oct. 9 historical perspectives · rosa luxemburg (march 5, 1871 –january 15, 1919) • early...
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• Rosa Luxemburg, “What Are the Origins of May Day?”
http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1894/02/may-
day.htm
• Rosa Luxemburg, “The Development of the Mass Strike
Movement in Russia
http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1906/mass-
strike/ch03.htm
• Rosa Luxemburg, “Women’s Suffrage and Class Struggle”
http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1912/05/12.htm
• Watch John Sayles Matewan (1987)
Oct. 9— HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVES
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Desperate Measures for Desperate Times
• Reform Sparks Reform
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Diego Velázquez, The Rokeby Venus, 1644.
“Justice is an element of beauty as much as colour and
outline on canvas”
![Page 4: Oct. 9 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES · Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1871 –January 15, 1919) • Early 1889: Left Poland to study at Zurich University in Switzerland. • 1893: Co-founded](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071212/60245a806a2977367e05dd4a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Rosa Luxemburg
(March 5, 1871 – January 15, 1919)
• Rosa Luxemburg was a German-
Polish revolutionary socialist of
Polish-Jewish descent who became
a naturalized German citizen
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Rosa Luxemburg
(March 5, 1871 – January 15, 1919)
• March 5, 1871:
Born in Zamość,
Russian Poland.
• 1873: Moved with
her parents and
siblings to Warsaw.
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Rosa Luxemburg
(March 5, 1871 – January 15, 1919)
• Early 1889: Left Poland to study at Zurich
University in Switzerland.
• 1893: Co-founded the Social Democracy of
the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP, later
SDKPiL) with Leo Jogiches, Julian
Marchlewski and Adolf Warszawski.
• July 1893: Attended the International
Socialist Congress in Zurich, Switzerland.
• July 1896: Attended the International
Socialist Congress in London, England.
• 1897: Awarded her doctorate from Zurich
University.
• May 1898: Moved from Zurich to Berlin,
Germany.
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Rosa Luxemburg
(March 5, 1871 – January 15, 1919)
• September 1900: Attended the International Socialist Congress in
Paris, France.
• January 16, 1904: Sentenced to two months imprisonment for
‘insulting the Kaiser’.
• August 1904: Attended the International Socialist Congress in
Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Rosa Luxemburg
• December 1905- March 1906: Participated in the ‘1905
Revolution’ in Warsaw. Imprisoned for revolutionary activities
from March- June 1906 in the Warsaw Citadel.
• December 12, 1906: Sentenced to two months imprisonment in
Weimar, Germany.
• May- June 1907: Attended Congress of the Russian Social
Democrats in London, England.
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Rosa Luxemburg
(March 5, 1871 – January 15, 1919)
• August 1907: Attended International Socialist Womens’ Congress
and International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart, Germany.
• August- September 1910: Attended International Socialist
Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark.
• November 1912: Attended Extraordinary International Socialist
Congress in Basel, Switzerland.
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Rosa Luxemburg
(March 5, 1871 – January 15, 1919)
• September 25, 1913: Gave a speech at Fechenheim, near
Frankfurt, calling on German workers to refuse to take up arms
against their French brothers. As a result, Luxemburg was
sentenced to one year’s imprisonment on February 20, 1914.
• December 1913: Attended meeting of International Socialist
Bureau in London, England.
• July 1914: Attended emergency meeting of International Socialist
Bureau in Brussels, Belgium, which called for anti-war agitation.
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Rosa Luxemburg
• August 5, 1914: Following the Reichstag vote of the previous day,
in which the Social Democrats voted in favor of war credits,
Luxemburg co-founded the anti-war ‘Internationale Group’ in
Berlin, which later evolved into the Spartacus League.
• February 18, 1915- February 18, 1916: Imprisoned in
Barnimstrasse Womens’ Prison, Berlin.
• February- March 1915: Wrote the anti-war Junius Pamphlet.
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Rosa Luxemburg
• July 10, 1916: Arrested in Berlin and held under
‘protective custody’ for the next two years.
