odor and h2s emissions from laying house teng-teeh lim, albert j. heber, ji-qin ni agricultural and...
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Odor and H2S Emissions from Laying HouseTeng-Teeh Lim, Albert J. Heber, Ji-Qin Ni
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Purdue University
Building EnvironmentResearch & Education
AgAirQuality.com
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New Laying Houses (2000)
1 of 14 barns2 million bird total capacity37 m wide and 183 m long246,000 birds in cages.
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The Laying House
Fan inlets
76 exhaust fans73, 122-cm fans
37 m x 183 m houseCeiling inlets
10 rows of hensUnder cage slot
246,000 hens
Stage 1: 4 fansStage 2: 5 fansStages 3-6: 9 fansStage 7: 15 fansStage 8: 13 fans
Stored litter
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CagesHigh Rise Building Design
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Long-Term Manure Storage
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Picture of lab
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Heated Raceway for Sampling Lines
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Instrument space, protection and security Key to quality assurance Analyst comfort Mobile Instrument Shelter
CO2 analyzer
NH3 analyzer
H2S analyzerPulsed flourescence (convert H2S to SO2)
ISUmodule
Calibrationgases
GSS
TEOMcontrollers
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N
Mixing manifold
Floor plan (186 m x 30 m)
Hall
Exhaust air locations
Instrument shelter
3
11
Air inlet group
AD592 temperature sensors Air sampling locations
Vane anemometerRH/temp probe
Static pressure port
To instrumentshelter
1
10
Attic
Pit Cages
Side view
2
4
Cages End view
Instrument shelter
Pit
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Monitoring Plan at Laying House
Hydrogen sulfide emission = k * 186 m3/s x 414*(17 – 2)/(273+20) = 340 g/d
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Solenoid valves
H2S
P2
M4M3
F4
Exhaust
AnalyzerSample lines
Sampling bag
Probemanifold
Analyzer manifold3.6
L/min
1.0L/min
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AC’SCENT International Olfactometer
14 dilution levels
Dilution ratios: 66700 to 8
Triangular forced-choice
Single sniffing port
10 L sample size
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Odor sampling at fan outlety = 0.48x1.112
R2 = 0.90
10
100
1000
10 100 1000
DT, Fan Inlet
DT,
Man
ifold
Source: Heber et al., 2002
Vacuum chamber
Vane anemometer
Severe dust buildup
Equality
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Solenoid valves
H2S
P2
M4M3
F4
Exhaust
AnalyzerSample lines Bag filling
Probemanifold
Analyzermanifold
3.6L/min
1.0L/min
Filter
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LabTests of 2 Dirty Fans
at UIUC’sBESS Lab
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Cleaned
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1 2 3 4
Airflow, m3/s
Fan with Plastic Shutter
New belt
Dirty
Published
Dirty is 14-24% < published
Static Pressure, Pa
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Teng and FANS test
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In-Field Fan TestsFurther airflow degradation found in in-field tests and
fans operating more frequently had greater degradation factors
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Data Acquisition System State of the art hardware, software On-line data inspection Alarm emails Automatic backups Instrument interfacing Sample line control
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Means ± 95% C.I.Inventory 245,278 birds
Bird mass 1.57 kg
Bird mass density 57.4 kg/m2
Ventilation rate 204 ± 63 m3/s
Inlet air temperature 12.2 ± 4.4°C
Inlet relative humidity 61.3 ± 9.2%
Exhaust air temperature 21.6 ± 1.7°C
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Hydrogen Sulfide Results
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Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n, p
pb
Exhaust air (mean=19.7±4.8 ppb)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
9/30 10/14 10/28 11/11 11/25 12/9
Date
n-bu
tano
l OD
Cb,
ppb
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
H2S
OD
Cb,
ppb
n-butanol
H2S
n-butanol vs. H2S
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Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n, p
pb
Exhaust air
Inlet air (mean=3.1±4.3 ppb)
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Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations and Emission Rates
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n, p
pb
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Em
iss
ion
, mg
s-1
Exhaust air
Inlet air
Emission rate (mean = 5.6 ± 1.3 μg/s-AU)
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Odor Results
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Odor Concentrations (OU/m3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Od
or
con
c.,
OU
E m
-3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ODCb
ppbODCb (mean = 42 ppb)
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Odor Concentrations (OUE/m3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Od
or
con
c.,
OU
E m
-3
Exhaust (mean = 316 OUE/m3, n=13)
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Odor Concentrations (OUE/m3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Od
or
con
c.,
OU
E m
-3
Exhaust
Inlet (mean = 51 OUE/m3, n=13)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of Test
Em
iss
ion
, OU
E s
-1 A
U-1 Odor emission
rate
Mean = 50,400 OUE/s = 65.6 OUE/s-AU = 7.53 OUE/s-m2
mc=36.4%pH=8.4
mc=26.0%pH=8.3
mc=25.0%pH=8.3
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of Test
Ven
tila
tio
n R
ate,
m3
s-1
0
10
20
30
40
50
Em
issi
on
, O
UE s
-1 A
U-1
Ventilation rate
Odor emission rate
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of Test
Ven
tila
tio
n R
ate,
m3
s-1
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Em
issi
on
, O
UE s
-1 A
U-1
Tem
per
atu
re, o
C
Inlet T
Ventilation rate
Emission rate
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5Day of Test
Ven
tila
tio
n R
ate,
m3
s-1
Inlet T
Ventilation Rate
Exhaust T
Emission Rate
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Em
issi
on
, O
UE s
-1 A
U-1
Tem
per
atu
re, o
C
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Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
10 100 1000Odor Concentration, OUE m-3
He
do
nic
To
ne HT = 0.252 OC0.513
R2 = 0.70Inlet air mean = -1.9
Exhaust air mean = -5.0
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Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
10 100 1000Odor Concentration, OUE m-3
He
do
nic
To
ne HT = 0.252 OC0.513
R2 = 0.70
Lim et al., 2001(swine nursery)
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Conclusions
Mean exhaust air H2S concentration was 20 ppb. Mean H2S emission rate was 5.6 μg/s-AU. Mean hedonic tone of exhaust air was -5. Mean exhaust odor intensity was 3200 ppm BIW. Mean exhaust odor concentration was 316 OUE/m3. Mean odor emission was 66 OUE/s-AU.
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