ocr gcse (9-1) physical education topic exploration pack ... … · web viewmovement term...

Topic Exploration Pack

Biomechanics Instructions and answers for teachers................................................................................................2

Mapping to the specification level: Learning outcomes..............................................................2

Introduction.................................................................................................................................2

Movement analysis.....................................................................................................................2

Suggested activities – teacher guidance....................................................................................3

Stretch and challenge tasks........................................................................................................4

Task 1 teacher answers..............................................................................................................4

Task 2.........................................................................................................................................8

Task 3: Answers.......................................................................................................................11

Task 4.......................................................................................................................................14

Appendices...............................................................................................................................15

Student Activity.................................................................................................................................18

Task 1.......................................................................................................................................18

Task 2.......................................................................................................................................21

Task 3.......................................................................................................................................24

Task 4 (Practical tasks).............................................................................................................27

Version 2 1 © OCR 2017

Instructions and answers for teachers

These instructions cover the student activity section which can be found on page 19. This Topic Exploration Pack supports OCR GCSE (9-1) Physical Education.

When distributing the activity section to the students either as a printed copy or as a Word file you will need to remove the teacher instructions section.

Mapping to the specification level: Learning outcomes1. Know the three planes of movement (frontal, transverse and sagittal).

2. Give examples of the three planes of movement from physical activity and sport.

3. Know the three axes of rotation (frontal, transverse and longitudinal).

4. Give examples of the three axes of rotation from physical activity and sport.

Introduction

Movement analysisIn topic area 1.1c ‘Movement Analysis’, learners will have the opportunity to develop their knowledge and understanding of planes of movement and axes of rotation.

In the topic area ‘Planes of movement and axes of rotation’ learners will need to know the location of the planes of movement (frontal, transverse and sagittal) and axes of rotation (frontal, transverse and longitudinal) in the body and their application to physical activity and sport.

In Task 1, learners will develop their knowledge of the basic terminology required surrounding planes of movement and axes of rotation. There is also an opportunity for learners to recap and apply knowledge from the topic area ‘Types of movement at hinge joints and ball and socket joints’. This is further developed with more advanced terms that are not within the specification but will support knowledge and understanding of the ‘Movement Analysis’ topic area.

Task 2 further develops the learners’ knowledge from Task 1 and learners will need to apply their knowledge and understanding by labelling different pictures and diagrams relating to planes of movement and axes of rotation.

Task 3 allows learners to apply planes of movement and axes of rotation to various physical activities and sport in a range of different tasks.


In Task 4 learners are presented with practical tasks that allow them to apply their knowledge and understanding in a practical and fun context.

Suggested activities – teacher guidanceTask 1

Learners can write their own summary on planes of movement and axes of rotation and create

their own table of missing words for their partner to complete.

Learners can include use of practical examples from a variety of practical activities and sports

in their summary as well.

Task 2

Refer to Appendix 1.0 for a list of website links that will allow you to search for a range of

sporting pictures. Select different pictures demonstrating a variety of skills being performed

and print onto paper. Learners can label the three axes of rotation and draw the three planes

of movement (it is essential the pictures used allow learners to be able to draw the planes and

axes without confusion).

Task 3

Learners can design the following training programmes that are relevant to other parts of the

specification ensuring that exercises cover a range of different movement planes:

o weight training

o plyometric training.

Learners can also design a training programme that is relevant to their practical activites.

Learners can also design trampolining and gymnastic routines and identify the planes of

movement involved within each skill.

Task 4

Learners can devise routines that include a variety of different skills for physical activities and

sports such as trampolining, gymnastics, diving and ice skating. The planes of movement and

axes of rotation can then be completed by a partner. (See Appendix 1.1 for suggested

template.)


Stretch and challenge tasks Use the colour coded key in Task 2 (a): Sagittal plane – Red, Transverse plane – Green and

Frontal plane – Blue

Colour in the relevant boxes using the above key in all table tasks (see Appendix 1.1 for an example).

Apply your knowledge of axes of rotation to planes of movement practical examples and vice versa. For example, in Task 3 (c) the ice skating spin is a movement pattern performed in the transverse plane about a longitudinal axis.

Task 1 Teacher answersa) What is a plane of movement?

All movements performed by the body are carried out across three dimensions. These dimensions are the planes of movement and divide the body using imaginary lines (flat planes).

b) What is an axis of rotation?