• March 8, 1917: ‘February Revolution’ in Russia.
• November 8, 1917: ‘October Revolution’ in Russia.
• November 9, 1918: Released from Breslau Prison on the
day that the Kaiser’s abdication is announced and a new
government is formed by Max von Baden, which seeks
an armistice.
Luxemburg returned to Berlin and began agitation
with a new newspaper, ‘Die Rote Fahne’ (‘The Red
Flag’).
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Rosa Luxemburg
• December 24, 1918: Fighting breaks out in Berlin between
government forces and revolutionary sailors.
• December 31, 1918- January 1, 1919: Co-founded the German
Communist Party (KPD) with Karl Liebknecht, Leo Jogiches and
others in Berlin.
Karl Liebknecht
(August 13, 1871–January 15, 1919)
Lev “Leo” Jogiches 1867 – 1919)
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Rosa Luxemburg
• January 5, 1919: Beginning of ‘the Spartacist Rising’ in Berlin,
when armed workers demonstrate against the removal of left-
wing police chief Emil Eichhorn.
• January 15, 1919: Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
arrested by government ‘Freikorps’ and taken to the Eden Hotel,
where they were interrogated.
• Liebknecht taken to Berlin’s Tiergarten and shot.
• Luxemburg rifle-butted and forced into a car, in which she
was shot in the head. Her body is thrown into the Landwehr
canal.
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Rosa Luxemburg (German: Die Geduld der Rosa Luxemburg), 1986 West German film
directed by Margarethe von Trotta.
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Rosa Luxemburg
• March 10, 1919: Luxemburg’s former lover and lifelong comrade
Leo Jogiches, now KPD leader, arrested and murdered by
government troops in Berlin.
• June 13, 1919: Following the discovery of her corpse on June 4, a
funeral was finally held for Luxemburg in Berlin and was
attended by thousands of mourners
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Käthe Kollwitz, Memorial for Karl Liebknecht, 1921
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Rosa Luxemburg
• “Freedom is always
and exclusively freedom
for the one who thinks
differently”
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What Are the Origins of May Day?
(1894)
• At the International Workers’ Congress in 1889, attended
by four hundred delegates, it was decided that the eight-
hour day must be the first demand.
• The delegate of the American workers called attention to
the decision of his comrades to strike on May 1, 1890,
• May Day = Labor Day
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“What Are the Origins of May
Day?”• “The happy idea of using a proletarian holiday celebration as a
means to attain the eight-hour day was first born in Australia.”
• The workers there decided in 1856 to organize a day of
complete stoppage together with meetings and entertainment
as a demonstration in favor of the eight-hour day.
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“What Are the Origins of May Day?”
The day of this celebration was to be April 21. At first, the
Australian workers intended this only for the year 1856. But this
first celebration had such a strong effect on the proletarian
masses of Australia, enlivening them and leading to new agitation,
that it was decided to repeat the celebration every year.
May Day march in New York City, May 1, 1909
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Rosa Luxemburg, “The Development of
the Mass Strike Movement in Russia”
• Strikes, and mass strikes “the present official period, so to
speak, of the Russian Revolution is justly dated from the rising
of the proletariat on January 22, 1905, when the demonstration
of 200,000 workers ended in a frightful bloodbath before the
czar’s palace.”
• Luxemburg furthermore discussed the causes, outcomes, and
events that led to the 1905 Russian Revolution: the great general
strike of the textile workers in St. Petersburg in 1896 and 1897;
the mass strike in Batum in the Caucasus in March 1902; and
the general strike, in December 1904 in the Caucasus, in Baku.
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• Luxemburg did not deem that the mass strike should
be restricted to merely a defensive measure, nor was it
a solitary incident.
• In fact, she believed the mass strike was “the sign” of
class struggle, which had grown over years.
• For Luxemburg, mass strike did not steer to
revolution; rather the revolutionary period shaped the
political and economic conditions for mass strikes to
transpire.
