of anchor wedge parameters on post strand...
TRANSCRIPT
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Effects of Anchor Wedge Dimensional Parameters on Post‐Tensioning Strand Performance
Kevin Q. Walsh, Randy L. Draginis, Richard M. Estes, and Yahya C. Kurama
PTI ConventionNorfolk, VirginiaMay 6, 2014
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2002 – 2007Brad Weldon PhD Research at ND
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2007 – 2009Kevin Walsh MS Research at ND
• Questions:
– How is PT strand/anchor performance affected by changes in anchorage configuration?
– How is PT strand/anchor performance affected by changes in loading parameters?
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2007 – 2009Kevin Walsh MS Research at ND
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2007 – 2009Kevin Walsh MS Research at ND
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12Time (min.)
Stre
ss (p
si)
0.85fpu
0.40fpu
144”
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2007 – 2009Kevin Walsh MS Research at ND
230000
240000
250000
260000
270000
280000
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05Fracture Strain (in./in.)
Frac
ture
Str
ess
(psi
)
ICC (0.5") CYC (0.5")ICC (0.6") CYC (0.6")
Component PublicationRequired Strength (ksi)
Required Strain at
Ultimate Load
Strand/Anchor System
ACI 318‐08 Section 18.21.1 0.95fnominal 2.0%
Strand/Anchor System
ACI 423.7‐07 Section 2.6 0.95factual 2.0%
Strand/Anchor System
ACI 423.3R‐05 Section 4.1 0.95factual 2.0%
Strand/Anchor System
PTI‐2000Section 2.2.1 0.95factual 2.0%
230000
240000
250000
260000
270000
280000
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05Fracture Strain (in./in.)
Frac
ture
Str
ess
(psi
)
Without Ring (0.5") With Ring (0.5")Without Ring (0.6") With Ring (0.6")
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2007 – 2009Kevin Walsh MS Research at ND
• Additional question:
– How can strand/anchor performance be reliably improved?
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2007 – 2009Kevin Walsh MS Research at ND
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.061.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
Ultimate strand
strain
(in./in.)
Wedge height, Hw (in.)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
Ultimate strand
strain
(in./in.)
Anchor taper angle, ATA (degrees)
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2010 ‐ 2013Hayes Research at ND
Wedge taper angle differential Wedge crown thickness
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Wedge Taper Angle Differential
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Wedge Taper Angle Differential
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Wedge Taper Angle Differential
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Wedge Thickness Measured at Crown
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Wedge Thickness Measured at Crown
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Wedges Tested
6.87.07.27.47.67.88.08.28.48.68.8
0.46
0
0.47
0
0.48
0
0.49
0
0.50
0
0.51
0
0.52
0
0.53
0
0.54
0
0.55
0
0.56
0
Wed
ge ta
per a
ngle, W
A(degrees)
Wedge crown thickness, WT (in.)0.5‐in. strand samples 0.6‐in. strand samples
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Wedges Tested
6.87.07.27.47.67.88.08.28.48.68.8
0.46
0
0.47
0
0.48
0
0.49
0
0.50
0
0.51
0
0.52
0
0.53
0
0.54
0
0.55
0
0.56
0
Wed
ge ta
per a
ngle, W
A(degrees)
Wedge crown thickness, WT (in.)0.5‐in. strand samples 0.6‐in. strand samples
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Strand Tested
Component PublicationRequired Strength (ksi)
Required Strain at Ultimate Load
Strand ASTM A416‐06 Section 6
1.00fnominal,factual > fnominal
3.5%
Strand/Anchor System
ACI 318‐08 Section 18.21.1 0.95fnominal 2.0%
Strand/Anchor System
ACI 423.7‐07 Section 2.6 0.95factual 2.0%
Strand/Anchor System
ACI 423.3R‐05 Section 4.1 0.95factual 2.0%
Strand/Anchor System
PTI‐2000Section 2.2.1 0.95factual 2.0%
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Strand Tested
• VIDEO
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Strand Tested for Free‐Length Failure
Strand spool as (in2)fpm,free-length
(ksi)εpf,free-length E (ksi)
0.5A 0.149 286.7 0.0736 28,028
0.5F 0.151 285.5 0.0726 28,767
0.5G 0.151 287.6 0.0680 29,874
0.6A 0.219 280.9 0.0752 27,872
0.6F 0.218 282.5 0.0677 28,811
0.6G 0.220 285.2 0.0675 28,985
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Test Program
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Dimensional Parameters versus Performance
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.46
0
0.46
5
0.47
0
0.47
5
0.48
0
0.48
5
0.49
0
0.49
5
0.50
0
Ultimate strand
strain (in./in.)