Movements of the body can occur around three axes. Every joint movement is carried out in a plane about an axis which is imaginary straight lines that rotate the body.

c) What are the three planes of movement that pass through the human body?

The three planes of movement can be identified as the frontal, transverse and sagittal.


d) What are the three axes of rotation that pass through the human body?

The three axes of rotation can be identified as the frontal, transverse and longitudinal.

e) Match the planes of movement with the correct description.

Plane Description Horizontal/Vertical

FrontalDivides the body into the left and right hand sides

Vertical

TransverseDivides the body into the top and

bottomHorizontal

SagittalDivides the body

into front and back parts

Vertical

f) Complete the table identifying and describing the three axes of rotation.

Frontal Imaginary line that passes from front to back through the performer’s centre of mass.

Longitudinal Imaginary line that passes from top to bottom through the performer’s centre of mass.

Transverse Imaginary line that passes from left to right through the performer’s centre of mass.


g) Fill in the missing words from the table below (Not all words are needed and some words maybe used more than once):

Movement in physical activity and sport can be described using a series of planes and axes. There are three planes of motion that pass through the human body. These are called the sagittal plane, the frontal plane and the transverse plane. The sagittal plane is also known as the median plane and lies vertically. This plane divides the body into right and left parts. The frontal plane also lies vertically and divides the body into front (anterior ) and back (posterior) parts. This frontal plane is also known as the coronal plane. The transverse plane lies horizontally and divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This plane is also sometimes referred to as the horizontal plane.

An axis is an imaginary straight line around which a body or body part rotates. Movement at a joint takes place in a plane about an axis. There are three axes of rotation. The frontal axis passes horizontally from back (posterior) to front (anterior). The transverse axis passes horizontally from left to right. The longitudinal axis is also known as the vertical axis and passes vertically from the bottom (inferior) to the top (superior).

planes coronal posterior flexion longitudinal

anterior vertically extension right axes

superior sagittal horizontally frontal median

transverse inferior left three distal

straight diagonal two abduction abduction

back top bottom front adduction


h) Match the number of the movement term to the correct description.

Movement term Description

1 Abduction 9 Movement pattern in the transverse plane across the longitudinal axis

2 Adduction 4 Movement pattern consisting of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

3 Anterior 8 Movement that refers to the back of the body

4 Circumduction 10 A part of the body/structure higher than another (The hip being superior to the knee)

5 Extension 2 Movement towards the midline of the body

6 Flexion 6 Movement that involves bending of a joint (The angle decreases between the articulating bones involved)

7 Inferior 3 Movement that refers to the front of the body

8 Posterior 7 A part of the body/structure lower than another (the knee being inferior to the ankle).

9 Rotation 1 Movement away from the midline of the body

10 Superior 5 Movement that involves straightening of a joint. (The angle increases between the articulating bones involved.)


Task 2a) Label the planes of movement in Figure 1.1


b) Label the axes of rotation in Figure 1.2


Transverse

(side to side)

Frontal

(back to front)

Longitudinal

(top to bottom)

Transverse

(side to side)

Frontal

(back to front)

Longitudinal

(top to bottom)

Transverse(side to side)

Longitudinal(top to bottom)

Frontal(back to front)

c) Draw and label the following on the human body below:

The three planes of movement.

The three axes of rotation.


Transverse axis

Longitudinalaxis

Frontal axis

Task 3: Answersa) Design a circuit training programme that includes two dominant exercises for each of the three

planes of movement.

This task can link with 1.2.b. Applying the principles of training – Optimising training.

Circuit training programme

Please note there are many different exercises that learners may correctly use within the design of their circuit training programme. The table below is a sample of two exercises carried out within each of the three different movement planes.

Exercise Dominant plane of movement Description of movement

Squat Sagittal Flexion and extension

Star jumps Frontal Abduction and adduction

Cable wood chop Transverse Right and left rotation

Bicep curls Sagittal Flexion and extension

Side lying leg lifts Frontal Abduction and adduction

Torso twists with medicine ball

Transverse Right and left rotation


b) Link the following skills from a variety of practical activities and sports to match up the skill to dominant axis of rotation and to the correct description of the axis of rotation.

c) Identify and describe the dominant plane of movement for the following:

Plane of movement: Sagittal plane

Description:

Sprinting is performed by flexion and extension of the arms and legs.

