',.

• Andiroba,. Cedro j Quaruba ,- Quaruba branca, .Quaruba raria. • . ••

- . For' construction wood and timber,;. ' '...'-.'

Angelim. pe'dra,- Angelim da'mata,-Cuiarana, .Cupiuba,' Quaruba, Quaruba. branca, '-. '. Quarubarana y Jarana, Louro vermelho, Umiri, Macaranduba. • •. .. ..

-• • -For sleepers,;- .•'••' .• .'..'' .',. . . . .

•'. Anani, Jarana:,' Macaranduba. .-. .. ' • ' •_ . • .. •"._•• .' . ' „

-. "rFor shipbuilding?' . ..'.•• '..'*'.•".•

• ;. .' 'Pi quia' and Itauba. •• ..- -. ... ;•'.- ' • '••'•'. , • '"v •""','

'. ': 'Ucuuba,: "which--i-s here, placed ;i-ri'Group A. (ĵ ccr Chapter II.'"'cononic.''Vx'pc-ctij'.)a,'ls( really belongs in this group. .- I f must'be borne in mind that this list is riot' . complete and only partly corrects-much nfore research and wider experience will very'probably modify and extend the-list. . ••' ' . • • ' ' . '

- 33 -

• II. ECONOMIC ASPECTS

i ,. _ '

A.. PREFACE

35« The area under survey, as described in this report ic locatod between tho CaotG and -iaraca-ßumo rivers may- be regarded as being economically isolated,-The few items of produce coming from the Rio Gurupi and the .Rio:Piriä are mostly transported by ship to Braganca s small town 'east of Belém. Only one launch-of 35 tons travels, re gul'arly from Viseu — at the: mouth of the Gurupi - to Braganca and vice-versa'. .The arrival of this boat in the harbour of Braganca--is an event of-importance 'to the population.

- A few very small motor'boats or- small sailing vessels comprise the other means of transportation.- From the' Rio Piriä,- many trails lead from the ' east bank of the river to Almoco and Benjamin Constant. The transportation of produce along these trails is done bv mules'. Produce coming from the Rio Maracassumé goes mostly by 'ship''to Sao Luiz. Very seldom a launch of. 35 tons visits Candido Mendes, the harbour at the'mouth of the Rio Maracassumé.-

Measured as the crow flies the distances are:

Viseu — Braganca- • s 75 km Viseu - Candido'Mendes s 55 km " Candido Mendes - Sao Luiz s 200 km Visou - 2° latitude s 90 km Candido Mendes - 2°" latitudes 60 km

In order to reach Belém from Candido Mendes one has to travel by ship for the first three days and three nights to Bragance and' from there by truck or by train to.Belém. No ships travel from Braganca t'o Belém. To reach Sao Luiz from Candido Mendes one has to travel' by ship. With a normal launch thi^ also takes three or four days and nights.

The distance by ship ares

Viseu - Braganca s 150 km Viseu - Candido'Mondes s 125 km ' Candido Mendes - Sao Luiz t 285 km

The distance from Braganca to Beléte is 25O: km. There are airports in Braganca, Carutapera and Candido Mendes.. The western part of the area i's comparativelyhoavibypopulat.qd and bolon'gs to the-region west of Braganca. The northern part is sparsely populated. The only villages encountered were in the Rio- Piriéjareas Sao- José de Pirié, Musudeu and Gurupati,- In the Rio Gurupi areas Viseu^ Sao Jose.de Gurupi, Camiranga, Colonia militar. In the Rio Maracassumé area, only Candido Mendes,

In these river areas the population is mostly concentrated in tho villages. This is specially the case in the Rio Maracassumé' area upstream from Candido Mendes, where practically no inhabitants are seen.. This is due to the poor navigability of this river /and the almost total absence of good agricultural soils along the river banks.- Transportation of forest and agricultural

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- 34 -

produce lias to be done by canoe or, as is 'the case of wood on the Rio Maracassumé" by raf-1 . No roads were encountered, in the whole region only trails and the telegraph line are present.

