OECD WORKSHOP ON COMPETITIVE CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

International Energy Agency, Paris - 30 November 2007

Ivana Capozza, Marco MagrassiMinistry of Economic Development

Evaluation Unit

Climate change mitigation policy at city level:

the Italian experience

Outline

Climate change impact on Italian cities

Greenhouse gas emissions at national and urban levels in Italy

Attitudes of municipalities in dealing with environmental and climate change issues

Examples on energy and transport

EU funds

Climate change impact on Italian cities

Average temperature 1961-90 Average temperature 2007 Average change

Average temperature Jan-Jun 2007 Average temperature: a comparison 1961/90 – 1997/2007

2007 has been exceptional, but there is an overall negative trend

Heat waves + tropical nights affect every day life and have negative health impacts

Greenhouse gas emissions

Italian Kyoto target in 2008 - 2012: -6.5% (base year 1990)

However, increasing GHG emissions: +12% in 1990-2004

Emissions at city level? Problems

No national monitoring system assessing municipal GHG emissions

National Env. Agengy estimates provincial emissions on a 5-year basis

Only a few regional inventories and comparability problems

Italian provinces differ one another and provincial data are a good proxy for municipal emissions only in a few cases

Per capita CO2 emissions at provincial level (2005)

Population density

(inhab./km2)

Percapita CO2

emissions (kt/inhab.)

Power plants + industry

Road transport

Other transport

modes

Non industrial combustion (households and services)

Bergamo 380 7.9 3.6 2.0 0.2 1.8Brescia 247 7.8 3.0 2.3 0.3 2.0Como 440 7.0 2.8 1.8 0.1 2.1Cremona 197 8.5 2.8 2.4 0.6 2.6Lecco 398 6.1 1.9 2.1 0.1 2.0Lodi 271 19.8 13.9 3.4 0.4 2.1Mantova 168 29.3 24.3 2.0 0.7 2.2Milano 1,950 5.6 1.8 1.6 0.1 2.0Pavia 174 15.1 10.0 2.2 0.4 2.4Sondrio 56 3.5 0.5 2.0 0.1 0.9Varese 708 7.9 3.3 1.9 0.5 2.1

Bari 310 7.5 4.8 1.8 0.2 0.7Brindisi 220 54.1 51.5 1.3 0.8 0.5Foggia 95 7.7 3.4 3.1 0.5 0.7Lecce 293 5.8 3.9 1.3 0.1 0.5Taranto 239 45.7 43.1 1.5 0.5 0.5

Lombardy

Puglia

Attitudes of municipalities – Aalborg Commitments

Municipalities have traditionally played an important role in managing environmental matters (mainly wastes, waste water treatment, green areas and urban transport)

Italian local governments show a high commitment towards sustainable urban development

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

Spain Portugal Italy Sweden Finland Greece Norway Denmark

Aalborg Commitments signatories per million inhabitants (2007)

1452 local governments have started a LA21 planning process (75% municipalities)

78% abandoning rate (financial reasons)

85% are in Central and Northern Italy

Action plan implementation is ongoing in some 30% of cases

19% LA21 take account of Kyoto targets

2% of local governments involved in LA21 also have a specific climate change programme

Attitudes of municipalities – Local Agenda 21

Attitudes of municipalities

Public investments in urban or light railways in some major cities (Milan, Rome, Naples)

Municipal energy plans

Several support measures for “clean” energy, industrial and household efficiency, sustainable transport at central and regional level

No comprehensive and specific climate change policy at urban level, but

Sector-specific approach, focusing on energy and urban transport, non necessarily linked to climate concerns, e.g:

Examples - Energy

24 provincial capital cities over 111 adopted the Municipal energy plan (4 in the South)

Solar thermal and photovoltaic power are still under-used (especially in the South) but increasing interest

10 cities have district heating serving more than 100 inhabitants in 1.000 (0 in the South)

No link between energy plan and city performance

Urban transportPublic and private tansportation in Italian cities by macro-regions in (2006)

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Annual public transportation passengers per inhabitant

Lig

ht

du

ty v

ehic

les

per

1.0

00 i

nh

abit

ants

Central and Northern Italy Southern Italy Italian average

Milan

Venice

Rome

Bari

Perugia

Genova

Naples

Urban transport

EU Funds “for” climate change in cities – 2000-06

Regions Cities Total climate challenge

ERDR expenditure in the city (M€)

Total ERDF expenditure in the city

(M€)

Climate challenge over total ERDF in the city

(%)

Sardegna Cagliari 69.2 463.3 14.9

Taranto 4.1 215.3 1.9

Molise Campobasso 0.04 66.7 0.1

Puglia

Calabria

Basilicata Potenza

Reggio Calabria

Catanzaro

Salerno

NapoliCampania

12.4

105.0

30.5

Sicilia

Bari

Catania

Palermo 1,049.6 1.2

150.9 544.5 27.7

366.5 28.6

833.2 1,598.6 52.1

190.2 16.0

2.5 305.7 0.8

3.6 337.6 1.1

12.1 464.9 2.6

Underground, urban and suburban railways - Buses and tramlines - Cycling lanes - Network efficiency and energy saving - Solar energy

EU Funds “for” climate change in cities – 2000-06

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Bari

Cagliar

i

Campobas

so

Catania

Catanz

aro

Napoli

Palerm

o

Poten

za

Reggio

Calabria

Salern

o

Taran

to

Buses and tramlines Cycling lanes

Network efficiency and energy saving Solar energy

Underground Urban and suburban railways

Few regional programmes explicitly focus on urban areas

Several matters can go under the climate challenge headingTotal FESR resources

(M€)

Climate challenge

FESR resources

(M€)

Climate challenge share (%)

Percapita climate

challenge FESR (€)

Piemonte 426,1 136,6 32 31,39Valle D'Aosta 19,5 3,2 16 25,64Lombardia 210,9 57,2 27 6,00Liguria 168,1 17,8 11 11,05Prov. Trento 19,3 10,0 52 19,72Prov. Bolzano 26,0 8,0 31 16,43Veneto 207,9 51,6 25 10,81Friuli Venezia Giulia 74,1 10,5 14 8,69Emilia Romagna 128,1 29,4 23 6,95Toscana 338,5 94,2 28 25,89Umbria 150,0 31,9 21 36,59Marche 112,9 22,7 20 14,79Lazio 371,8 168,0 45 30,58Abruzzo 139,8 26,3 19 20,05Molise 70,8 8,3 12 25,84Campania 3.432,4 592,5 17 102,33Puglia 2.619,0 311,5 12 76,54Basilicata 300,9 25,6 9 43,29Calabria 1.499,1 210,0 14 105,12Sicilia 3.269,8 826,0 25 164,64Sardegna 680,7 134,6 20 81,11

EU Funds “for” climate change in cities – 2007-13

Railways

Conclusions

Patchwork geography of local climate challenge policies

Difficulties in having an overall picture

Few cities appear to be really committed

Sectoral views and scarce financial resources: different thematic strategies are perceived as alternative investments

Investments and actions are mainly linked to economic and social concerns

Opportunities: something is moving

Increasing interest and policy tools and resources made available by central and regional governments

Cities can use these tools withing an integrated approach

It is a question of management capacity and governance