october 16th-18th, 2014 - dickinson college · sandstones as well as the great ordovician...

October 16th-18th, 2014

HOSTS:

PENNSYLVANIA

GEOLOGICALSURVEY&

DICKINSONCOLLEGE

79THANNUALFIELDCONFERENCE

OFPENNSYLVANIAGEOLOGISTS

Guidebook for the

79th ANNUAL FIELD CONFERENCE OF PENNSYLVANIA GEOLOGISTS

October 16 — 18, 2014

PENNSYLVANIA’S GREAT VALLEY & BORDERING MOUNTAINS NEAR CARLISLE

Editor

RobinAnthony,PennsylvaniaGeologicalSurvey,Pittsburgh,PA

Field Trip Organizers

DonHoskins,PennsylvaniaGeologicalSurvey,retired

NoelPotter,DickinsonCollege,retired

Field Trip Leaders and Guidebook Contributors

DonHoskins,PennsylvaniaGeologicalSurvey,retired

NoelPotter,DickinsonCollege,retired

MarcusM.Key,Jr.,DickinsonCollege

FrankJ.Pazzaglia,LehighUniversity

ToddHurd,ShippensburgUniversity

TomFeeney,ShippensburgUniversity

DorothyMerritts,Franklin&MarshallCollege

Hosts

DickinsonCollege

PennsylvaniaGeologicalSurvey

Headquarters:ComfortSuites,Carlisle,PA

Cartoons: Dr.JohnA.Harper,PhD.

Cover:LiDARslopecompilationimageoftheGreatValleynearCarlisle,PAandscenic

photographs of the Great Valley viewed from Waggoner’s Gap courtesy of ThomasWhitfield(PaGS)

79th Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

About LiDAR images…………………………………………………………………………………………… inside front cover

The Earliest Geologic Map of Pennsylvania’s Great Valley ……………………………………………… ii

Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv

In Memoriam: Steve E. Jakatt, P.G. ………………………………………………………………………………… vii

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1

Pine Grove Furnace – A Brief Introduction and History …………………………………………………… 5

Skolithos in the Lower Cambrian Antietam Formation at South Mountain, Pennsylvania… 13

Determination of Preferential Groundwater Flow Patterns to Cumberland County

Springs with Fluorescent Dye Tracing ………………………………………………………………………………. 27

Brief Thoughts on Long‐Term Landscape Evolution in The Mid‐Atlantic Region with a

Focus on The Pond Bank Lignite ………………………………………………………………………………………. 37

LiDAR Analysis of Periglacial Landforms and Their Paleoclimatic Significance, Unglaciated

Pennsylvania …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49

Day 1 Field Trip

MAP …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 74

Stop 1 – Kings Gap Pond sediment core indicates Late Wisconsinan tundra

was present here; LiDAR defines nearby solifluction lobe ………………………………… 77

Stop 2 – Hammonds Rock tor includes deformed pebbles in Weverton

sandstone and conglomerate; effects of frost and solifluction…………………………... 93

Stop 3 – Valley Quarries Mount Cydonia #3 exposes Antietam and

Montalto Formations with Skolithos………………………………………………………………….. 107

Stop 4 – Valley Quarries Mainsville Pit – a deep pit into colluvium / alluvium

provides history of denudation of South Mountain……………………………………………. 115

Stop 5 – Valley Quarries Shippensburg Limestone Quarry provides view of

the overturned Ordovician Stonehenge and Rockdale Run Formations…………….. 127

Day 2 Field Trip

MAP …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 131

Paleontology

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SKOLITHOS IN THE LOWER CAMBRIAN ANTIETAM FORMATION AT

SOUTH MOUNTAIN, PENNSYLVANIA

Marcus M. Key, Jr., Department of Earth Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, [email protected]