B« CLIMATE . .

36« The-'fe-is no weather-stations 'located in this region, from which.it night be possible to relate.observations. However, east and werst of the area are a number of weather stations. Weather'data, obtained from the Instituto • Meteörológico in Bele"m were, •' for the years 1946 -. 1953. • Rainfall in Salinópolis seems to-be- rather high, especially when compared with'data from 1914 - 1938 in the Atlas Pluviometric'o 'do Brasil, The data from Belém' are-taken frón an articlel|y 'Mc.Harald Sioli.lt is. not- easy to tell the average temperature^of the region; but 'it probably roscribloc the avprngo -tonporaturc of Sap.Luis, Sao Bento and Turiassuf it is only 100 km' from Turiassu-to Candido Mendes. The' average''yearly .rainfall is very probably similar to tho average for' Turiassu (approx. -2,4.00 mm). The .region has- a clearly marked rainy and dry season (see Climatic Graphs in tho Appondi::)»

C. AREA MAPPED

37 The area shown on the map belongs to the territories of- sifs municipalitiess Braganga, Ourém, Yiseu, Carutapera, Candido Mendes.and Turiassu, The whole area shown on the map is 2,700,400 ha consisting ofs

a'. Water - . • . . . . . . . -.:'... . 491,300 ha . ' b'. Area located outside the forest type borders 1 ,440,300 ha c Area inside the forest type borders2

Temporary and permanently waterlogged ' soil covered bys.

Grass . -. . . . . -. 15,400 ha ' . ; . . - . Forest. . . . . . . . 27,900 ha Secondary forest or 'cultivation . . . . ha .

TOTAL . . . 43,300 ha

Terra firme covered bys Grass . 43,300 ha Caatinga forest- . . 211,200 ha Secondary forest and cultivation . . . . 26,200 ha

'. Virgin high.forest 444,300 ha '

• TOTAL- .. . -.- . .'. . . . .. -725.500 ha •

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The. same data can also he given-for the forest types separately. 'The borders of' the forest types arc the heavy dark'linon on the /"I-fopa Topografica G Florestäl" and the borders'of .the map. -.

'• FOHJDST TYPES" ''. ,

Piria"

'a'. Water . .-• . . . . . . . . . . . •• . '. ••. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •••800 ha b . Tempor ta ry or pe rmanen t ly , w a t e r l o g g e d ' . so i l . , cove r e d by s "'' •' -V'-Gräss" •'.- •••. ••'. •.•VV'.7T;\'. T . . . ; • ." .' . . . 3,700 ha

Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,800 ha Secondary forest and cultivation . . .... . . ... •'

c. • Terra ;'f irme- covered bys Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 ha Caatinga forest . . . . . . . . . . . . 34*600 ha Secondary forest and' cultivation '. . . . . •. ... 4?500 ha

. Virgin high forest . . . . . 169,500 ha

TOTAL of type 223,400 ha

Gurupl

av Water 1 ,600 ha b. Temporary or permanently waterlogged soil covered by;

Grass . -. •. -. •. ' •. •. . •. •. •. •. •. . Forest . Secondary forest and cultivation

c. Terra firm© covered bys Grass . . . . Caatinga forest Secondary forest and' cultivation • •. « • «

11,600 ha 9,100-ha

41,600 ha 172,500 ha 17,700 ha

Virgin high forest 124,900 ha

0 TOTAL of type . 379.000 ha

Maracassumé *

a'. Water " 1,200 ha b . Temporary or p e r m a n e n t l y w a t e r l o g g e d s o i l covered bys -•'>-.••• Grass-. •.- •. . ' . .• . . • V ..'. . . •/.-. . .'. .'..•.. 100

Forest . . . '•. •. •. . . '. . , '. ..' ' 10,000- ha c. Secondary forest and cultivation •. .'• . . •. '. •. . . '. 4*000 ha

"' Virgin high forest . . . . ' . . . . . . . . 150,400 ha

TOTAL of type 165,700 ha

It must be kept in mind t'hat the photo-interpretatiors were made from photographs taken in 1943-1944. It is very possible", therefore, that the cultivated areas have changed, considerably and, as a consequence, also that the area given for virgin forest, is no longer correct.