Wedge thickness, WT (in.)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
Ultimate strand
strain (in./in.)
Wedge taper angle, WA (degrees)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.52
0
0.52
5
0.53
0
0.53
5
0.54
0
0.54
5
0.55
0
0.55
5
0.56
0
Ultimate strand
strain (in./in.)
Wedge thickness,WT (in.)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.066.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
Ultimate strand
strain (in./in.)
Wedge taper angle, WA (degrees)
0.5‐in strand (optimal 8.00±0.25 degrees)
0.5‐in strand (optimal 0.484±0.010 in.) 0.6‐in strand (optimal 0.548±0.010 in.)
0.6‐in strand (optimal 8.10±0.40 degrees)
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.520
0.525
0.530
0.535
0.540
0.545
0.550
0.555
0.560
Coefficient of variatio
n, CV, of
ultim
ate strand
strains
Average wedge thickness, WT (in.)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.460
0.465
0.470
0.475
0.480
0.485
0.490
0.495
0.500
Coefficient of variatio
n, CV, of
ultim
ate strand
strains
Average wedge thickness, WT (in.)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8Coefficient of variatio
n, CV, of
ultim
ate strand
strains
Average wedge taper angle, WA (degrees)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.76.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8Coefficient of variatio
n, CV, of
ultim
ate strand
strains
Average wedge taper angle, WA (degrees)
Dimensional Parameters versus Variation in Performance
0.5‐in strand (optimal 8.00±0.25 degrees)
0.5‐in strand (optimal 0.484±0.010 in.) 0.6‐in strand (optimal 0.548±0.010 in.)
0.6‐in strand (optimal 8.10±0.40 degrees)
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Statistical Validation of ResultsStrand spool
Anchor Wedge # of testsWedge taper
angle WA(degrees)
Wedge thicknessWT (in.)
Average ultimate strain (in./in.)
p-valuep-value <
0.05
0.5A BarrelStd. 15 6.98 - 7.03 0.468 - 0.469 0.0218
3.17E-06 YesOpt. 15 8.03 - 8.04 0.487 - 0.489 0.0357
0.5A CastStd. 9 7.00 - 7.02 0.467 - 0.469 0.0122
3.26E-04 YesOpt. 9 8.03 - 8.06 0.487 - 0.489 0.0291
0.5G BarrelStd. 10 6.99 - 7.02 0.466 - 0.470 0.0182
1.60E-08 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.487 - 0.489 0.0511
0.5G CastStd. 10 6.99 - 7.02 0.466 - 0.470 0.0126
3.20E-05 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.487 - 0.489 0.0399
0.6A BarrelStd. 20* 6.99 - 7.03 0.528 - 0.531 0.0292
6.14E-04 YesOpt. 20 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0400
0.6A CastStd. 9 7.00 - 7.01 0.529 - 0.531 0.0138
9.62E-04 YesOpt. 9 8.03 - 8.04 0.549 - 0.550 0.0298
0.6G BarrelStd. 10 6.99 - 7.01 0.528 - 0.531 0.0217
3.94E-02 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0297
0.6G CastStd. 10 6.99 - 7.01 0.528 - 0.531 0.0104
1.66E-03 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0246
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Statistical Validation of ResultsStrand spool
Anchor Wedge # of testsWedge taper
angle WA(degrees)
Wedge thicknessWT (in.)
Average ultimate strain (in./in.)
p-valuep-value <
0.05
0.5A BarrelStd. 15 6.98 - 7.03 0.468 - 0.469 0.0218
3.17E-06 YesOpt. 15 8.03 - 8.04 0.487 - 0.489 0.0357
0.5A CastStd. 9 7.00 - 7.02 0.467 - 0.469 0.0122
3.26E-04 YesOpt. 9 8.03 - 8.06 0.487 - 0.489 0.0291
0.5G BarrelStd. 10 6.99 - 7.02 0.466 - 0.470 0.0182
1.60E-08 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.487 - 0.489 0.0511
0.5G CastStd. 10 6.99 - 7.02 0.466 - 0.470 0.0126
3.20E-05 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.487 - 0.489 0.0399
0.6A BarrelStd. 20* 6.99 - 7.03 0.528 - 0.531 0.0292
6.14E-04 YesOpt. 20 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0400
0.6A CastStd. 9 7.00 - 7.01 0.529 - 0.531 0.0138
9.62E-04 YesOpt. 9 8.03 - 8.04 0.549 - 0.550 0.0298
0.6G BarrelStd. 10 6.99 - 7.01 0.528 - 0.531 0.0217
3.94E-02 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0297
0.6G CastStd. 10 6.99 - 7.01 0.528 - 0.531 0.0104
1.66E-03 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0246
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Statistical Validation of ResultsStrand spool
Anchor Wedge # of testsWedge taper
angle WA(degrees)
Wedge thicknessWT (in.)
