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PROPERTY FISIK AIR LAUT :

Temperatur, Salinitas/Densitas, Tekanan

MK Osean!ra"i #TK$FTK$ITS

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Temperature

% T&e real 'e"initin " temperature is t&e measure" t&e a(era!e spee' " air mle)ules

% T&e unit " Tis t&e kel(in

% T&e "un'amental pr)esses use' "r 'e"inin! ana*slute temperature s)ale (er t&e ran!e "temperatures "un' in t&e )ean in)lu'e +Sulenan' F!le, --.:

t&e !as la0s relatin! pressure t temperature "an i'eal !as 0it& )rre)tins "r t&e 'ensit1 "t&e !as2 an'

3 t&e (lta!e nise " aresistan)e R4

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% Fr temperatures )mmnl1 "un' in t&e

)ean, t&e interplatin! 'e(i)e is aplatinum$resistan)e t&ermmeter4 It

)nsists " a lsl1 0un', strain$"ree,

pure platinum 0ire 0&se resistan)e is a

"un)tin " temperature4

% T&e temperature s)ale in kel(in Tis

relate' t t&e temperature s)ale in

'e!rees 5elsius t/6 5 *1:

t76 58 9 T7K8 $3.4;

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This image shows the temperature of the ocean water at the surface.

Measurements were taken from August 6-11, 2001. The temperature scale is

in Celsius. Cold temperatures are shown in pink to purple, moderate

temperatures in aua to green and warm temperatures in !ellow to red

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T&is is a simple temperature$'ept& )ean 0ater pr"ile4 Yu )an see temperature

'e)reases 0it& in)reasin! 'ept&4 T&e t&erm)line are la1ers " 0ater 0&ere t&e

temperature )&an!es rapi'l1 0it& 'ept&4 T&is temperature$'ept& pr"ile is 0&at 1u

mi!&t e

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Salinit1

"s the total amount of

dissol#ed material ingrams in one kilogram

of sea water

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T&e ran!e " salinit1 "r mst " t&e )ean=s

0ater is "rm >4?@ t >4@ parts per

t&usan' +6/66, 0&i)& is 3@@ parts per

millin4

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$istogram of temperature and salinit! of cold water in the oceans. $eight is

proportional to #olume. $eight of highest peak corresponds to a #olume of

26 million cu%ic kilometers per %i#ariate classof 0.1& C and 0.01 psu. 'rom

(orthington )1*+1.

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A More Complete efinition

BTtal amunt " sli' materials in !rams

'issl(e' in ne kil!ram " sea 0ater

0&en all t&e )ar*nate &as *een

)n(erte' t

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alinit! /ased on Chlorinit!

% e)ause t&e a*(e 'e"initin 0as 'i""i)ult timplement in pra)ti)e, *e)ause salinit1 is 'ire)tl1prprtinal t t&e amunt " )&lrine in sea

0ater, an' *e)ause )&lrine )an *e measure'a))uratel1 *1 a simple )&emi)al anal1sis, salinit1S 0as 'e"ine' usin! )&lrinit1:

S6/66 9 @4@ 4@;56/66

where chlorinityCl is defined as the mass of sil#er reuired toprecipitate completel! the halogens in 0.2+ 2 3 kg of the

sea-water sample.44

S6/66 9 4@?;;5l6/66

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alinit! /ased on Conducti#it!

% &5&& -0.0+**6 7 2+.2*2*82*91 712.+0+2 921 -10.68+6*91 7.*+623931 - 1.21191

% 91 C)s,1,05C),1,0

where C), 1, 0 is the conducti#it! of the sea-watersample at 1& C and atmospheric pressure, ha#ing asalinit! deri#ed from )6.3, and C), 1, 0 is theconducti#it! of standard Copenhagen44 sea water.