Plane of movement: Transverse plane

Description:

A golf swing consists of various different movements including rotation.

Plane of movement: Frontal plane


Frontal axis

Transverse axis

Longitudinal axis

Passes horizontally from the posterior to the anterior

Cartwheel

High diving somersault

Full twist in trampolining

Passes vertically from the top to the bottom

Passes horizontally from left to right

Description:

A star jump is performed by abduction and adduction.

d) Identify and describe the dominant axis of rotation for the following:

Axis of rotation: Longitudinal axis

Description:

An ice skating spin is performed by rotation around the longitudinal axis.

Axis of rotation: Frontal axis

Description:

A cartwheel is an example of rotation around the frontal axis.

Axis of rotation: Transverse axis

Description:

A gymnastic somersault is an example of rotation around the transverse axis.


Task 4The images below give an impression of how the plasticine body should be intersected by the card (planes) and the cocktail sticks (axis).


Transverse axis

Longitudinal axis

Frontal axis

AppendicesAppendix 1.0 Useful websites

http://www.shutterstock.com/photos

http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/?esource=SEM_GI_GO_UK_Brand_Getty_Images_Exact_EN_SL&kw=UK_Getty_Images_Exact_getty+images_e&kwid=s_43700005513687446_dc&pcrid=27274228006

https://images.google.com/

Appendix 1.1 Example of colour coded table

Exercise Dominant plane of movement

Description of movement

Squat Sagittal Flexion and extension

Star jumps Frontal Abduction and adduction

Cable wood chop Transverse Right and left rotation

Bicep curls Sagittal Flexion and extension

Side lying leg lifts Frontal Abduction and adduction


https://images.google.com/




http://www.shutterstock.com/photos

Torso twists with medicine ball

Appendix 1.2

Physical Activity/Sport:

Skill Dominant plane of movement Dominant axis of rotation

E.g. Tucked somersault Saggital Frontal


Appendix 1.3

i. Cut out the template

ii. Stick the straws on the following lines: (Longitudinal axis)

(Transverse axis)

Insert a hole with a straw that goes through the front and back of the body (Frontal axis)

Student Sheets


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© OCR 2015 - This resource may be freely copied and distributed, as long as the OCR logo and this message remain intact and OCR is acknowledged as the originator of this work.

OCR acknowledges the use of the following content: Page 8, 10, 22: Human anatomy, Yassine Mrabet/commons. wikimedia.org; Page 9, 23: Human figure,

maximmmmum/Shutterstock.com, Page 12, 26: woman sprinter, Pali Rao/iStock.com; Page 12, 26: golf swing, MichaelSvoboda/iStock.com; Page 12, 26: Gymnast,

moevin/iStock.com; Page 13, 27: Ice skater, YinYang/iStock.com; Page 13, 27: cartwheeling, Elenathewise/iStock.com; Page 13, 27, Gymnast somersaulting, Gymnast

somersaulting_iStock_000006763314_ Brian McEntire_resampled_IS/iStock.com; : Plasticine figure, AlanMardi/iStick.com; Page 24: Human figure,

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Topic Exploration Pack

Biomechanics

Student ActivityTask 1 a) What is a plane of movement?

b) What is an axis of rotation?

c) What are the three planes of movement that pass through the human body?

d) What are the three axes of rotation that pass through the human body?


e) Match the planes of movement with the correct description.

Plane Description Horizontal/Vertical

FrontalDivides the body into the left and right hand sides

Horizontal

TransverseDivides the body into the top and

bottomVertical

SagittalDivides the body

into front and back parts

Vertical

f) Complete the table identifying and describing the three axes of rotation.

Frontal

Imaginary line that passes from top to bottom through the performer’s centre of mass.

g) Fill in the missing words from the table below (Not all words are needed and some words maybe used more than once):

Movement in physical activity and sport can be described using a series of and .

There are planes of motion that pass through the human body. These are called the

plane, the plane and the plane. The sagittal plane is also

known as the plane and lies . This plane divides the body into

and parts. The frontal plane also lies and divides the body into front

and back parts. This frontal plane is also known as the plane.

The transverse plane lies and divides the body into top and bottom

parts. This plane is also sometimes referred to as the horizontal plane.


