ocean habitats chapter 12. animals of the benthos 98% of marine species are benthic hydrothermal...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ocean HabitatsChapter 12
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Animals of the Benthos
98% of marine species are benthic Hydrothermal vents Rocky shore Coral reefs
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Coral Reefs of the World(Figure 12-16)
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Coral Reefs: Tops in Marine Biodiversity
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Coral Reef Morphology(Figure 12-17)
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Coral Reef Zone Tourcurrents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth
1 - Beach
2 - Reef Flat
3 - Algal Ridge
4 - Sub-Terrace
5 - Terrace
6 - Reef Slope
7 - Drop-off
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Beach Zone:sands derived from erosion of reef limestone
Boxer crab doesn’t eat anemones but uses them as weapons
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Coral Reef Zone Tourcurrents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth
1 - Beach
2 - Reef Flat
3 - Algal Ridge
4 - Sub-Terrace
5 - Terrace
6 - Reef Slope
7 - Drop-off
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Reef Flat:RIGOROUS environment
wave action, intense UV radiation, high salinities, warm temps
corals are hermatypic (depend on zooxanthellae algae that live in coral poly tissues)
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Coral & Zooxanthellae(Figure 12-14)
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Reef Flat:Sharks & mantas frequent visitors
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Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth
1 - Beach
2 - Reef Flat
3 - Algal Ridge
4 - Sub-Terrace
5 - Terrace
6 - Reef Slope
7 - Drop-off
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Algal Ridge:
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Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth
1 - Beach
2 - Reef Flat
3 - Algal Ridge
4 - Sub-Terrace
5 - Terrace
6 - Reef Slope
7 - Drop-off
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Submarine Terrace
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Submarine Terrace:Increasing coral cover attract fishes
that prefer rich coral growthBasslett fish (haremic, capable of sex reversal)
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Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth
1 - Beach
2 - Reef Flat
3 - Algal Ridge
4 - Sub-Terrace
5 - Terrace
6 - Reef Slope
7 - Drop-off
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Terrace
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Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth
1 - Beach
2 - Reef Flat
3 - Algal Ridge
4 - Sub-Terrace
5 - Terrace
6 - Reef Slope
7 - Drop-off
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Slope
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Coral Reef Zones 1 - Beach
2 - Reef Flat
3 - Algal Ridge
4 - Sub-Terrace
5 - Terrace
6 - Reef Slope
7 - Drop-offlowest light levels, few sunlight-dependent coralssome feed on zooplankton and can descend as low as 1000 m
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Drop Off:Soft corals are non-reef building (no zooxanthellae), no limestone skeleton, secrete toxins to discourage
competitors
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Deepsea Coralslive off of the dead
Desmophyllum cristagalli
www.divediscover.whoi.edu
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National Marine Sanctuaries
Map courtesy of NOAA National Marine Sanctuary System
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The World Ocean Floor
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Maps courtesy of National Park of American Samoa
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Artwork by Jayne Doucette, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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By OrSt grad student Emily Larkin
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FBNMS: Some Major Issues Natural & human impacts
– Crown-of-thorns invasion, hurricanes, bleaching– Illegal fishing, sewage outfall
Photos courtesy of NOAA National Marine Sanctuary System
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FBNMS: Some Major Issues Prior to 2001…
– Sanctuary largely unexplored below depths of ~30-60 m
– no comprehensive documentation of the plants, animals, and submarine topography.
Little is known of tropical “twilight zone” – shelf-edge (50-120 m deep) of coral reef
habitats throughout the world
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Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 2001 bathy
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Images courtesy of Kip Evans, Nat. Geographic and Rich Pyle, Bishop Museum
SCUBA / Rebreather Technology
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Rebreather Dive Mission, FBNMS, 2001
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BPI Zone and
Structure
Classification
Flowchart
Emily Lundblad, OrSt M.S. Thesis
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Emily Lundblad, OrSt M.S. Thesis
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Extra Credit #5 - Finding Nemo
5 copies will be on reserve by this weekend at Valley Library or rent it from a video store – 1-page reaction paper, typed, SINGLE-spaced– Discuss what in the movie is related to the
class Currents? Habitats? Fisheries? Conservation?
Due by 5:00 Friday, May 27th
– Hand in to your TA please !!!– Worth up to 20 pts. on final exam