The naming of Skolithos

Skolithos is one of the best known, globally distributed trace fossils, but itwas firstdescribedfromsouthcentralPennsylvania. ItwasoriginallydefinedasanichnogenusbySamuelStehmanHaldemanin1840.HegrewupinBainbridge,PA,15kmupstreamfromChickiesRockwherehestudiedSkolithos. InthemiddleoftheSusquehannaRiveracrossfromBainbridge today is Haldeman Islandwhichwas named for him. Haldemanwas aDickinsonCollege student from the class of 1831. After college heworked in his familysawmillandironforge,buthewasdrawntobeanaturalist. HeevencorrespondedwithCharles Darwin. In 1836, Henry Darwin Rogers, a former professor of Haldeman’s atDickinson,askedhimtotakeoverthegeology fieldoperations inNewJerseythatRogershad to abandon on his being appointed the state geologist of Pennsylvania. HaldemanservedinNewJerseyforoneyearand,in1837,camebacktoPennsylvaniatoassistonthestate surveyhere. Itwas then thathe lived at thenorth endofChickiesRockwhereheexcavatedaNativeAmericanarcheologicalsiteanddescribedSkolithos(DickinsonCollegeArchives,2005;HaldemanMansionPreservationSociety,2011;Scharnbergeretal.,2014).Soon after Haldeman’s 1840 publication, there was confusion over the spelling of thegenus. A GeoRef search on 6 May 2014 returned the following number of hits for thevariousspellingsofSkolithos (999):Scolithus (38),Skolithus (6),andScolithos (4). Basedon the taxonomic nomenclatural principle of priority, the proper spelling is Skolithos(Häntzschel,1975;Scharnbergeretal.,2014)whichisusedhere.

Skolithos morphology

Skolithos isoneofthesimplesttracefossils. Itnormallyconsistsofasingle,vertical,long,thin,unbranched,straightcylinder,withorwithoutafunneltop,thatisperpendicularto bedding andnever crosses adjacent tubes (Haldeman, 1840;Hallamand Swett, 1966;Alpert,1974;Häntzschel,1975;SchlirfandUchman,2005).Lesscommonlytheyaresub‐cylindricalorprismaticwhenincontact,inclinedtobedding,slightlycurved,butthesemaysimply be artifacts of tectonic deformation (see below). The burrow walls can bedistinct/linedorindistinct/unlined,roughorsmooth,andpossiblyannulated.Skolithosissodistinctthatithasevenfurnishedthenameofaformalstratigraphicunit(i.e.,SkolithosSandstoneoftheLowerCambrianofSweden(Häntzschel,1975)).


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The tubes are typically filled with non‐laminated, finer‐grained sediment which arecastsoftheoriginalburrow(Alpert,1974;GoodwinandAnderson,1974;Häntzschel,1975;SchlirfandUchman,2005).Theverticalcontinuityofthetubesaswellasthetexturalandcompositional differences between the cast and the surrounding matrix suggests thereoriginally was a permanent mucous‐cemented burrow (Goodwin and Anderson, 1974).They occasionally weather out so the tubes become free from their surroundingmatrix(Howell, 1943). This has been attributed to slightly reduced sericite content in thesediment infilling relative to the rock matrix (Hallam and Swett, 1966). Wise (2010)attributed this at Chickies Rock to sericite micro‐slickenlines “coating” the tubes in theplaneofcleavage.

Funnel‐topped (a.k.a., trumpet pipe) forms were originally assigned to a differentichnogenus,Monocraterion(Torell,1870;Westergård,1931).Morerecentlyaspartofthesingleorganismhypothesis,MonocraterionhasbeeninterpretedassimplythecompletelypreservedtopoftheSkolithos tube(Howell,1943;HallamandSwett,1966;GoodwinandAnderson, 1974; Barwis, 1985; Schlirf and Uchman, 2005). Environments with lowersedimentation rates andmore frequent scour generally only preserve the bottom of theburrow (i.e., Skolithos), whereas environmentswith higher sedimentation rates and lessfrequent scour generally preserve the entire burrow (i.e., Monocraterion) (Hallam andSwett, 1966; Goodwin and Anderson, 1974; Bromley, 1990). Deep permanent verticalburrows dominate shallowwater environments for two reasons. First, they protect theanimalfromdesiccationandfluctuatingwatertemperaturesandsalinities(Rhoads,1967;Crimes,1975). Second,theyprovideprotectionfromerosioninenvironmentswithrapidshifts in the vertical position of the sediment‐water interface (Seilacher, 1967). Deep,permanent,verticalburrowsarecharacteristicofSeilacher’s(1967)classicshallowwaterSkolithos ichnofacies. An ichnofacies is a sedimentary deposit defined by the preservedpatterns(i.e.,tracefossils)oftheorganismsthatlivedthere(Miller,2007).

