oct-03 ©cisco systems ccna semester 1 version 3 comp11 mod3 – st. lawrence college – cornwall...
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Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 1
Cisco Systems CCNA Version 3 Semester 1
Module 3
Mod 3
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 2
Copper Media
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 3
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 4
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 5
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 6
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Test the Cable
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Ethernet Family Tree
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 32
Wall Jacks and Patch Panels
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Transceivers
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Repeaters / Hubs
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Optical Media
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700 nanometers 400 nanometers
The wavelength of the light in optical fiber is either 1550 nm, 1310 nm, or 850 nm.
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 42
300,000 kilometers per second.
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Infrared Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs)
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On single-mode fiber - Straight Tip (ST)
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Outdoor Indoor
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A 9/125 marking on the jacket of the single-mode fiber indicates that the core fiber has a diameter of 9 microns and the
surrounding cladding is 125 microns in diameter.
Single-mode fiber can carry LAN data up to 3000 meters. Multimode is only capable of carrying up to 2000 meters. Lasers and single-mode fibers are more expensive than LEDs and multimode fiber. Because of these characteristics, single-mode fiber is often used for inter-building connectivity.
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 62
p-intrinsic-n diodes (PIN photodiodes).
A light emitting diode (LED) producing infrared light with wavelengths of either 850nm or 1310 nm. These are used with multimode fiber in LANs. Lenses are used to focus the infrared light on the end of the fiber
Light amplification by stimulated emission radiation (LASER) producing a thin beam of intense infrared light usually with wavelengths of 1310nm or 1550 nm. Used with single-mode fiber over the longer distances involved in WANs or campus backbones.
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 63
The type of connector most commonly used with multimode fiber is the Subscriber Connector (SC connector). On single-mode fiber,
the Straight Tip (ST) connector is frequently used.
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Wireless Media 802.11
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802.0 SEC
802.1 High Level Interface (HILI)
802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)
802.3 CSMA/CD Working Group
802.4 Token Bus
802.5 Token Ring
802.6 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
802.7 BroadBand Technical Adv. Group (BBTAG)
802.8 Fiber Optics Technical Adv. Group (FOTAG)
802.9 Integrated Services LAN (ISLAN)
802.10 Standard for Interoperable LAN Security (SILS)
801.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN)
802.12 Demand Priority
802.14 Cable-TV Based Broadband Communication Network
802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (BBWA, Wi-Max)
RPRSG Resilient Packet Ring Study Group (RPRSG)
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11b WiFi
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth
IEEE 802.11e
IEEE 802.11f
IEEE 802.11h
IEEE 802.11i Security 2004
IEEE 802.15 TG2
IEEE 802.15 TG3
IEEE 802.15 TG4
IEEE 802 Committees
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IEEE 802.11Standard for WLAN operations at data rates up to 2 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. DSSS modulation.
IEEE 802.11a
Standard for WLAN operations at data rates up to 54 Mbps in the 5 GHz band. Proprietary “rate doubling" has achieved 108 Mbps. Realistic rating is 20-26 Mbps.
IEEE 802.11bWi-Fi™ or “high-speed wireless” 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. All 802.11b systems are backward compliant. Realistic rating is 2 to 4 Mbps.
IEEE 802.11g802.11a backward compatible to the 802.11b 2.4 GHz band using OFDM.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
2.4 GHz Radio Licenses NOT required in these bands 5 GHz
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 79
Standard Data RateModulation
SchemePros/Cons
802.11 ≤ 2Mbps 2.4GHz
FHSS or DSSS
This specification has been extended into 802.11b.
802.11a ≤ 54Mbps 5GHz
OFDM
"Wi-Fi Certified." 8 available channels. Less potential for RF interference than 802.11b and 802.11g. Better than 802.11b at supporting multimedia voice, video and large-image applications in densely populated user environments. Relatively shorter range than 802.11b. Not interoperable with 802.11b.
802.11b ≤ 11Mbps 2.4GHz
DSSS with CCK
"Wi-Fi Certified." 14 channels available. Not interoperable with 802.11a. Requires fewer access points than 802.11a for coverage of large areas. High-speed access to data at up to 300 feet from base station.
802.11g ≤ 54Mbps 2.4GHz
OFDM > 20Mbps DSSS + CCK <
20Mbps
"Wi-Fi Certified." 14 channels available. May replace 802.11b. Improved security enhancements over 802.11. Compatible with 802.11b.
Bluetooth
Up to 2Mbps
2.45GHzFHSS
No native support for IP, so it does not support TCP/IP and wireless LAN applications well. Best suited for connecting PDAs, cell phones and PCs in short intervals. Adaptive
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www.wi-fi.com
Excellent Products listings
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 81
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Access Points (APs)20-30% overlap
91.44 to 152.4 meters300 to 500 feet
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When a source node sends a frame, the receiving node returns a positive acknowledgment (ACK). This can consume 50% of the available bandwidth. This overhead, combined with the collision avoidance protocol (CSMA/CA) reduces the actual data throughput to a maximum of 5.0 to 5.5 Mbps on an 802.11b wireless LAN rated at 11 Mbps.