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D. POPULATION AND PRODUCTION

38. Of' the six municipalities with +• - -i+.prios on this map'j only a part of-.. "the territories of tho municipal!tiop of Our.ori,•."¥!sou, Carutapora,- Candidb 'Monde's and Turiaeu is show . Tho'data on tho nunber .of people living in the municipalities aret'rui che 1940 and 1950 census, the other data are from an estimate ma-de .by the Statistical. Service of Brazils •••••••• --••-

•Living in and or Living'in the 'Density near.the village rural area 'per km2

6,776 - '•' 41',4'29 . 11'.2 9,75'2 . 43,136 '"13,4 ';

M u n i c i p a l i t i e s . Total Populat ion

Braganca; 1940

.1950 1956

48,205 • 5 7 , 8 8 8

Ourem % •

' • 1 9 4 0 •" ' 1950 1956

'10,444 . 13,423

Carutaperas 1940

• 1950 ' 1956

17,434-19,8.93

Candido Mendess 1940 •" 1950

".. 1956 , ' 11,373 • 12,614 .

Turiacus 1940 ' 1950

...... • . . .- . . . 1 9 5 6 .. 12,890 •

- 1-4,-297-

TOTAL

1,379 " . • ' •'• 9,065 " • 1',8 • 840- ' ' 12,583 ' 2.3

2,819 '• , 14,615 1'.0 3,2'95 " . 16,-59? .' ' -1.2

.•2,388 8,985 ••"'1'.99 • • . • - - • . • • ' - • . _ • 2 . 2 1 •

— _ —' 1,289 • 11,601 1'.67

' . - • . ' • 1.85

1950 125,736 20,748 ' 104,988' .

• / • . ..

39« For - the area under 'permanent shifting'cultivation data are available from 1'January 1945 and 1 "January 1950. These are' driven in the 'table 'below, which at the same time shows-tho area other than owned by the State.

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Area under cultivation

Branganga

'1945 1950

Ourem

1945 1950

Permanent

ha

Vieeu

1945 • 1950

Carupatera 1945 1950

Candido Mendes

1.945 •1950

Turiagu

1945 1950

48 998

2

185

77 24

85

9

17

?

116

Temporary

ha

23', 110" 12,662

3', 88 6 4,829

1,933 • 878

3,721

904

?

3J747

Area ov/ned other than by the State

• '% of ^he total of ha the JJ/Liaiicipality

•104,584

• 85,005

4,098

125,940

1,770

3,882

24^3

'?

14.5

o 20.22

0.4

0.3

0.5

Ac the difference in tino "botrrccn the two concuc in rather short, it -romaino to be seen whether the data correctly'reflect a longer term trend. Care must be taken in interpreting the differences. These data are 'based on rough estimates. The data concerning the properties are correct. .From the forestry point of view the percentages as given in the table are interesting, since they give an id.ea of'how much land io still owned by the State.

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40. Data from the agriculture census of 1 January 1940 and 1 January 1950 show the number of domestic animals in the municipa^itiess-

£ •.' • "

C a t t l e Horses Donkeys and

mules Swine Sheep Goats Fowl

Braganca 1940 1950

8', 946 12 ,663

4 ,042 • 148

112 106

16,198 25 ,746

583 678

174 1,201

165,441 268 ,755

Ourem • ;

1940 1950

1,397 389

•495 1

31 8 .764 10,724

41 6 28

384 42

43 ,754 51 ,779

V i s e u 1940 1950

2 ,634 1,289

•244 3

25 14

4 ,857 2 ,980

14 13 .