An axis is an imaginary line around which a body or body part rotates. Movement at a

joint takes place in a plane about an axis. There are axes of rotation. The

axis passes horizontally from (posterior) to (anterior). The

axis passes from left to right. The axis is also

known as the vertical axis and passes vertically from the bottom (inferior) to the top (superior).

planes coronal posterior flexion longitudinal

anterior vertically extension right axes

superior sagittal horizontally frontal median

transverse inferior left three distal

straight diagonal two abduction abduction

back top bottom front adduction

h) Match the number of the movement term to the correct description.

Movement term

Description

1 Abduction 9 Movement pattern in the transverse plane across the longitudinal axis

2 Adduction 4 Movement pattern consisting of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

3 Anterior 8 Movement that refers to the back of the body

4 Circumduction 10 A part of the body/structure higher than another (The hip being superior to the knee)


Movement term

Description

5 Extension 2 Movement towards the midline of the body

6 Flexion 6 Movement that involves bending of a joint (The angle increases between the articulating bones involved)

7 Inferior 3 Movement that refers to the front of the body

8 Posterior 7 A part of the body/structure lower than another (the knee being inferior to the ankle).

9 Rotation 1 Movement away from the midline of the body

10 Superior 5 Movement that involves straigtening of a joint. (The angle increases between the articulating bones involved.)

Task 2a) Label the planes of movement in Figure 1.1


b) Label the axes of rotation in Figure 1.2


Transverse

(side to side)

Frontal

(back to front)

Longitudinal

(top to bottom)

Transverse

(side to side)

Frontal

(back to front)

Longitudinal

(top to bottom)

c) Draw and label the following on the human body below:

the three planes of movement.

the three axes of rotation.


Task 3a) Design a circuit training programme that includes two dominant exercises for each of the

three planes of movement.

This task can link with 1.2.b. Applying the principles of training – Optimising training.

Circuit training Programme

Please note there are many different exercises that learners may correctly use within the design of their circuit training programme. The table below is a sample of two exercises carried out within each of the three different movement planes.

Exercise Dominant plane of movement Description of movement


b) Link the following skills from a variety of practical activities and sports to match up the skill to dominant axis of rotation and to the correct description of the axis of rotation.

c) Identify and describe the dominant plane of movement for the following:

Plane of movement:

Description:

Plane of movement:

Description:


Frontal axis

Transverse axis

Longitudinal axis

Passes horizontally from the posterior to the anterior

Cartwheel

High diving somersault

Full twist in tramploining

Passes vertically from the top to the bottom

Passes horizontally from left to right

Plane of movement:

Description:

d) Identify and describe the dominant axis of rotation for the following:

Axis of rotation:

Description:

Axis of rotation:

Description:

Axis of rotation:

Description:


Task 4 (Practical tasks)Please note that this task will depend on the quality of the resources and the standard of the plasticine performers. This task may also be time consuming as a new performer may need to be made to allow each insertion of the card for the plane of movement and/or insertion of the the ‘skewer’ for each axis of rotation.

You will need the following resources or equivalent:

plasticine/blue tac/play doh

plastic drinking straws

cocktail sticks

small pieces of card cut to same size as a standard playing card.

Learners can apply the following practical tasks to help gain an understanding of the types of movement allowed within each plane of movement and axes of rotation.

a) Create two small plasticine performers.

Apply the following instructions:

i. Insert a piece of card that intersects the plasticine performer:

Vertically so it is separated into the left and right hand parts = sagittal plane

Vertically so it is separated into the front and back parts = frontal plane

Horizontally so the body is separated into the top and bottom parts = transverse plane.

ii. Use the skewers/cocktail sticks to pierce the plasticine performer:

Through the back to the front of the body = frontal axis

Through the side of the body - left to right = transverse axis

Through the top down to the bottom = longitudinal axis

b) An alternative to (a) is to follow the instructions in (i) and (ii) but cut out the performer shape in Appendix 1.1 and use scissors or draw ruler lines to show the three planes of movement and use sellotape to stick straws showing each of the three axes of rotation.

c) Rotate the plasticine performer/paper cut out using each of the three axes of rotation and observe the movement occurring (Dominant plane/axis). Rotate the each axis to perform a cartwheel (frontal axis), front somersault in trampolining (transverse axis) and a spin in ice skating (longitudinal axis). Choose your own skills and carry out the movement by rotating the cocktail stick around each of the axes.

Useful sites:http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/pe/skills/mechanical_principles/revision/2/


http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/pe/skills/mechanical_principles/revision/2/

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