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802.11g
Adaptive
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802.11g
Adaptive
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802.11b
Not Adaptive
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Netgear - WGR614 – Wireless 54 Mbps Cable/DSL Router "G“ $69.99
Electromagnetic radiation
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 92
Various Antenna designs
16 dB Panel 2.4
Ghz
6dB indoor omni 2.4 Ghz
6 dB omni 2.4 Ghz
24 dB solid dish 2.4 Ghz
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 93
D-Link - DWL-R60AT Indoor 6 dBi Microstrip Antenna $34.99
D-Link Ant24-0801 8.5 DBI Pico Cell Patch Antenna $139.99
Typical indoor directional WLAN antennas
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 94
Most suppliers will have a complete family.
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Outdoor Application.
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Power over Ethernet PoE
Integrated Radio and Antenna – No gain flexibility
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PoE
Integrated Radio and Antenna – No gain flexibility
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Adaptive
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Separate Hi gain
antenna.
PoE
Separate power
amplifier.
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PoE
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 103
Modulation Schemes
How does the bit stream become an electromagnetic wave ?
The purpose of a radio is to convert a baseband signal (bit stream) into a modulated electromagnetic signal. A modulation scheme is selected that is appropriate for the particular electromagnetic spectrum. For Wireless LANs there are two main issues…•Interference•Multi-path distortion
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 104
Wireless Allocations in CanadaThis color means ‘Fixed Service’
5 Ghz Band 2.4 Ghz Band
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5150-5250 MHz, 5250-5350 MHz and 5725-5825 MHz.
The band is shared with some pretty noisy services.
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The 2.4 Ghz Band is similar.
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Then there is the problem of Multi-path distortion interference.
Which will distort a nice clean pulse.
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 108
Standard Data RateModulation
SchemePros/Cons
802.11 ≤ 2Mbps 2.4GHz
FHSS or DSSS
This specification has been extended into 802.11b.
802.11a ≤ 54Mbps 5GHz
OFDM
"Wi-Fi Certified." 8 available channels. Less potential for RF interference than 802.11b and 802.11g. Better than 802.11b at supporting multimedia voice, video and large-image applications in densely populated user environments. Relatively shorter range than 802.11b. Not interoperable with 802.11b.
802.11b ≤ 11Mbps 2.4GHz
DSSS with CCK
"Wi-Fi Certified." 14 channels available. Not interoperable with 802.11a. Requires fewer access points than 802.11a for coverage of large areas. High-speed access to data at up to 300 feet from base station.
802.11g ≤ 54Mbps 2.4GHz
OFDM > 20Mbps DSSS + CCK <
20Mbps
"Wi-Fi Certified." 14 channels available. May replace 802.11b. Improved security enhancements over 802.11. Compatible with 802.11b.
Bluetooth
Up to 2Mbps
2.45GHzFHSS
No native support for IP, so it does not support TCP/IP and wireless LAN applications well. Best suited for connecting PDAs, cell phones and PCs in short intervals.
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Spread Spectrum modulation schemes ease address problems, each in their own way.
•DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
•OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
•FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
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•DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
•In DSSS individual pulses are increased to a much higher frequency by multiplying them with a code that is unique to
each WLAN. All the stations know the code.
The result is a string of chips.
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•DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
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•DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DSSS has good interference rejection.
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OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
In OFDM, the reverse happens. 10 (say) serial bits are converted into 10 parallel bits, each of which modulates its own radio carrier. Each carrier is now carrying a bit rate that is 1/10th the bit rate of the original. A reflected signal path needs to be 10 times longer to cause the same interference. Longer paths are more attenuated so the strength of the interference is also less.
Direct signal.
Original reflected signal.
Longer reflected signal.
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OFDM has good multi-path rejection.
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
Where does orthogonal come from ?If the individual Radio Carriers are separated by exactly the bit rate…
…then they will always be zero at the adjacent carrier frequency and there will be no interference between
them.
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FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FHSS also uses many frequencies, but only one at a time. The baseband jumps around very rapidly from one frequency to the next according to a predetermined pattern that is unique to each WLAN. Any interfering signal strong enough to cause an error will only affect the particular packet on that frequency. The transport layer would just resend that packet.
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WLAN authentication occurs at Layer 2. It is the process of authenticating the device not the user. There three states….
Layer 2
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Unauthenticated and unassociated The node is disconnected from the network and not associated to an access point.
Authenticated and unassociated The node has been authenticated on the network but has not yet associated with the access point.
Authenticated and associated The node is connected to the network and able to transmit and receive data through the access point.
Layer 2 - Authentication
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Service Set Identifier (SSID)
Active scanning causes a probe request to be sent from the wireless node seeking to join the network. The probe request will contain the Service Set Identifier (SSID) of the network it wishes to join. When an AP with the same SSID is found, the AP will issue a probe response.