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Rosa Luxemburg, “Women’s Suffrage
and Class Struggle” 1906
• Luxemburg points out that without the right to vote for
women the “political and syndical awakening of the
masses of women”, can only be transmitted by proxy,
and not directly but indirectly through a husband or a
male advocate.
• In her essay, Luxemburg established how essential the
political enfranchisement of proletarian women was
ultimately beneficial to the goals of socialism.
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• Bourgeois women had rights (i.e. Privileges)
than that of proletariat women
• Fighting for women’s suffrage, we will also
hasten the coming of the hour when the present
society falls in ruins under the hammer strokes
of the revolutionary proletariat.”
Rosa Luxemburg, “Women’s Suffrage
and Class Struggle” 1906
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• It was twelve years later in Russia that women
were granted the right to vote on July 20,
1917; Great Britain on February 6, 1918;
Germany on November 12, 1918; Poland on
November 28, 1918; and the United States on
June 4, 1919.
Rosa Luxemburg, “Women’s Suffrage
and Class Struggle” 1906
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Diego Velázquez, The Rokeby Venus, 1644.
“Justice is an element of beauty as much as colour and
outline on canvas”
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“I have tried to destroy the picture of the
most beautiful woman in mythological history
as a protest against the Government
destroying Mrs Pankhurst, who is the most
beautiful character in modern history. Justice
is an element of beauty as much as colour and
outline on canvas”
Around 10am on the morning of
March 10, 1914, the well-known
British militant suffragette Mary
Richardson took a meat cleaver out of
her coat and slashed the painting. She
was convicted on charges of malicious
damage, and sentenced to the
maximum penalty of six months
imprisonment.
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Emmeline Pankhurst, the British campaigner for women’s
voting rights and leader of the radical Women’s Social and
Political Union (WSPU), who had been arrested in extremely
violent circumstances the day before. Richardson’s view was
that if people were outraged about her own attack on the
painting, which was a mere representation of physical
beauty, “they should be equally or more outraged over the
government’s treatment of Pankhurst, a real embodiment of
moral beauty.”
Pankhurst (wearing prison
clothes) described her first
incarceration as “like a
human being in the
process of being turned
into a wild beast.”
Emmeline Pankhurst (née
Goulden; July 15, 1858 –
June 14, 1928)
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Pankhurst travelled constantly, giving speeches
throughout Britain and the United States. One of
her most famous speeches, “Freedom or death”,
was delivered in Connecticut in 1913.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Desperate Measures for Desperate Times
• Reform Sparks Reform
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“What Are the Origins of May Day?”, “The Development of the Mass Strike Movement in
Russia”, and “Women’s Suffrage and Class Struggle”
Rosa Luxemburg’s essays examine
the essential mindset that in the
identifying of the advance of strikes
signified the revolutionary force of
the working class. Throughout her
writings she interrogates the concept
of a spontaneous “mass action”,
which she believed would in turn lead
to a revolutionary force for the
working class, and thus to overthrow
capitalism and the bourgeoisie order.
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“What Are the Origins of May Day?”, “The Development of the
Mass Strike Movement in Russia”, and “Women’s Suffrage and Class
Struggle”
With Luxemburg’s disenchantments
with the SPD’s (Social Democratic
Party) lack of supporting causes,
and furthermore, the Trade Unions’
efforts to prevent strikes, she set
about to raise the consciousness of
the working class, the marginalized,
and the suppressed; to enact a
“spontaneous” mass action in order
to overthrow capitalism and
therefore to give the whole of society
a voice.
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• Oct. 9— HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Rosa Luxemburg, “What Are the Origins of May Day?”
http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1894/02/may-
day.htm
• Rosa Luxemburg, “The Development of the Mass Strike
Movement in Russia”
http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1906/mass-
strike/ch03.htm
• Rosa Luxemburg, “Women’s Suffrage and Class Struggle”
http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1912/05/12.htm
• Watch John Sayles Matewan (1987)
Oct. 9— HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVES