occupational health: the anna baetjer course bruce lippy, ph.d., cih, csp director of safety...
TRANSCRIPT
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Health and Safety Aspects of the Construction Industry
Occupational Health: The Anna Baetjer CourseBruce Lippy, Ph.D., CIH, CSP
Director of Safety Research, CPWR5/5/12
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Topics we will cover:
1. Fatality and injury data for the construction industry
2. Major hazards on construction sites
3. Managing and controlling construction exposures
4. Safety of green construction
5. Construction workers during disaster responses
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Fatality and injury data for the construction
industry
Topic One
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Rate of deaths from injuries in construction, selected countries, 2005
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Rate of work-related deaths from injuries, by major industry, 2005 (All employment)
4.2
1.0
2.1
2.3
3.0
4.5
11.1
12.7
20.7
30.9
All industries
Finance
Services
Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail
Public admin
Construction
Transportation
Mining
Agriculture
Rate per 100,000 full-time workers
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Rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses with days away from work, by major industry, 2005 (Private wage-and-salary workers)
135.7
25.9
74.7
110.7
131.9
145.9
146.2
146.3
147.1
210.8
239.5
292.8
All industries
Finance
Information
Services
Utilities
Wholesale
Mining
Retail
Manufacturing
Agriculture
Construction
Transportation
Rate per 10,000 full-time workers
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Rate of work-related deaths from injuries, selected industries, 1992-2005 (All employment)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Rat
e p
er 1
00,0
00 f
ull-
tim
e w
ork
ers
Construction Agriculture Mining Manufacturing
Why does agriculture lead?
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Rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses with days away from work , selected industries, 1992-2005 (Private wage-and-salary workers)
100
200
300
400
500
600
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Rat
e p
er 1
0,00
0 fu
ll-ti
me
wor
ker
s
Construction Agriculture Mining Manufacturing
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Distribution of construction employment and work-related deaths from injuries, by establishment size, 2005
Work-related deaths(n=724)
21%
55%
24%
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Percentage of injuries and illnesses resulting in days away from work, by ethnicity and establishment size, 2005
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Latino crew at the leading edge
Photos courtesy of Robert Carr
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Distribution of deaths from injuries in construction, by age group, 1992 versus 2005
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Distribution of nonfatal injuries and illnesses resulting in days away from work in construction, by age group, 1992 versus 2005
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
16-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
Age group
% o
f n
onfa
tal i
nju
ries
1992 2005
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Rate of work-related deaths from injuries, selected construction occupations, 2003-2005 average
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Number of work-related deaths from injuries, selected construction occupations, 2003-2005
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Major Hazards on Construction Jobs
Topic Two
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IUOE National Training Fund
Have you heard of the Focus Four hazards? Why does OSHA single them out? 1. Falls
2. Struck By
3. Caught in Between
4. Electrical
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IUOE National Training Fund
Out of 2,355 total construction fatalities, 79% were Focus Four hazards!
1,856 Focus Four fatalities in 2003/2004 (BLS)
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Leading causes of work-related deaths, construction, 1992-2005
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Falls
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IUOE National Training Fund
What happens when
you fall?• It takes most people
about 1/3 of a second to become aware
• It takes another 1/3 of a second for the body to react
• A body can fall up to 7 feet in 2/3 of a second
0.33 sec./2 feet
0.67 sec./7 feet
1 sec./16 feet
2 sec./64 feet
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Distribution of causes of deaths from falls in construction, 1992-2005 average
From girder, struct. steel (8%)
From scaffold, staging (18%)
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Distribution of causes of injuries from falls involving days away from work, construction, 2005
From scaffold (8.3%)
From roof (6.1%)
From ladder (24.2%)
On same level (34.0%)Other (27.5%)
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What are “struck-by” hazards?
What are “struck-by” hazards?
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Powder-actuated hand toolsWhat are the hazards?
• 37,000 people go to emergency rooms from nail gun injuries every year
• The hazards are similar to those of firearms
• Sequential-trip triggers could prevent 65 percent of injuries
What is wrong with this picture?
