ocean science class 18
DESCRIPTION
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SMSSMS--100100
Class Class 1818
T dT dTuesday Tuesday November November 4, 20144, 2014
Herbivores,Carnivores &Omnivores
Herbivores,Carnivores &Omnivores
Etc. Trophic Level #2, 3, 4 & 5
Trophic Level #2&3
Trophic Level #2, 3 &4
Plants (algae)Primary Producers
Herbivores
Omnivores
Trophic Level #1
Trophic Level #2
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LowerBiomass at higher trophiclevelslevels
Energy (carbon)Ingested (I)
Energy inFeces (E) Energy Assimilated (AR)
Energy for Metabolism (M)1 Activity (metabolic heat)
Energy forG th (G)
What happens when an organisms eats something:
1. Activity (metabolic heat)2. Maintenance3. Metabolism of growth &
digestion
Growth (G)
MoltingReproduction
Energy Excreted
= Growth + Metabolism - ExcretionFood Ingested
I = G + M - E
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The The “Bathysphere”,“Bathysphere”,the first Deep Seathe first Deep Seathe first Deep Seathe first Deep Sea
SubmersibleSubmersible
Live NBC Radio coverage…Live NBC Radio coverage…September 22, 1932 September 22, 1932
off Bermudaoff Bermuda
“Final” fate of the “Final” fate of the Bathysphere:Bathysphere:A junk pile behind A junk pile behind the the CycloneCyclone, Coney Island , Coney Island
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The bathyscape“TRIESTE”
(ca. 1958-59)
Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard (above) and Navy lieutenant Donald Walsh, on their historic dive to the Challenger Deep in 1960.
The Mariana Trench, and the “Challenger
Deep”
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James Cameron (March 2012)
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04titanic/media/titanic_bow_railing.html
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Carl LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus(Carl von Linné)(Carl von Linné)
1707 1707 -- 17781778
“Binomial Nomenclature”“Binomial Nomenclature”(developed some 200 yrs(developed some 200 yrsearlier…)earlier…)
A page from of the 1760 A page from of the 1760 edition of edition of SystemaSystema NaturaeNaturae
•• 4,400 animal species4,400 animal species•• 7,700 plant species7,700 plant species
3 Domains –I. Domain Archaea: Archea is Greek for “ancient”;
1. The Archaebacteria
II. Domain Bacteria: These are the “True” bacteria;2. The Eubacteria
III. Domain Eukarya: This includes all other living things on Earth:3. The Protista (mostly single-celled organisms);4. The Plantae (plants);5. The Fungi (molds, mushrooms, yeast, heterotrophs that “absorb” food);6. The Animalia (animals, which are heterotrophs that “ingest” their food)
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Typical of the many “Pen-and-Ink” drawings of phytoplankton by early taxonomists…
From Fritsch (1935)
Haeckel (1904) Diatoms Copepods
Students looking at“live” plankton at sea
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There are ~50 slides that go here.
All are color photomicrographs of live plankton which we’ll show rapid-fire in p pclass.
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Archaea: Genus Halobacterium
ca. 5 µm
The Eubacteria: Cyanobacteria (bluegreen algae),such as stromatolites:
Freshwater cyanobacteria: Microcystis
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Marine cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium sp.
ca. 5 mm
Marine cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium sp.
From a ship:
From space:
Marine cyanobacteria: Synechococcus sp.
ca. 5 µm
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The tiniest marine cyanobacterium:
Prochlorococcus sp.
ca. 1 µm
Scanning electron micrograph…Cells are too small to be viewed with a light microscope (cells are same size scale as wavelength of visible light);
Fluorescence photomicrograph of phytoplankton cells:
(Red colors are chlorophyll)
ca. 5 µm
Eucaryotic Phytoplankton:
Green algae (examples)
ca. 5 µm
… and “Nanoflagellates”
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Silicoflagellates:
Coccolithophores:
Emiliania huxleyii
Diatoms:
Centric Pennate
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Chain of pennate diatoms “swimming”
Reproduction in Diatoms:
1. Vegetative cell division
2. Sexual reproduction
Vegetative Cell Division:
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Examples: Various Body FormsDinoflagellates:
General cell design
Alexandrium fundyense
Swimming Polykrikos, a colonial, phagotrophic dinoflagellate, with ingested Alexandrium cells
Another dinoflagellate feeding mode:
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Ecological Challenges to Phytoplankton:
Light limitation: Nutrient limitation:
Importance of Cell Size:
Plankton Nets