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HYDROBIOLOGY PRACTICAL MANUAL /WORK BOOK
COURSE TITLE:- HYDROBIOLOGY.COURSE CODE:- BIO 407COURSE UNIT:- 3UNITS
PREPARED BY PROF.R.T.IDOWUDEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA, FCT.
NIGERIA
HYDROBIOLOGY LABORATORY WORKBOOK AND FIELD MANUAL
INTRODUCTION
Hydrobiology is a practical Science. High quality, appropriate Hydrobiological
experiments , research and investigation are the keys to enhance learning ,
and clarification and consolidation of theory. Practical activities are not just
motivational and fun, they also enable students to apply and extend their
knowledge and understanding to aquatic ecology which can stimulate
interest and aid learning retention.
The Hydrobiology practical activities will give students an understanding of
how water bodies knowledge is generated by experiment and observation.
Hydrobiology Practical work is a key factor in engaging inspiring and
dedicated students to have interest in one of the aspects of Biological
Science. Appropriate Practical work of high quality is central to effective
learning of the components of aquatic bodies.
----It can also facilitate deep learning and understanding of different
Biodiversities and water quality Parameters.
------ It will stimulate creativity, curiosity, and critical thinking.
-----It underpins and illustrates concepts, knowledge and principles.
-----It promotes student engagement with the scientific method
-----Encourages active learning and problem solving
-----It allows collaborative work with other groups of students.
------It provides opportunities to collect, samples , analyze data and apply
statistical skills to interpret data gathered.
-----It illustrates the beauty of aquatic ecosystem and the complexities of
different water bodies.
The study of the Biodiversity from the smallest organisms to the largest
through the study of population and interactions with changing water quality
parameters can be observed and examined in the practical Hydrobiology.
It promotes networking and collaboration between schools, colleges,
universities and facilitates sharing of practice aim at enquiry-based practical
learning.
CHAPTER 2
RECOMMENDATION FOR A SERIOUS WORK IN PARCTICAL
HYDROBIOLOGY
Hydrobiology practical needs the support of technical staff and academic
staff. There is need for theoretical and practical training so that the students
can develop competence, and confidence to respond positively to the
working with Biological materials and equipments and to embrace the
opportunities afforded by the breadth and length of the hydrobiology course.
There is need for the students to have access to the experimental protocols
and guides to practical techniques, including resources for teaching and
research.
Students must dedicate their time and commitment to practical work.
There must be a well maintained, well equipped ,well designed, dedicated
laboratory spaces and access to local functioning aquatic ecosystem. .
The aquatic biodiversity includes all range of life forms at a particular hierarchical level
and is diminishing at an unprecedented rate due mostly to direct or indirect activities of
human on aquatic ecosystem. Aquatic biodiversity includes varieties of life forms
inhabiting both the surface and subsurface water bodies. Both limnology and
biodiversity cover studies of the physical, chemical and biological components that
governs the function and structure of aquatic communities. There has been a focus on
issues of climate change, biodiversity protection and sustainable development which
has aided the agenda for research and action over the next century. The Knowledge of
the component of biodiversity and water quality studies is an important tool in
determining availability and distribution of water, loss of species diversity, which is a
global concern because biodiversity plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of a
Nation. Such information will act as basis for better understanding of the pattern and
control on the distribution of organisms, the ecological history and sustainability,
management as well as conservation of the aquatic environment.
Understanding the aquatic ecosystem is very important especially since water is critical
to the survival of all life on earth. Without water, the earth will be a very different place;
therefore water is one of the most common naturally occurring chemical compound
available to man and a key resource for the habitability of the earth, where it is essential
in science, philosophy, and religion as well. Limnology deals with the study of inland
waters, their population and their interrelation with habitats, while Palaeohydrology is
the science of the waters of the earth, their composition, distribution and movement on
landscape .
CHAPTER 3 ACTIVITIES
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS:-
Researchers have to clearly understand what their goals are, and what and
how far they will research. it is desirable to make a work schedule in advance
Water quality analyses include the Physical, Chemical and biological
parameters. It is usually proceed in the following steps:
1 Confirming The objectives (2) Brainstorming (3) making Research Plan
(4)Doing Full research(5) Research analysis (6)Concluding the results
(8)Making reports,
Water-quality parameters
The parameters that characterize water quality maybe classified in several
ways, including:
(a) Physical properties, for example, temperature, electrical conductivity,
colour and turbidity;
(b) Elements of water composition, such as pH, alkalinity, hardness, Eh or the
partial pressure
of carbon dioxide;(c) Inorganic chemical components, for example, dissolved
oxygen, carbonate, bicarbonate ,chloride, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate,
ammonium, calcium, magnesium, sodium potassium, phosphate and heavy
metals;(d) Organic chemicals, for example, phenols ,chlorinated
hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides;
( i)Describe the importance of measuring water quality parameters in an
aquatic
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PLATE 1
PLATE 2 WATER QUALITY SAMPLING USING FABRICATED WATER SAMPLER
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 Describe the type of the water body in Plate
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(1b) What are the characteristics of the water body in Plate
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1c) Observe critically the colour of the water,, what can you
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PLATE 3
PLATE 4
2(a) Compare the two aquatic ecosystem in Plate 1 and 2 above.