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:ractical alinit! cale of 1*8+

% 1 t&e earl1 -.@s, a))urate )n'u)ti(it1meters )ul' *e 'epl1e' "rm s&ips tmeasure )n'u)ti(it1 at 'ept&4 T&e nee'

t ree(aluate t&e salinit1 s)ale le' t&e #intPanel t re)mmen' in -. t&at salinit1*e 'e"ine' usin! nl1 )n'u)ti(it1,*reakin! t&e link 0it& )&lrinit14 T&ePractical Salinity Scale of 1978 Spsu inpractical salinity unitspsu is n0 t&e""i)ial 'e"initin:

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:ractical alinit! cale

% Spsu9 @4@@@ $ @4?-3K/3; 3;4;K;

>4@->K/3; $.4@3?K3; 34.@K;/3;

% K;9 5+S,;,@/5+K5l,;,@

3S>3

where C), 1, 0 is the conducti#it! of the sample at 1& C and

standard atmospheric pressure, and C);Cl, 1, 0 is the

conducti#it! of the standard ;Cl solution at 1& C and standardatmospheric pressure< and where the standard ;Cl solution

contains a mass of 2.36 grams of ;Cl in a mass of 1.000 000

kg of solution

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Mean sea-surface salinit!. =re! shaded areas )land e>ceed 6 psu )practical

salinit! units. Image courtesy of NOAA

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T&is ima!e s&0s a !eneraliCe' salinit1$'ept& pr"ile "r t&e Sut& Atlanti) O)ean4

5li)k n ima!e "r "ull siCe +>K #PEG Windows Original

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This is a simple densit!-depth ocean water profile. ?ou can see densit! increases

with increasing depth. The p!cnocline are la!ers of water where the water densit!

changes rapidl! with depth. This densit!-depth profile is t!pical of what !ou might

e>pect to find at a latitude of 0-30 degrees south.Click on image for full si@e )30; :B= Windows Original

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Ge!rap&i)al Distri*utin "

Sur"a)e Temperature an' Salinit1% T&e 'istri*utin " temperature at t&e sea sur"a)e ten's t *e onal,

t&at is, it is in'epen'ent " ln!itu'e +Fi!ure ?44 Harmest 0ater isnear t&e euatr, )l'est 0ater is near t&e ples4 T&e 'e(iatins"rm Cnal are small4 Euatr0ar' " >@6, )ler 0aters ten' t *e

n t&e eastern si'e " t&e *asin4 Jrt& " t&is latitu'e, )ler 0atersten' t *e n t&e 0estern si'e4% T&e ano!alies" sea$sur"a)e temperature, t&e 'e(iatin "rm a

ln! term a(era!e, are small, less t&an 4;6 5 e

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% T&e saltiest 0aters are at mi'$latitu'es 0&ere e(apratin is &i!&4Less salt1 0aters are near t&e euatr 0&ere rain "res&ens t&esur"a)e 0ater, an' at &i!& latitu'es 0&ere melte' sea i)e "res&enst&e sur"a)e 0aters +Fi!ure ?4?4 T&e Cnal +east$0est a(era!e "

salinit1 s&0s a )lse )rrelatin *et0een salinit1 an' e(apratinminus pre)ipitatin plus ri(er input +Fi!ure ?4.4% e)ause man1 lar!e ri(ers 'rain int t&e Atlanti) an' t&e Ar)ti) Sea,

0&1 is t&e Atlanti) saltier t&an t&e Pa)i"i) re)ker +--. s&0e't&at @43 S( " t&e 0ater e(aprate' "rm t&e Atlanti) 'es nt "all asrain n lan'4 Instea', it is)arrie' *1 0in's int t&e Pa)i"i) +Fi!ure ?44re)ker pints ut t&at t&e uantit1 is small, eui(alent t a little

mre t&an t&e "l0 in t&e AmaCn Ri(er, *ut B0ere t&is "lu< nt)mpensate' *1 an e4. psu4 T&e 'istri*utina*ut t&e mean is small: ;@ " t&e 0ater is in t&e ran!e:

46 5 T 46 5

>4? psu S >4 psu

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T&e 0ater " t&e )ean sur"a)e m(es in a re!ular pattern )alle' sur"a)e )ean

)urrents4 T&e )urrents are name'4 In t&is map, 0arm )urrents are s&0n in re' an')l' )urrents are s&0n in *lue

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TB9"MA ;A"$

BM=A /B9MAD'AAT, AM"D