. 220 14

30 ,600 10 ,680

C a r u t a p e r a 1940 1950 1955

3 ,978 7 ,300

101 810

18 487

4 ,221 7 ,200 70

245 1,400

19 ,169

Candido Mendes 1940 1950 1955

2 ,308 21 _

2 ,017 - 36 8 ,399

Tur iaclä 1940 1950 1955 •

. 6 ,372 10,000

332 400

3 570

12,318 10 ,000

123 220

155 '310

19,500

For Cand'ido Mendes, Caratupera and Turiagu data were available only for 1950 and 1955-

41» In order to obtain an impression as to the quantities of agricultural products these municipalities produce, data are given for the year 1949 taken from the agriculture census of 1 January 1950. Data for the municipalities of Caratupera, Cardido Mendes and Turiacxï were obtained from the Statistical Service in Sao Luiz«

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•1.68- ... 550- 811 '61 826

"923'": ':'T27' , ; '- 278-•'-'-• 162 729

29 ,378 8", 186 9 ,115 ' 21jÓ60 '•••• '• 4 , 4 0 7 '

Braganga Purem Visou Caratupora Candido Mendes Turiagü

Milk (-100,1) 2,349-

Eggs ' " (TÖÖ'"'dozens) 3 ,628 '

Bananas (bunches) 107,187

Cocoa (1 ,000 kg) 2 - - • ••—•

C o c o n u t s ( n o s . o f

•••nuts) 5,28-7 234 , - 24.CÖ0 : 1,200 96 ,300

Oranges ( 1 0 0 ' s ) 70.831 4 , 1 6 5 - .736 10,843 1,243 2 , 7 4 2

Rice ( 1 , 0 0 0 k g ) 5,941 2,941 - 50 359 ' 239 400

Mandioca ( " ») 71 ,637 14,261 2 , 2 9 9 7 ,635 ' 3 ,283 . 1 3 , 5 U

Com ( " ") 5 ,856 1,947 . 22 626 3 4 0 . . 1,125

Sugar •(•» ") 5,656 1,852 352 549 ' 275

F l o u r . •( " •"') 16 ,479 • 5 ,004 -70.9 2 ,300 ' 972 ' • 958

4 2 , Data on' t h e p r o d u c t s e x t r a c t e d from t h e f o r e s t s , by t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n a p p e a r below.- The Üa ta a r e g iven f o r 1949, t a k e n from t h e 1 J a n u a r y 1950 a g r i c u l t u r a l c e n s u s . . •

Puelwood • . m3

C h a r c o a l 1,000 kg

18 ,293

"Viga's" . . " P o s t e s " S l e e p e r s . n o s . n o s . ' n o s .

S t a t e ' of Pa r e ' . 1 , 9 8 2 , 5 1 3

C h a r c o a l 1,000 kg

18 ,293 235 ,035 46 ,167 : 140 ,473

S t a t e of Maranhao ' 501,594 ' .15 ,043 -' 127,604 .3,982' 219 ,908

Braganga 33 ,716 390 768 • - 120

Ourem 63,900 - ; - ; - • • • • -

V i s c u - - - - - '

C a r a t u p e r a • • 355 12 - • ' - ~

Candido Mondes - - ' ' _ • • • _ . _

T u r i a g ü 8,-31.6 - - • ' • . - . ' . ~ •

T o t a l of M u n i c i p a l i t i e s ' 106,287 402 768 . ' - - - 120

fc of t o t a l of s S t a t e of Pard 4 . 9 $ 2 . 1 $ 0 , 3 ^ • . 0$ 0 . 8 $

'•' Maranhao ' •• ••• 1 , 7 5 * •'• 0 . 0 7 ^ • 0$ . \ :Ofo .. . •• Ofo

Rotes "Vigas"and " p o n t e s " a r e s q u a r e d t imb or made e i t h e r by hand w i t h t] an axe o r sawn. Dimensions a r e a s follow.? . . ^ v i g a s " ' app rox ima te ly 15 x 15 cm by 4 . 6 m; " p o s t e s " a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 x 20 cm by 5 m.