2(b) Examine the water body in Plate 2 , Write briefly on the type of human
activities that can affect the water body.
(3a) List 4 features of Plate
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3 List some examples of Pollutants that may be constantly deposited in the
water
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4 List the different disciplines that are connected with the study of
Hydrobiology.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3 Discuss the importance of Water to a
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4 What are Oligotrophic Lakes? List some characteristics of Oligotrophic
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5 In a Tabular form, describe the differences between Eutrophic Lakes and
Oligotrophic lakes.
Oligotrophic Lake Eutrophic Lake
1 List all the major Physical Chemical factors of the aquatic Ecosystem’
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2 List all the components of Hydrological Cycle and state their functions.
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3 Define the Following Terms.
(a)
Precipitation------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-(b) Evaporation
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( c)
Condensation----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(d) Littoral
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4List the distribution of the World’s water and their percentage composition
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(b) What is
Percolation?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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CHAPTER 4
MAKE A VISIT TO A LOCAL WATER BODY WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY
PREMISES.
Fresh water ecology practical involves rivers, lakes, streams,
seasonal bodies of water, underground water deposits and the surrounding
areas.
1 Examine some of the water bodies within the University community.
2 Can you list all the types of water bodies observed?
3 Check the Littoral Zones of the aquatic ecosystem and list all the
different human activities in and around each water body.
4 Remove some aquatic macrophytes in and around the water bodies and
examine if there are other organisms inhabiting these macrophytes.
5 List some of the organisms that you can find on
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(b) With the aid of a thermometer, determine the temperature of the water
bodies at the edge of the water bodies, and at about 5cm deep. Can you
compare your results?
What are your
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d Examine some of the Morphometry structures of the water bodies and
record your values.
Water Body Length Breadth Depth Color
e What are Wetlands? Examine the University environment and check for
wetlands around.
f Examine the different types of water bodies around and classify them into
the following categories.
(i)Ephemeral Lotic
Water----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii)Intermittent Lotic
Water-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iii)Perennial Lotic
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(ii) Lentic
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iii) list the instruments for measuring the following water quality parameters
and write their units of measurement.
(a)Conductivity
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(b)Transparency-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(c )Dissolved
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(d)Density---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(e) Water
Current-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(f) Heavy
Metal----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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( 6)Examine the sediments within the water body around your locality and
check for the following:_
(a) The colour------------------------------------------------------------
(b) The Particle Sizes,---------------------------------------------------
( c) can you find any organisms in the sediment?---------------------------
CHAPTER 5
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS:-
How to sample and analyze Biological Organisms in the water body. Some of
the Biological parameters of aquatic ecosystem includes: Plankton, Fishes,
Macroinvertebrates, Macrophytes, Benthos etc.
Plankton word is taken from Greek word Plankton meaning wandering and is
used to refer to those pelagic forms which are carried about by the
movement of water rather than by their own ability to swim. The plant
components of the plankton are termed phytoplankton while the animal
components are termed zooplankton, . Most planktons are microscopic in
size, although few quiet large species occurs in nature’
(7)List some examples of Plankton that can be found in the water
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Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Sampling and Enumeration in Fresh Water.
Phytoplankton are sampled with triplicate tow by using a 30 cm diameter conical
plankton net (96µm mesh) from the surface Where the water bodies are shallow,
fabricated barrel shaped plankton sampler can be used.. The samples should be fixed
with Lugol’s solution and then preserved with ethanol at a final concentration of 4%
Formalin. Identifications can be carried out on Wild Photographic Olympus microscope
(AH Vanox 7) and a binocular microscope model BH2. The cell counts should be at 300
× magnifications for two 0.05ml subsamples without concentration. Mean cell volumes is
to be estimated for all general from the measurements of 20-80 cells applied to
common geometric shapes.
PHYTOPLAKTON IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION
Phytoplankton can be identified to species level where possible by using identification
book. For phytoplankton and zooplankton enumeration and numbers per litre, five
subsamples should be taken and the mean number of the individuals per ml will be
computed. Organism concentration per litre will calculate. Monthly mean density of
phytoplankton and zooplankton for each station can also be calculated. Counting should
be done with sedimentation chambers with volumes of 5-100ml. The cell count shall be
made at 300 × magnifications for two 0.05ml subsamples without concentration. Mean
cell volumes will be estimated for all general from the measurements of 20-80 cells
applied to common geometric shape. Cell counts can be converted to bio volume.
Average density, species composition and abundance should be calculated. The
following indices are very necessary to be calculated Shannon-Wiener diversity Index
(H) and categorized according to cell size presence of a gelatinous sheath Densities of
Phytoplankton should be examined statistically .
Seasonal variation between stations and between period of sampling can be
examined with respect to some environmental variables. The relationship between the
species composition of the zooplankton and phytoplankton with environmental variables
will be correlated .
Ostracods collection and Analysis.
Ostracods are sampled semi quantitatively by sweeping the bottom (superficial
sediment and adjacent water column of each water body using a rectangular hand net
(25x15cm , mesh size:0.150 µm) at two to six sampling points ,depending on the area,
and immediately preserved in 70% ethanol. Ostracods abundance canl be standardized
for all water bodies and expressed as number of individuals per sampling unit . All
materials will be washed through 3 standardized sieves (1.0mm, 0.5mm and 0.25mm
mesh sizes and kept in 70% ethanol. Ostracods and other invertebrates are
bhandpicked under a stereomicroscope. Species identification should done by using
soft body parts and carapace structures of specimens dissected in the lactophenol
solution .
Macroinvertebrate collection and Analysis.
Samples for the macroinvertebrates study can be obtained from different habitat types
such as the littoral, zones, pooledges, submerged macrophytes, stones and crevices of
aquatic habitat. Samples can be collected from all sites in the study area with a hand
dip net of diameter 320x250 mm opening and 0.5mm mesh sizes. The substratum
should be disturbed to dislodge the specimen while holding the collecting net facing the
disturbed area. Stones are to be moved by kicking with feet, overturned and scrubbed
with hands to collect the specimen. Fallen branches and submerged woods lying in the
shallow parts of the water should also be removed and examined . Specimen found
will be collected with a pair of forceps. Soft sediments will be sampled with serrated
cylindrical substrate sampler. The samples collected are kept in different labelled
polythene bags and preserved with 70% ethanol and brought to the laboratory.
Collected will be washed through 0.14mm, 0.15mm 0.16mm and 0.17 mm pore sieves.
Larval forms will be sorted under a wild M420 binocular microscope and all the
organisms will be sorted into main taxonomic groups by using available Literatures for
identifying the Ostracods.. The means of the total numbers and their percentage
compositions as well as abundance can also be analyzed by using Shannon Wienner
diversity and Simpson index Comparison of data between station and sampling period
will be done using One-way
Aquatic Macrophytes Sampling and Identification.
Macrophytes are large plants that may dominate in fresh waters and
wetlands, littoral zones of shallow lakes and streams. The majority of aquatic
macrophytes are flowering plants (angiosperms) but also include Ferns and
Mosses, Liverworts, algae.
Some are classified into Freefloatin, Emergent, Submerged and Fring.
Aquatic Plants contribute to maintaining the key functions and related
biodiversity in freshwater ecosystem. and to provide the needs of human
society. Most aquatic species are phylogenetically descended from terrestrial
plants that have later adapted to aquatic life. The methodology for collection
identification of the aquatic macrophyte or vegetation to be studied
should be well stated. Methods of collection, identification of
vegetations ,the species composition and grouping into Family, Species
especially the aquatic ones into floating. Submerged, emergent,and fringing
macrophytes should be indicated. The results of the vegetations data
collected ,Vegetation distribution could be presented in form of checklist.
Aquatic macrophytes will be observed upon as either beneficial part of the aquatic
ecosystem or frustrating nuisance, especially those that have a choking effect on
biodiversity, fishing and swimming. Their habitats and types should be critically
examined, observed and recorded. The methods of collection of plant species, with their
fruits, seeds and roots by hand and rakes in and around the sampling sites should be
followed After collection, they can be kept in polythene bags and carried to the
laboratory for further identification. In the laboratory, the plants collected will be
identified to species level (whenever possible) using the available identification keys
from recent literature.
Draw well named diagrams of 10 Zooplankton and 10 Phytoplankton organisms that
can be found in a freshwater.