Maximum Skolithos tube lengths are typically reported in the 1‐2 m range (Alpert,1974; Goodwin and Anderson, 1974; Schlirf and Uchman, 2005), but this is hard tomeasuretodueerosionaltruncationofthetubetops.Skolithostubediametersrangefrom1‐30 mm (Alpert, 1974; Häntzschel, 1975; Schlirf and Uchman, 2005). The largerdiametersreflecttheaperturalupperMonocraterionendofthetube.Mostdiametersinthelocal Cambrian quartzites are 2‐6mm (Goodwin and Anderson, 1974; Gourley and Key,1996;Key,2014).

What made the Skolithos trace fossil?

Polychaeteannelidslivingtodayinshallowmarineenvironmentsproducepermanentmucous‐lined dwellings that areMonocraterion‐Skolithos shaped as the animal feeds onsuspended food particles above or on the sediment‐water interface (Schäfer, 1972).

Paleontology

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Skolithos, like their modern analog polychaetes, are opportunistic colonizers followingstorm depopulation (Vossler and Pemberton, 1988). But this isn’t the only possiblecandidatefortheSkolithostracemaker. Hypothesesfortheagentresponsibleformakingthe Skolithos trace were initially wide ranging, including plants, sponges, annelids,brachiopods, and phoronids (Häntzschel, 1975) or even inorganic (Högbom, 1915;Hofmann,1971). ThoughmostSkolithosaremarine,someareterrestrial,andthosehavebeen attributed to insects, spiders, or plants (Schlirf and Uchman, 2005; Gregory et al.,2006;Netto, 2007). Marine forms are now thought to havebeenmadeby a burrowing,soft‐bodied, worm‐like polychaete annelid or phoronid lophophorate (Alpert, 1974;PembertonandFrey,1984;Barwis,1985;Skoogetal.,1994;Schlirf andUchman,2005).Regardless ofwhatmade theSkolithos trace, it is important the keep inmind that tracefossil taxaaredefinedon theirmorphology, regardlessof theirorigin (Häntzschel,1975;Miller,2007), sodifferent trace‐makersmayproduce identical structureswhenbehavingsimilarly (Bromley, 1990). With a stratigraphic range spanning the Phanerozoic (seebelow), numerous different animals are undoubtedly responsible for making Skolithos,especiallyconsideringtheyforminbothmarineandterrestrialenvironments.

Skolithos geographic and stratigraphic range

Skolithos is globally distributed (Alpert, 1974; Häntzschel, 1975; Behrensmeyer andTurner,2013).ThoughSkolithoshasastratigraphicrangefromtheEdiacarantoRecent,itis most common in the Paleozoic (Alpert, 1974; Häntzschel, 1975; Fillion and Pickerill,1990; Droser, 1991; Ekdale and Lewis, 1991; Crimes, 1994; Behrensmeyer and Turner,2013). As a result of its >600 Myr stratigraphic range, Skolithos is useless as abiostratigraphic index fossil. Regardless, therelativeabundanceofSkolithos canbeusedforlithostratigraphiccorrelation.Theyhavebeenusedforunderstandingthestratigraphyofandexploring forCambro‐Ordovicianpetroleumreservoirs inNorthAfrica, theMiddleEast,andAustralia(McIlroyandGarton,2004).

SkolithosareespeciallycommoninCambriansedimentaryrocks,evenaftercorrectingforrelativegeologicmapareaandperioddurations(Figure1).DuringtheEarlyCambriananabrupt increase in the diversity of bioturbators as well as the degree and depth ofbioturbationoccurred inconjunctionwith therapidradiationofmetazoans(McMenaminand Schulte‐McMenamin, 1990; McIlroy and Logan, 1999). This has been termed theCambrianSubstrateRevolution(Bottjeretal.,2000).Majorcomponentsofthisecologicalrevolutionincludethefirstappearanceofverticalburrowsandthedevelopmentoftieredendobenthiccommunities(McIlroyandLogan,1999).ThismayhavebeenassociatedwiththeextraordinarilylargeamountsofsandonCambriancontinentalshelvesduetothelackof land plants before the Ordovician that favored the development of extensive coastalsubaerialdunefieldsandbraidedfluvialsystems(MacNaughtonetal.,1997;Desjardinsetal.,2010).