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• Corresponding Logs' Volume' of logs Sawn volume of logs "by nos, no.x 1.5 m3 timber output 50/̂ in m3

State of Pard 268,689. 403.034 . 115*735 231.470

" Maranhao ' 2,568 3,852 _ ? ' ? ;

Braganca 5 8 - -

Ourem 3.460 5.190 - _

Viseu - • — - -

Caratupera - -• - -

Candido Mendes - - ' _ , . • ' _ •

Turiacü . - - — —

As can "be seen from the tables, there is practically no production of logs, charcoal,"vigas", ' "postes" and sleepers, in the Caeté-Maracassumé" region. This underlines- the statement earlier in this report that the region is an" isolated one. The production of rubber, macaran'duba, latex, castanha do Parä and ucuuba seed is of negligeable quantities'. • -The local population extract more products from the forest than'appears, in the • statistical data-. A welcome addition to diet is, f or .instance game., specially for people, living in the rural districts. Much of the fruit consumed also comes -from the forests ,mainly palm fruits. For house building-^ besides wood (mostly sticks and; poles) palm leaves are used for covering walls and roofs. For roof covering the so-called "cavacos" - wooden shingles' about 15 cm long - are' used somotiaos (of such species as Acapti, Jarana, Quaruba, Andiroba). Lianas are used for baskets, hats and furniture f they are' also transported to Boldm,

E, THE SWAMP OR IGAPO FORZSTS

43. Bo sides the "terra i'irmo" the following forests wore also found;.

a.. Mangrove forest. Thu baric of the mangrove trees is sometimes used by the l'eather industry for tanning. .The wood produces an'excellent charcoal. In this area, especially in the northern part,.in the inlands in the Atlantic Ocean and'bordering the mouths of the rivers,, "gaitc large areas, of mangrove forest wore encountered. Invariably with the iuangroves aviconnia is found, a little further inland on higher ground« Along the ' rivers avicennia was always encountered further upstream than the mangroves. The forest maps•annexed give the extent of the penetration of .mangroves and avicennia in. the rivers Piria, Gurupi and Maracasoumó.'

b. btripr; oi igapc or •.;•..-. ;.ip vor ,;;t .-:.r.u found along th . riv.ae-ü o.:.i''. cr iff.::::,, ' th occupy comparatively small areas. Everywhere these forests make a poor impression.' Their main species ares Anani (Symphonia. globulifera), some Andirobas (Carapa guianensis) mostly -along the borders of the bigger rivers

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and'at'the border of the igapó and the ' terra f irme' , Imbaub'a (Cocropia spec.) along .the borders of the bigger rivers and creeksj ' Bombax tacorna and Tabula species., Genipapo (Genipa anicricana) e.o-. • These-forest strips ;:,r*j" riliiw- -:±y. .C. ..dt!; r.'uc.h. pains as '.'̂ .-/aritriic/ ii..£koca, a,".j '. ut jrpo sp._

F, . THE DRY LAND OR ' 'TERRA FIRMB' FOREST

44, . Bordering the savannahs aihd sometimes isolated amidst the dry land forest,' patches of savannah' pr caatinga forest were found. Sometimes-' rather large areas were covered with caatinga forest especially in the northern part of the. region, bast.of the Gurupi, between the Gurupi and' Maracassumé. and east; of the Maracassumé. At present there is no evidence that these caatinga forests, in which the biggest trees mostly do not have a'DBH of more than 25 cm? are of any-commercial value, 'For this reason the forest were not sampled. • • ' '

Regarding the possibilities for' wood 'transportation from the forest or the mill to Belém',.and Sao Luiz it can be said' that it would be very difficult.' At the 'mouths, of. the three rivers are many rocks and sandbanks. Because the trip by normal launch out to sea is considered very risky, these launches always travel between the islands along the coast, where, however,some, of the passages are'very narrow and shallow. None of the "'available launches make trips out to sea to Belem, so it-'would be necessary to transport logs or timber first by launch to Braganca, there load it onto truks and then take it by truck to Belémp a cumbersome and expensive m e t h o d , .:''-•:...• .'."'.-'.•.-.. ..- ..-.- ' .•.-... ",

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If- the gross volume- and the. composition are so economically favourable (it isvpossible tha