0

gMTHIS

BOOK IS PRESENT IN OUR LIBRARY THROUGH THE GENEROUS

CONTRIBUTIONS OF ST. MICHAEL'S ALUMNI TO THE VARSITY

FUND

HOMEJR.BUSTIN

THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, NAPLES

HOMERTHE ODYSSEYWITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BVA. T.

MURRAY

PRorsssoR or qrbek, Stanford onivkrsitv, CALiroRMiA

IN

TWO VOLUMES1

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESSLONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTDMCMXLV

First printed 1919 Reprinted 1924, 1927, 1930, 1938, 1945

AUG 2 4 1945

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

CONTENTSPAOB

INTRODUCTION

viixiii1

BIBLIOGKAPUY

BOOK BOOK

I

II

3668106

BOOK

III

BOOK IV

BOOK V

170

BOOKBOOKBOOK

VIVIIVIII,

206

232258

BOOK IX

302344o

BOOK XBOOK XI

386,

BOOK

XII

432

INTRODUCTIONThe name "Hoiner"city to city

brings before the

mind a

definite picture of the blind minstrel,

roaming from

and singing or chanting portions of thesplendidly represented by the bust of

great poems that are traditionally ascribed to him.

Such a type

is

Homer

in the

Naples Museum, and almost

all

thatit is

tradition tells of the poet, save in so far as

made up

of statements regarding his date

whichand

in turn rest

upon combinations often demonstrablyitself

false groupsis

about such a typical

figure,

plainly without historic worth.

The ancient " lives " of Homer which have come down to us are all later than the beginning of the Christian era, and from them we can gather littlethat

has any claim

to

attention

except the two

statements that

Homer was ancities

Ionian

Chios

and

Smyrna being thebirthplace;

most uniformly given"sons of

as his

and that

in Chios thereis,

was a guild or

clan

of Homcridaefirst

that

Homer."Pindar

Thein

mention of the Chian Homeridae occursa.d.).

the geographer Strabo (about 18

A 2

^

;

INTRODUCTIONuses

the

term

apparently

of

those

devoted

to

Homeric poetry without any reference to the Chianclan,

and the wordfor

is

similarly used

by

Plato.itis

Asto

the

name

"Homer"

itself

most

naturally taken as that of a feal individual a poet

whom

by the middle of the sixth century

b.c.

the great mass of epic poetry which survived fromthe early age of

Greece had come to beall

attri-

buted;

although as time went on

poems saveandinlater

the Iliad and Odyssey wereantiquity there were those

rejected,

who

referred

these to

separate authors.

The

earliest

author to mention

Homer

is

Callinus of Ephesus (about 660 b.c.)

andis

the earliest quotation from the Homeric poems

found in Simonides of Amorgos, of the same date,unlessitis

possibly to be attributed to the later

Simonides of Ceos (about 480 b.c).have, however,

Modern scholars made many attempts all uncon-

vincing

to

interpret theas the

word " Homer

" in other

ways than

name

of an actual person.It

Theofto

wordthat

itself

means "hostage."Homeridaetrustedto

has been thought

the

may have been "sonsfight

hostages"

notis

but

allowed

serve as custodians of traditional poetry

and

that

"

Homer "

merely

their

imaginary

ancestor

others, seeking a differentviii

etymology

for the

word,

I

INTRODUCTIONhave held thatfitter-togetherit

denotes merely the legendary(ofirj

or harmonizermaterial.

+

ap) of tradi-

tional

poetical

That

the wordis

means

" blind " was assumed in antiquity, but

believed

by no one.If the personality of the poet,

under whose nameis

the Odyssey has come

downthe

to us,

thus vague

and

shadowy

even

most

familiar

elements

being drawn perhaps from hisblind bard,to

own

portrayal of the

Demodocus

so

too there has seemed

many

scholars to be a like obscurity regarding

the early history of thethis the

poem

itself.

Regarding

evidence

is

as follows:

Thethe

oldest manuscripts of the Odyssey date from

tenth and

eleventh

centuries a.d.

Papyrus

fragments whose dates range from the third centuryB.C.

to the fourth century a.d. carry our

know-

ledge

still

further back, and the evidence afforded

by our acquaintance with the work of the Alexandrian

grammarians

is

invaluable

in

tracing

the

history of the text; while, finally,

we have

quota-

tions from Homer in classical authors, and somewhat vague and not wholly convincing evidence of

the constitution of an authoritative text at Athensin the sixth century B.C.

Certain facts stand outis

prominently.

First,

our modern text

remarkablyiy

INTRODUCTIONwell established

far better established

than

is,

for

example, the text of Shakespeare.text seems to have

Secondly, this

been fixed as the result of a

purging or pruning process.that the critical

We

know,

for

example,

work of the Alexandrians was con-

cerned largely with the rejection of lines held on

one ground or another to be spurious, that the textof the papyri differs widely from our vulgate text,

and that the quotations

in

ancient authors show

many lines not found in our Homer. From this evidence the conclusion has been drawn that in antiquity " Homer " meant the whole massof epic poetry

for this there is definite

evidence

and that our

Iliad

and Odyssey, both

as regards text

and content, were in a more or

less fluid state until

they gradually crystallized into the forms familiarto us.