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TransgressiveepisodesintheEarlyCambriancontributedtothefluxofsedimentfromthecoast to the shelf by flooding and ravinement of preexisting sandy coastal deposits

(Simpson and Eriksson, 1990;Desjardins et al., 2010). Thepost‐Cambrian decrease inSkolithoshasbeenattributedtoatemporal decrease in nearshoresandstones as well as the GreatOrdovician Biodiversificationevent. This event involved aradiation in the biodiversity ofpredators and an increase incompetition for infaunalecospace previously dominatedby the Skolithos tracemakers(Bottjer et al., 2000; Droser,1991;McIlroy andGarton, 2004;Webbyetal.,2004;Desjardinsetal.,2010)includingtheadventof“biological bulldozers” (Thayer,1979).

InPennsylvania,SkolithoshaslongbeenknownfromnumerousCambrianformations(Table1).IthasalsobeenreportedintheSilurianTuscaroraFormation(Cotter,1982,1983;DroserandBottjer,1989;SanabriaandThompson,1997)andtheDevonianCatskillFormation(BridgeandDroser,1985).FurthersouthinMarylandandVirginia,itoccursin

theAntietam(Howell,1943;SimpsonandSundberg,1987;SimpsonandEriksson,1990;

Simpson,1991;Skoogetal.,1994)andHarpers(Brezinski,2004).Inthesouthern

Appalachians,SkolithosisfoundintheChilhowee’sWeisnerandWilsonRidgeFormations,thelattercorrelativewiththeAntietam(Tulletal.,2010)aswellastheHampton

(stratigraphicequivalentoftheHarpersFormation)andErwin(stratigraphicequivalentof

theAntietam)Formations(SimpsonandSundberg,1987;SimpsonandEriksson,1990;SmootandSouthworth,2014).

Paleontology

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Table 1. Published reports of Skolithos trace fossils in Cambrian formations of Pennsylvania

Stratigraphic Formation Reference(s)

Weverton SmootandSouthworth,2014

Chickies Haldeman,1840;Hunt,1878;StoseandJonas,1939;Howell,1943;Wise,1960,2010;GoodwinandAnderson,1974;Kauffman,1999;Scharnbergeretal.,2014

Harpers Stose,1906,1909;Freedman,1967;Fauth,1968;Root,1968;Key,1991;GourleyandKey,1996

Antietam Stose,1906,1909;Howell,1945;Freedman,1967,1968;Fauth,1968;Root,1968;Key,1991;KeyandSims,1991;SevonandVanScyoc,1991;Kauffman,1999

HardystonwhichisstratigraphicallyequivalenttotheAntietam(Bergetal.,1983)

Leidy,1882;Lyman,1909;Howell,1943,1944;Aaron,1969;Kauffman,1999;Simpsonetal.,2002

SetterswhichisstratigraphicallyequivalenttotheChilhoweeGroup(Bergetal.,1983)

Rand,1900

Potsdam Hunt,1878;BjerstedtandErickson,1989

Deformed Skolithos

CylindricalSkolithostubeshavelongbeenusedtocalculatestrain(Wise,1960,2010;Brace, 1961; Sylvester andChristie, 1968;McLeish, 1971;Wilkinson et al.,1975;Allison,1979). Deformation ofSkolithos burrows has been noted in Cambrian quartzites locally(Key and Sims, 1991; Gourley and Key, 1996; Wise, 1960, 2010; Key, 2014). This istypicallyreflectedbythenormallycirculartransversecross‐sectionalshapeoftheburrowbeingdistortedintoanellipse(Häntzschel,1975).Wise(2010)attributedthisintheBlueRidge anticlinorium to layer‐parallel shortening that flattened the Skolithos tubes in theplaneofcleavageresultingfromtheAppalachianorogenies,especiallytheAlleghanian.Key(2014)measured the long (L) and short (W) axes of Skolithos tubes from the Antietam


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FormationnearShippensburgandcalculatedtheL/W(i.e.,Rfstrain)ratioas1.9. This ismorethanthe1.6thatKeyandSims(1991)measuredintheAntietamFormationexposedin the Mt. Holly Pennsy Supply quarry as well as the 1.3 value reported by Kilby andConnors(2002) intheAntietamofVirginia. GourleyandKey(1996)measuredthesameratio in the underlyingMontaltoMember of theHarpers Formation outcropping at PoleSteepleandreportedaratioof1.5. Skolithos tubescanalsorefract intoasigmoidshapealongwithcleavageinresponsetoflexuralslip(Allison,1979;Wise,2010).Thishasbeenreported elsewhere in a Devonian Skolithos‐bearing quartzite (Richter, 1920) and theAntietamQuartziteatBender’squarry(Freedman,1967,1968),nowPennsySupply’sMt.Hollyquarry(KeyandSims,1991).

