october 19, 2003 fusion power associates status of fast ignition-high energy density physics joe...
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October 19, 2003 Fusion Power Associates
Status of Fast Ignition-High Energy Density Physics
Joe Kilkenny
Director Inertial Fusion TechnologyGeneral Atomics
San Diego, California
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Ignition and gain curves for multiple target concepts show the advantages of Fast Ignition
— Fast ignition potentially gives more gain and lower threshold energy then “Hot Spot” ICF but the science and technology are far less developed
FI at NIF
T ρ
Shock heated central spot ignites - a high density cold shell
~ Pc = αρc5/3~
Conventional ICF
Intensity ~1014 - 1015 w/cm2
Fastinjectionof heat
T
r
ρ
-Fast e– heated side spot ignites , a lower density larger uniform
>> fuel ball Pc =
Fast Ignitor
Intensity ~1020 w/cm2
Indirect Drive
Advanced Indirect
Drive on NIF
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Fast Ignition has attractive features in addition to high gain at lower total drive energy
• Challenging science and technology• Compression MIGHT be possible with all Drivers
0.53 m , 1.05m (?)• Brightness requirements for compression drivers are reduced
– Radiation temperatures of ~100ev required for compression!• Direct and Indirect target schemes for compression• Innovative target concepts
– one-sided indirect drive– indirect drive illumination ( PDD) for direct drive– asymmetric compression drive configurations
• Target fabrication tolerances are relaxed
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NIF produces ~4 MJ at 1.05 m
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Heavy Ion Beam Drive
Z-pinch DriveIndirect Laser drive
Direct Laser driveHeavy Ion Beam Drive
ions
Fast Ignition is compatible with all drivers
Innovative target designs are possible
BUTIgnitor laser energy
must be determined!
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NNSA is interested too! The photons, electrons and ions from PW lasers can be used to heat and diagnose HEDP plasmas
Multi-kJ PW’s are now planned for OMEGA(EP), Z-R, and NIF
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The Z-Beamlet laser is being upgraded to provide a high energy PW laser for use on Sandia’s Z facility
Z-Beamlet multikilojoule laser facility
Z-Beamlet and Z-PW laser
facility
Z z-pinch facility
Z multimegajoule z-pinch facility
• The Z-Beamlet laser will provide a 2-4 kJ, 1-10 psec laser ~ 2007
• A 50-200 J, 0.5 - 10 psec prototype laser system will begin operation in 2004.
High energy radiography and fast ignitor experiments on Z facility
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Resistive inhibition needs testing under ignition relevant conditions
Experiments are needed in low resistivity plasmas
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Temperature eV
Resis
tivit
y O
hm
m
Current expts
DT fuel
Au cone ??
Ohmic limit in FI
CD1 g/cc
D2
10 g/cc
100 g/cc
Au
CD
Critical Surface
Dense Gold
Coronal Plasma/Gold
Compressed Core
e
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US OFES effort addresses all aspects of FI
• OFES support is highly leveraged– Complementary programs– Internal funds – Overseas collaborations
• FI Target design efforts at NNSA funded labs
– SNL - Z - PW– LLE - Omega EP– LLNL - NIF -HEPW
US Fusion Energy program OFES
UC Davis
Princeton
GA
Vulcan
GekkoXII
LULI
LLNL
LLE
SNL
UN,Reno
Ignition target design
Fast Ignition Concept Exploration
OMEGA
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Hydro Modeling agrees very well
• Stagnation time, shape
• Compressed density
• Emission from target
• Model does not include mixing of Au vapor with collapsing shell - will measure from excess self-emission
Models may be sufficiently accurately to for target design extrapolations
• Compact mass, ~60 mg/cm2
minimal cone vapor
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Electron beam is moderately well directed
Al thickness micron
2500 5000 7500 10000 125000905xray03
180 m
Cu
20m
Al
20 m
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 100 200 300 400 500
Al thickness, µm
Spot diameter, µm
LULI data (20 J, 0.5 ps)
RAL data (100J, 0.8 ps)
• Minimum spot size 70 m, cone angle 40°
• Insensitive to pulse energy (to 100 J)
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GEKKO laser: 12 green laser beamsE= 10 kJ, t = 1-2 nsec.Uniform irradiation(phase plates) for high density compression.I ~1014 watts/cm2
PW laser: 1 beam (~400 J)At 1 micron.PW peak power is utilized for fast heating.I~1019 watts/cm2
ILE Osaka
Integral FI experiments at Gekko XII-PW have catalyzed FI interest worldwide
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Integral experiments at ILE show efficient heating
• Nine drive beams, 2.5 kJ• 1/2 PW ignition beam• Deuterated plastic target
300 J short pulse doubled the core plasma temp to 0.8 keV implying 40% coupling of EPW
250m
X-ray image
Cone Target
104
106
108
0.1 1
Neu
tro
n Y
ield
Heating Laser Power (PW)
c
Rqd timing ~50ps
0
100
200
-200 -100 0 100 200Injection Timing (ps)
0
10
5
a
2.25 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.65
Energy [MeV]
0
1.0
0.5
b
T~0.8 keV
ILE Osaka
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A credible pathway to take FI to concept demonstration exists
• Proof of Principle (Concept Extension) Significant core heating at relevant conditions– FIREX1 (Japan)
• Concept Demonstration (Ignition/gain)– US Facilities (, Z, NIF)
with PW
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Summary
• Short pulse ( < ~10 psec), high brightness lasers (B > 1015
Watts/cm2-st) have enabled the new field of “high energy density physics (HEDP)”
• There is an increasing national and international interest in HEDP• Fast Ignition exploits the physics and technology of HEDP
& features:– Science frontier-relativistic plasmas, etc– Compatible with all drivers– Flexibility in reactor concepts– International collaborations ?– High gain potential at sub-megajoule energies