On

this

view

it is

impossible to speak of a

poet,It

Homer,

as the author either of Iliad or Odyssey.

should be stated, however, that whilecriticism

much

of

modern Homericdestructive,in

has been analytic andrespects

many important

recent

studies have

shown that both the methods and theand

results of destructive criticism are misleading,

have given stronger and more convincing groundsfor

a belief in the essential integrity of both poems,artist.

each as the work of one supreme

INTRODUCTIONThe most notable Homericlibrary at Alexandriacritics

of antiquity

were Zenodotus of Ephesus, librarian of the great

under Ptolemy Philadelphusb.c),

(who reigned 285-247

Aristophanes of By-

zantium, a pupil of Zenodotus, and like him, librarianat Alexandria (about 200 b.c),

and Aristarchus of

Samothrace, pupil of Aristophanes and his successoras librarianin

(about 160

e.g.).

Other scholars cited

the

critical

notes are Rhianus (about 225 b c.)

the poet, Onomacritus (about 550 b.c), and Callistratus, a follower of Aristophanes.

The aimfaithful

of the

translator has

been to give

ain

rendering of the Odyssey that preserves

so far as possible certain traits of the style of theoriginal.

flowing and shouldinstilted

Such a rendering should be smooth and be given in elevated but notlanguage.In particular therecurrentin

lines

and phrases which are so noticeableshould be preserved.

the

originalin

Hence even whenboundto use the

a given

context a varying phrase would seem

preferable, the translator has felttraditional

formula.

This has in some instancesless

necessitated

the use of a more or

colourless

phrase, adapted to various contexts.

In the case ofare

doubtful

renderings,

alternatives

sometimes

given in a footnote.

INTRODUCTIONThe Greekthegivetext of this editionvulgate.is

in all essentials

modem

occasionallyis

The notes under the text name of- the ancient critic theadopted and note the linesVariants,if cited,

whose reading

re-

jected by the Alexandrians.

are

marked

off

by colons.

xH

;

BIBLIOGRAPHYThe manuscripts of the Odyssey have been most carefully studied and classified by Mr. T. W. Allen, the results of whose studies are given in the Papers of the British School at Rome, vol. v., pp. 1-85, and briefly in his Oxford text of the Odyssey. Chief among the manuscripts are:

Laur. 32, 24 and Laur. 52, both of the tenth century, in the Laurentian Library at Florence.Harl. 6674, of the thirteenth century, in the British Museum. B. 99 sup., of the thirteenth century, in the Ambrosian Library at Milan.

Marc. 613, of the thirteenth century, in the Library of St. Mark's in Venice. Pal. 45, written in 1201, in the Palatine Library at Heidelberg.

Printkd EditionsEditio Princepa, by Demetrius Chalcondyles, Florence, 1488 ; Aldine, 1504 and 1507 ; Juntine, 1519 Bekker, Bonn, 1856; KirchhoflF, Berlin, 1859 and 1879 ; La Roche, Leipzig, 1867-8 ; Fick, Gottingen, 1883 ; Ameis-Hentze, Leipzig (in many editions since 1856) ; Hayman, London, 1866-82 Merry and Riddell, Books I.-XIL, Oxford, second edition, 1886 ; Ludwich, Leipzig, 1889-91 ; van Leeuwen and da Costa, Leyden, 1890; Monro, Books XIII. -XXIV., Oxford, 1901 ; Hennings, a critical commentary without text, Berlin,;

1903.

The most convenient text editions are those in the Oxford and the Teubner series; that by Monro {Homeri Opera et Reliquiae), Oxford ; that by Cauer, Leipzig ; and that by Piatt, Cambridge. There are editions of the Greek Scholia by Buttmann, Berlin, 1821, and by Dindorf, Oxford, 1855, and of Eustathius'

Commentary,

Berlin, 1825-6.xiii

BIBLIOGRAPHYEnglish Translations

;

Besides the older versions of Chapman, Pope, and Cowper, there may be cited the verse translations by P. S. Worsley,

Edinburgh and London, Wm. Blackwood and Sons William Morris, London, Reeves and Turner J. W. Mackail, LonA. S. Way, London, Macmillan and don, John Murray H. B. Cotterill (in hexameters), Boston, Dana, Estes and Co. There are prose versions by Butcher and Lang, London, Macmillan G. H. Palmer, Boston, Houghton, Mi HI in and Co. ; and Samuel Butler, London, Longmans, Green and Co.; ; ;

;

;

Books about HomkrOut

may

of the multitude of books about Homer the following be cited as of high interest to the student of the:

Odyssey

Jebb, Homer ; Lang, Homer and the Epic, Homer and his Age, The World of Homer; Leaf, Homer and History; Arnold, On Translating Homer; Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic, second edition Cauer, Orundfragen der Homerkritik; Wilamowitz-MollendorflF, Homerische Untersuchungen Seeck, Die Quellen der Odyssee ; B6rard, Les Phinidens et rOdyssie ; Kothe, Die Odyssee als Dichtung,;

Works of a purely linguistic or grammatical character are omitted in the above list. Mention may, however, be made of the Homeric Lexicon of Ebeling (3 vols., Leipzig, 1885) ; Monro's Grammar of the Homeric Dialect (Oxford, second edition, 1891) ; and van Leeu wen's Enchiridium Dictionis Epicae (I^yden, 1894).

xiv

HOMER'S ODYSSEY

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