Skolithos tube spacing

Much research has been done on the spacing of Skolithos tubes as apaleoenvironmentalindicator.Thisisbecausethepreservedburrowdensityonabeddingplane is more closely related (i.e., inversely) to sedimentation rate than original animaldensity (Desjardins et al., 2010). Skolithos spacing is a function of both original animaldensity and contemporaneity of the burrows. The former is controlled by size of theanimal’s food‐catching apparatus and the current velocity‐regulated food density (DoddandStanton,1981). The latter is controlledby the timeavailable for colonizationof the

substrate,sedimentationrate,andburrow depth. Because allburrows are equally preservable,contemporaneity is virtuallyimpossible to determine in therock record (Figure 2) (Frey andSeilacher, 1980). That is onereasonwhySkolithosdensitiesareat least one order of magnitudegreater in fossils thanwithextantorganisms(Skoogetal.,1994). Inadditiontospacing,workhasbeendone on random versus clusteredpackingofSkolithos (e.g.,Skoogetal.,1994;GourleyandKey,1996).

Paleontology

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Skolithos ichnofabric indices

DroserandBottjer(1989)developedaSkolithosichnofabricindexthatrangesfrom1(Skolithosabsent)to5(completebioturbationoftheoriginalbeddingbySkolithos)(Figure3A). SandstonewithahigherdensityofSkolithos is calledpiperock. The termpiperockwascoinedbyPeachandHorne(1884)todescribethedenseassemblageofSkolithosintheso‐named Pipe Rock Member of the Lower Cambrian Eriboll Sandstone of Scotland(McIlroyandGarton,2004;Netto,2007).Piperockhasanichnofabricindexof3‐5(DroserandBottjer,1989;Droser,1991). Thiscanproduceatypeofbiostratificationinresponsetonon‐bioturbatedstrataalternatingwithpiperock(Figure3B).

A B


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Depositional environment of shallow marine Skolithos

Unlike conventional body fossils which are typically preserved in time averageddeathassemblageswhichmaybe far fromwhere theorganism lived, trace fossilsarepreserved in situ as they cannot normally be transported without being destroyed(Häntzschel,1975;Bromley,1990;Miller,2007).Thisiswhytheyareeffectivetoolsforinterpreting depositional environments. Though Skolithos also occurs in a variety ofterrestrial (Netto, 2007), subtidal shelf (Vossler and Pemberton, 1988), and deepmarine environments (Ekdale, 1977), herewe focus on themore ubiquitous shallowmarineSkolithos. Seilacher(1967)originallynamedhisshallowestmarineichnofaciesafterSkolithos forthelittoralenvironmentwithfrequentsedimenttransportandlittlenetdepositionduetoepisodicerosionanddeposition.Basedoncharacteristicsofthesurroundingsedimentandsedimentarystructures,shallowmarineSkolithoshavebeeninterpreted to form in a variety of high energy, mature, siliciclastic, nearshoreenvironments includingtidal flats, tidalchannels,beachshorefaces,andoffshoresandbars(FreyandPemberton,1985;SimpsonandEriksson,1990;Droser,1991;Skoogetal., 1994). Skolithos achieves its greatest density in conditionswithmore consistent,higher velocity,wave/tidal currents near the low tide line,whereasMonocraterion ismost commonwhere there are inconsistent, lower velocity,wave/tidal currents nearthehightideline(GoodwinandAnderson,1974).Skolithosdensitiesarehighestnearthe low tide line due the longer duration and more favorable submerged feedingconditions.

Acknowledgments

This manuscript would not have been possible without permission from ValleyQuarries’ Randy Van Scyoc (Vice President of Operations) and Dean Fogal(Superintendent of Mt. Cydonia Sand Plant III) to access their quarry to examineSkolithos in the Antietam Formation. Don Hoskins (PA Geological Survey) and NoelPotter (Dickinson College) helpedwith the field work. Thismanuscript was greatlyimprovedbythehelpfulcommentsofNoelPotter.

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