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Service Set Identifier (SSID)
Passive scanning nodes listen for beacon management frames (beacons), which are transmitted by the AP (infrastructure mode) or peer nodes (ad hoc). When a node receives a beacon that contains the SSID of the network it is trying to join, an attempt is made to join the network. Passive scanning is a continuous process and nodes may associate or disassociate with APs as signal strength changes.
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Open Authentication. This is an open connectivity standard in which only the SSID must match. This may be used in a secure or non-secure environment although the ability of low level network ‘sniffers’ to discover the SSID of the WLAN is high. Shared Key. This process requires the use of Wireless Equivalency Protocol (WEP) encryption. WEP is a fairly simple algorithm using 64 and 128 bit keys. The AP is configured with an encrypted key and nodes attempting to access the network through the AP must have a matching key. Statically assigned WEP keys provide a higher level of security than the open system but are definitely not hack proof.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA).
Subset of 802.11i and backward compatible. Now mandatory for certification. Usually requires a server.
Authentication
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The payload of wireless and 802.3 frames is 1500 bytes; however, an Ether frame may not exceed 1518 bytes whereas a wireless frame could be as large as 2346 bytes. Usually the WLAN frame size will be limited to 1518 bytes as it is most commonly connected to a wired Ethernet network.
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The basic access method for 802.11 is the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) which uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA). This requires each station to listen for other users. If the channel is idle, the station may transmit. However if it is busy, each station waits until transmission stops, and then enters into a random back off procedure. This prevents multiple stations from seizing the medium immediately after completion of the preceding transmission.
SIFS Short Inter-Frame SpacingPIFS PCF Inter-Frame Spacing = SIFS + slot timeDIFS DCF Inter-Frame Spacing = SIFS + 2*slot time
– 61 % OH @ 54 Mbps link sending 512 byte data => ~ 21
Mbps useful..
WLAN Access
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Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 124
1. The station listens before it sends. 2. If someone is already transmitting, wait for a
random period and try again (as normal). 3. If no one is transmitting then it sends a short
message. This message is called the Ready To Send message (RTS).
4. This message contains the destination address and the duration of the transmission. Other stations now know that they must wait that long before they can transmit.
5. The destination then sends a short message which is the Clear To Send message (CTS). This message tells the source that it can send without fear of collisions.
6. Each packet is acknowledged. If an acknowledgement is not received, the MAC layer retransmits the data. This entire sequence is called the 4-way handshake as shown by figure 7 below.
4-way handshake
– 72 % OH @ 54 Mbps link sending 512 byte data => ~ 15 Mbps useful.
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Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 126
VPN - Using an integrated server VPN technology creates a tunnel on top of an existing protocol such as IP. This is a Layer 3 connection as opposed to the Layer 2 connection between the AP and the sending node.
EAP-MD5 Challenge – Extensible Authentication Protocol is the earliest authentication type, which is very similar to CHAP password protection on a wired network.
LEAP (Cisco) – Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol is the type primarily used on Cisco WLAN access points. LEAP provides security during credential exchange, encrypts using dynamic WEP keys, and supports mutual authentication.
User authentication – Allows only authorized users to connect, send and receive data over the wireless network.
Encryption – Provides encryption services further protecting the data from intruders.
Data authentication – Ensures the integrity of the data, authenticating source and destination devices.
Power over Ethernet - Support staff can disable a PoE-enabled access point by shutting off its power after detecting a breach of security.
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Wireless Security – Home users1.Change the default SSID (network name). 2.Disable the SSID broadcast option. 3.Change the default password needed to access a wireless device. 4.Enable MAC address filtering.
SSID (service set identifier) a 32-character unique identifier attached to the header of packets sent over a WLAN that acts as a password when a mobile device tries to connect to the BSS. The SSID differentiates one WLAN from another, so all access points and all devices attempting to connect to a specific WLAN must use the same SSID. A device will not be permitted to join the BSS unless it can provide the unique SSID. Because an SSID can be sniffed in plain text from a packet it does not supply any security to the network. An SSID is also referred to as a network name because essentially it is a name that identifies a wireless network.
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 128
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 129
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 130
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 131
Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 132
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Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod3 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 133
•Short for Complementary Code Keying, a set of 64 eight-bit code words used to encode data for 5.5 and 11Mbps data rates in the 2.4GHz band of 802.11b wireless networking.
•The code words have unique mathematical properties that allow them to be correctly distinguished from one another by a receiver even in the presence of substantial noise and multipath interference.
•CCK works only in conjunction with the DSSS technology that is specified in the original 802.11 standard. It does not work with FHSS.
•CCK applies sophisticated mathematical formulas to the DSSS codes, permitting the codes to represent a greater volume of information per clock cycle.
•The transmitter can then send multiple bits of information with each DSSS code, enough to make possible the 11Mbps of data rather than the 2Mbps in the original standard.
CCK