Average ultimate strain (in./in.)
p-valuep-value <
0.05
0.5A BarrelStd. 15 6.98 - 7.03 0.468 - 0.469 0.0218
3.17E-06 YesOpt. 15 8.03 - 8.04 0.487 - 0.489 0.0357
0.5A CastStd. 9 7.00 - 7.02 0.467 - 0.469 0.0122
3.26E-04 YesOpt. 9 8.03 - 8.06 0.487 - 0.489 0.0291
0.5G BarrelStd. 10 6.99 - 7.02 0.466 - 0.470 0.0182
1.60E-08 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.487 - 0.489 0.0511
0.5G CastStd. 10 6.99 - 7.02 0.466 - 0.470 0.0126
3.20E-05 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.487 - 0.489 0.0399
0.6A BarrelStd. 20* 6.99 - 7.03 0.528 - 0.531 0.0292
6.14E-04 YesOpt. 20 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0400
0.6A CastStd. 9 7.00 - 7.01 0.529 - 0.531 0.0138
9.62E-04 YesOpt. 9 8.03 - 8.04 0.549 - 0.550 0.0298
0.6G BarrelStd. 10 6.99 - 7.01 0.528 - 0.531 0.0217
3.94E-02 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0297
0.6G CastStd. 10 6.99 - 7.01 0.528 - 0.531 0.0104
1.66E-03 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0246
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Statistical Validation of Results
230,000
240,000
250,000
260,000
270,000
280,000
290,000
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055Ultimate strand
stress (p
si)
Ultimate strand strain (in./in.)0.5A Cast Std. 0.5A Cast Opt.0.6A Cast Std. 0.6A Cast Opt.
230,000
240,000
250,000
260,000
270,000
280,000
290,000
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055Ultimate strand
stress (p
si)
Ultimate strand strain (in./in.)0.5G Barrel Std. 0.5G Barrel Opt.0.6G Barrel Std. 0.6G Barrel Opt.
230,000
240,000
250,000
260,000
270,000
280,000
290,000
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055Ultimate strand
stress (p
si)
Ultimate strand strain (in./in.)0.5G Cast Std. 0.5G Cast Opt.0.6G Cast Std. 0.6G Cast Opt.
230,000
240,000
250,000
260,000
270,000
280,000
290,000
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055Ultimate strand
stress (p
si)
Ultimate strand strain (in./in.)0.5A Barrel Std. 0.5A Barrel Opt.0.6A Barrel Std. 0.6A Barrel Opt.
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Statistical Validation of ResultsStrand spool
Anchor Wedge # of testsWedge taper
angle WA(degrees)
Wedge thicknessWT (in.)
Average ultimate strain (in./in.)
p-valuep-value <
0.05
0.5A BarrelStd. 15 6.98 - 7.03 0.468 - 0.469 0.0218
3.17E-06 YesOpt. 15 8.03 - 8.04 0.487 - 0.489 0.0357
0.5A CastStd. 9 7.00 - 7.02 0.467 - 0.469 0.0122
3.26E-04 YesOpt. 9 8.03 - 8.06 0.487 - 0.489 0.0291
0.5G BarrelStd. 10 6.99 - 7.02 0.466 - 0.470 0.0182
1.60E-08 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.487 - 0.489 0.0511
0.5G CastStd. 10 6.99 - 7.02 0.466 - 0.470 0.0126
3.20E-05 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.487 - 0.489 0.0399
0.6A BarrelStd. 20* 6.99 - 7.03 0.528 - 0.531 0.0292
6.14E-04 YesOpt. 20 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0400
0.6A CastStd. 9 7.00 - 7.01 0.529 - 0.531 0.0138
9.62E-04 YesOpt. 9 8.03 - 8.04 0.549 - 0.550 0.0298
0.6G BarrelStd. 10 6.99 - 7.01 0.528 - 0.531 0.0217
3.94E-02 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0297
0.6G CastStd. 10 6.99 - 7.01 0.528 - 0.531 0.0104
1.66E-03 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0246
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Statistical Validation of ResultsStrand spool
Anchor Wedge # of testsWedge taper
angle WA(degrees)
Wedge thicknessWT (in.)
Average ultimate strain (in./in.)
p-valuep-value <
0.05
0.5A BarrelStd. 15 6.98 - 7.03 0.468 - 0.469 0.0218
3.17E-06 YesOpt. 15 8.03 - 8.04 0.487 - 0.489 0.0357
0.5A CastStd. 9 7.00 - 7.02 0.467 - 0.469 0.0122
3.26E-04 YesOpt. 9 8.03 - 8.06 0.487 - 0.489 0.0291
0.5G BarrelStd. 10 6.99 - 7.02 0.466 - 0.470 0.0182
1.60E-08 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.487 - 0.489 0.0511
0.5G CastStd. 10 6.99 - 7.02 0.466 - 0.470 0.0126
3.20E-05 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.487 - 0.489 0.0399
0.6A BarrelStd. 20* 6.99 - 7.03 0.528 - 0.531 0.0292
6.14E-04 YesOpt. 20 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0400
0.6A CastStd. 9 7.00 - 7.01 0.529 - 0.531 0.0138
9.62E-04 YesOpt. 9 8.03 - 8.04 0.549 - 0.550 0.0298
0.6G BarrelStd. 10 6.99 - 7.01 0.528 - 0.531 0.0217
3.94E-02 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0297
0.6G CastStd. 10 6.99 - 7.01 0.528 - 0.531 0.0104
1.66E-03 YesOpt. 10 8.03 - 8.05 0.549 - 0.551 0.0246
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Conclusions and Recommendations• Increasing the wedge taper angle and
crown thickness can improve the ultimatestrand strain and potentially reduce thevariance
• Wedge taper angles with about a +1deg angle differential, 7 deg + 1 deg =8 deg (placed within an anchorhousing of about 7 degrees)
• Wedge crown thickness of about0.488 in. for the 0.5‐in. strandconfigurations and 0.549 in. for the0.6‐in. strand configurations
• For specimens tested in this program
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Conclusions and Recommendations
• Visual evidence shows that there is animproved (i.e., more uniform)distribution of stress transfer within theanchor
• Two different failure modes limit thestrain capacity of the PT strands – outerwire slippage through the anchor andwire fracture within the anchor
• Increasing the wedge taper angle orcrown thickness too far outside theeffective ranges results in exterior wireslips and reduced performance
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Conclusions and Recommendations
• No three‐piece wedgeswere tested in thecurrent study
• Two‐piece wedges maybe more desirable thanthree‐piece wedges
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Future and Ongoing Work• Slightly longer wedges with
increased crown thickness andtaper angle may be investigated
• FEM analysis of stressdistribution within anchor maybe investigated
• Wedge seating depth and itsrelationship to strand/anchorperformance is currently beinginvestigated at ND
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Acknowledgements• Norris Hayes and co‐author Randy Draginis of Hayes Industries Ltd.
in Sugar Land, Texas
• Steven Walsh, Eric Herbert, and co‐author Richard Estes atUniversity of Notre Dame
• Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates Inc. in Northbrook, Illinois & Dr.Neil Hawkins, Professor Emeritus at University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign
• Kevin’s employers: Auckland Council and Professor Jason Ingham atthe University of Auckland, New Zealand
• The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in thepresentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflectthe views of those acknowledged.
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Additional slides
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0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Ultimate strand
strain (in./in.)
Number of wire fractures
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ultimate strand
strain (in./in.)
Number of wire fractures
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ultimate strand
strain (in./in.)
Number of exterior wire slips
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ultimate strand
strain (in./in.)
Number of exterior wire slips
Failure Mode versus Performance
0.5‐in strand
0.5‐in strand 0.6‐in strand
0.6‐in strand
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Dimensional Parameters versus Failure Mode
0.5‐in strand
0.5‐in strand
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
Num
ber o
f wire
fractures
Wedge taper angle, WA (degrees)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.46
0
0.46
5
0.47
0
0.47
5
0.48
0
0.48
5
0.49
0
0.49
5
0.50
0
Num
ber o
f wire
fractures
Wedge thickness, WT (in.)