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OceanRespiration:NewConcepts,NewSignificance,andNew

Applications

T.T.Packard, N.Osma, I.Fernández-Urruzola, F.Maldonado, I.Martínez,A.Herrera,M.Tames-Espinosa,M.Gómez

WhatisNewinOceanRespiration?

1. HeterotrophicEnergyProduction

WhatisNewinOceanRespiration?

1. HeterotrophicEnergyProduction2.Carbon-FluxDepthFunctions

WhatisNewinOceanRespiration?

1. HeterotrophicEnergyProduction2.Carbon-FluxDepthFunctions3.NutrientRetentionEfficiency(NRE)

WhatisNewinOceanRespiration?

1. HeterotrophicEnergyProduction2.Carbon-FluxDepthFunctions3.NutrientRetentionEfficiency(NRE)4.CurvatureofRespirationProfiles:

Importance

WhatisNewinOceanRespiration?

1. HeterotrophicEnergyProduction2.Carbon-FluxDepthFunctions3.NutrientRetentionEfficiency(NRE)4.CurvatureofRespirationProfiles:

Importance5.BenthicRespirationfrom

Water-ColumnRespiration

HETEROTROPHICENERGYPRODUCTION

ACalculationofATPProduction

Based on nobelist,SeveroOchoa’sfinding ofa3:1ratiobetween respiratoryoxygen consumption andATPproductionandon nobelist,PeterMitchell’sChemosmotic explanation ofETS-OXPHOScoupling.

Grupo de Ecofisiología Planctónica2008-2014

1978 Nobel Prize Chemistry chemiosmotic mechanism

ATP synthesis

ETS ACTIVITY à RESPIRATION à ATP PRODUCTION (Joules/m3/day)

CUEA C-Line off 15°S Peru

Carbon Flux from Respiration

Fc (mmol C m-2 d-1) C-Line, Peru

Carbon Flux = ∫(R) from Riley (1951)

Ocean Bottom(mud)

Cf

RCO2

RCO2

RCO2

RCO2

NRE=NutrientRetentionEfficiency

NRE = RCO2/(Ft-s)1

(Ft-s)1 =(d(POC)/dt)

(d(CO2)/dt) = RCO2

(Ft-s)2

NUTRIENTRETENTIONEFFICIENCYConceptualbasis

POC, N, P Flux in

O2

CO2 (RCO2)NH4+ (RNH4+)PO4- (RPO4-)

EFFICIENCYWITHWHICHPLANKTONMINERALIZEPOMPermitsnutrient recycling!NRE=(ΔPOMFlux)/(Fluxin)

POC, N, P Flux out

RESPIRATION & MINERALIZATION!

Fluxout

CUEA C-Line off 15°S Peru

0!

500!

1000!

1500!

2000!

2500!

3000!

0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10!D

epth

(m

)!R pM C min-1!

RESPIRATION !(pM C min-1)!

Rz = R0(z/zt)b

Note:”b” is always

negative!

Importanceofb,thecurvatureoftherespirationequation

ZooplanktonRz =Rt(z/zt)-b

From:PackardandGómez,2013

C=benthicrespiration&Cburial!

TheindefiniteintegralofRz =Rt(z/zt)b withrespectto

depth(z)is:

BENTHICRESPIRATION&C-BURIAL

BENTHIC R & C-Burial

Tocalculatebenthicrespiration&C-burialwesubtractthefluxtothewatercolumn(Ft-s)

fromthefluxtoinfinity(F∞).

Modelled Benthic Respiration & C Burial(µmol O2 m-2 d-1)

C-Line 15°S Peru Upwelling

C-8C-5

R=25075z-1.204R²=0.96649

050100150200250300350400450500

0 500 1000 1500 2000

mgCda

y-1m

-2

Depth(meters)

BENTHICRESPIRATION(CO2 ProductionRate)

NWAfricanUpwelling(Christensen&Packard,1978)

WhatisNewwiththeETSASSAY?

1. KineticAssaycutstime

WhatisNewwiththeETSASSAY?

1. KineticAssaycutstime2.Extractioneliminated

WhatisNewwiththeETSASSAY?

1. KineticAssaycutstime2.Extractioneliminated3.1/5reagentsneeded&1/5cost

WhatisNewwiththeETSASSAY?

1. KineticAssaycutstime2.Extractioneliminated3.1/5reagentsneeded&1/5cost4.Sonicationusedwithzooplankton

WhatisNewwiththeETSASSAY?

1. KineticAssaycutstime2.Extractioneliminated3.1/5reagentsneeded&1/5cost4.Sonicationusedwithzooplankton5.ComparedwithHe-tritiummethod

MEASUREMENT of ETS ACTIVITY(Absorbance (0-0.400 in 1cm cuvettes)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0 5 10 15 20 25

Reaction Time (0-25min)

1 m

15 m

25 m

40 m

50 m110 m

Filter Blank

Station 48EN376

Noteslopechangewith

Depth!

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18OUR (pM min-1)

Dep

th (m

)

#1

#2

3He-3H/AOUmethod

ETSActivitymethod

NansenBasin(ArcticOcean)

HEP=Respiration O/PCFluxocean sectionsà RespirationNREà R/C-FluxExponent (b),the curvature ofR=f(z),

controls NRE,C-FLUX&TeffBenthic respiration &C-burialàdifferences inC-fluxintegrations

!ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Supported by CIE Canarias tri-Continental Atlantic Campus (#CEI10/00018) & the BIOMBA project

CTM 2012-32729/MAR

ZooplanktonRz =Rt(z/zt)-b

From:PackardandGómez,2013

ECOAQUAwww . e c o a q u a . e u

Sample 14E INT-ETS Activity

y = 0,0322x + 0,1538R2 = 0,9997

y = 0,0004x + 0,1301R2 = 0,8968

0,1

0,2

0,3

2 3 4 5 6Time (minutes)

Abs

orba

nce

(450

nm

) ZooplanktonETS

ASSAY

Substrate = 0 Assay

R/V Eastward -1980

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Potential Respiration from ETS activity...

1

2

R=0.26*Rp

RESPIRATIONTRANSECT15°SPERUUPWELLING

CN NN N Cl-+

I NO2

CN NN N

I NO2

H2H+ + 2e- -> + HCl

Light yellow

+

Scarlet red

Picks up these from the ETS substrates.

INT(Tetrazolium Violet)2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazoliumchloride

BasicReactionoftheETSAssay

C=benthicrespiration&Cburial!

TheindefiniteintegralofRz =Rt(z/zt)b withrespectto

depth(z)is:

BENTHICRESPIRATION&C-BURIAL

BENTHIC R & C-Burial Model

Tocalculatebenthicrespiration&C-burialwesubstract thefluxtothewatercolumn(Ft-s)

fromthefluxtoinfinity(F∞).

R=25075z-1.204R²=0.96649

050100150200250300350400450500

0 500 1000 1500 2000

mgCda

y-1m

-2

Depth(meters)

BENTHICRESPIRATION(CO2 ProductionRate)NWAfricanUpwelling(Christensen&Packard,1978)