ocean circulation changes 13-c fractionation palaeoclimate gerrit lohmann carbon course 16. january...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
220 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ocean Circulation Changes13-C Fractionation
Palaeoclimate
Gerrit Lohmann
Carbon Course16. January 2006
@PEP, University of Bremen, Germany
![Page 2: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ocean Circulation Methaphor
surfacedeep
conversion
![Page 4: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Heat, freshwater surface fluxes
Tropical Box T2 S2
High Latitude
Box T1 S1q > 0
Z: Depth
Y: meridional direction
Stommel (1961) Box Model
![Page 5: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Salinity loop
• S1 low
• q low
• q S2 low
• S1 low
T2 S2 T1 S1q > 0
Positive feedback
![Page 6: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Flow in the direction of density
![Page 7: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Tropical Box T2 S2
NorthernHigh
Latitude Box T1 S1
Southern High
Latitude Box
T3 S3
Rooth (1982) box model: Interhemispheric flow
q > 0
S NS+ N
![Page 8: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Red arrows: motion of objects fixed to the globe
Yellow and green arrows: not fixed, northern velocity
Yellow arrows arrives ahead of a fixed object, green arrives behind
![Page 13: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Rotation in
• The direction of rotation in draining sinks and toilets is NOT determined by the rotation of the Earth, but by rotation that was introduced earlier when it was being filled or subsequently being disturbed (say by washing).
• The rotation of the Earth does influence the direction of rotation of large weather systems and large vortices in the oceans
![Page 18: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ocean Circulation Methaphor
surfacedeep
conversion
![Page 19: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Conveyor belt
Warm water route
![Page 20: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Conveyor belt
Cold water route
![Page 21: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Present
Glacial
S1 > S2
S1 < S2
South- Equator North- Atlantic
Conceptual Model of the THC (~ Rooth)
Cold & Warm water route
Cold water route
![Page 22: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Signature at the end of a meltwater pertubation SST
deg°C
0 10000 20000 30000A ge (Calendar Y ears )
9
11
13
15
17
19
T (
°C)
2 4
2 6
2 8
T (
°C)
0 10000 20000 30000
North Atlantic (SU 81-18)(Bard et al. 2000)
YD H1 H2
Bard et al. 2000
SU81-18
NS
interhemispheric seesaw
Knorr and Lohmann 2005
![Page 25: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Physical System is important for the marine carbon cycle
![Page 26: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
13-C Fractionation
• The photosynthetic activity in the oceans (limited to the photic zone) results in a very strong depletion of the surface waters in 12C (captured in organic matter), strong enrichment in 13C.
• Planktonic organisms living in the photic zone, and forming calcareous tests from dissolved inorganic carbon (largely HCO3
- ) in these surface layers, thus use carbon that is enriched in 13C (isotopically heavy) for the formation.
![Page 31: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Organic Carbon cycle
![Page 32: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Photosynthesis -> low PO4,
organic matter with 12-C,
residual water high 13-C
![Page 33: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Organic Carbon cycle
oxidation
![Page 34: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
13-C oxidation
• 13-C provides a measure of oxidation of organic carbon:
• CH2O + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
The 13-C values of dissolved inorganic carbon at greater depths (and thus of benthic foraminifera) are quite different from those in surface waters, because carbon dioxide derived from oxidized organic material (thus isotopically light) is added to the deep waters.
http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/wescourses/2004s/ees227/01/229lab6.htm
![Page 35: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
``13-C conveyor belt´´
![Page 36: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
13-C
• To complicate factors, there is a difference in d13C of total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) in deep waters with a different "age":
waters that have been out of contact with the surface ocean for a long time, have accumulated much carbon derived from oxidation of organic material, thus their total dissolved inorganic carbon is isotopically light.
![Page 39: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
13-C: climate changes
![Page 40: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Paleoclimate
![Page 43: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Paleoclimate
![Page 44: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Eccentricity
![Page 51: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Precession of the axis of the earthYear:
![Page 52: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
A holy grail
![Page 58: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Theory of ice ages
External:
Increased eccentricity of the earth's orbit
Changes in the intensity of solar radiation
The earth passing through cold regions of space
Internal: ice sheet, CO2, stochastic
Amplifiers: thresholds, rectification
![Page 59: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Ocean Circulation Changes 13-C Fractionation Palaeoclimate Gerrit Lohmann Carbon Course 16. January 2006 @PEP, University of Bremen, Germany](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d6a5503460f94a48c7f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)