Photo courtesy Laborers-AGC
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Pneumatic nailers have been made safer• Penetration checks must be made• All proper PPE must be worn
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Distribution of causes of trenching-related deaths in construction, 2003-2005
Struck by vehicle load (8%)
Struck by vehicle part (8%)
Total = 159 deaths
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Dedicated to Patrick Walters
One of over 50 workers who needlessly die in trenching and
excavation each year
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What do we know about the 542 “Patricks” who died in excavations from 1992 to 2001?• Average age was 38• Nearly half of their
companies had less than 10 employees
• Nearly all were employed by private companies
• Cave-ins accounted for 76% of the deaths
Recovery of Patrick Walters’
body
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Is this a death trap?
YES!
!
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Rate of deaths from electrocutions, selected construction occupations, 2003-2005 average
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Deaths caused by contact with electricity among electrical workers in construction, 2003-2005 average
Electrical equipt & wiring (44%)
Overhead power lines (32%)
Lighting fixtures (17%)
Total = 124 deaths
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Deaths caused by contact with electricity among non-electrical workers in construction, 2003-2005 average
Overhead power lines (57%)Electrical equipt & wiring (15%)
Machinery & appliances (16%)
Energized objects (5%)
Total = 238 deaths
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Managing and Controlling Exposures on
Construction Jobs
Topic Three
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American National Standards Institute has a standard called, “Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems”
ANSI/AIHA Z10-2005
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ANSI Z10 focuses on the strategic levels of policy and processes
Policy
Processes
Job Instruction
Documents
Layers of Management System Implementation
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Z-10 specifically uses the hierarchy of controls (Section 5.1.1)
Elimination
Substitution
Engineering Controls
Warnings
Administrative Controls
Personal Protection4-37
Most Effective
Least Effective
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ANSI Z-10 provides a framework built on a quality control model from business
Plan
Do
Check
Act
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What key elements does ANSI, OSHA VPP and DOE ISM have in common?
1. Management leadership
2. Employee involvement
3. Hazard assessment
4. Hazard control
5. Worker training
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Involving workers pays off! (Raines, 2011)
• Gallup (2006) surveyed 125 organizations and found top fourth of the companies scoring on worker involvement had 62% less accidents than the bottom fourth
• Molson Coors saved $1.7 million in safety costs in 2002 by strengthening employee involvement. Engaged employees were 5X less likely to have a safety incident and 7X less likely to have a loss-time incident
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Let’s face a real supervisor’s choiceCommercial building HVAC / energy upgrades
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Must lift the unit on the roof from the wrong side of the building
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This could be the result. What do you do?
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Training supervisors reduces lost-time injuries (Constr Safety Assoc of Ontario)
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Getting to root causes isn’t easy. Go beyond blaming the workers.
Scrubbing tower dropped 10 feet from large tanks of acid
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IUOE National Training Fund
Here are the main systems for working safely on roofs. Any preferences?
Safety Monitors
Guardrails and warning lines
Fall Arrest
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IUOE National Training Fund
What practices are needed when working around holes?
• Cover holes with materials of adequate strength and ensure they are secured
• Mark covers so workers know there are holes underneath
• Use guardrails
Photo courtesy of Laborers-AGC
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How can we apply the hierarchy to skylights?
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Photo courtesy Trench Shoring ServicesPhoto courtesy Trench Shoring Services
Trench shields or trench boxes are intended to
shield workers from cave-ins
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Safety of Green Construction
Topic Four
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Our current building costs are unsustainable• 40% of raw materials consumed globally
are used by the building construction industry
• U.S. building construction:– Uses 68% of total electricity consumption– Creates 38% of carbon dioxide emissions– Uses 12% of potable water– Creates 272 million tons of construction and
demolition waste annuallySource: The Guide to Green Buildings
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Examples of green construction projects
Modular, insulated wall units
Rooftop rain garden
Wind turbine
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Green roofs have many advantages
A green roof in Chicago, courtesy of the City of Chicago
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Can you think of any disadvantages?
This 2,300sf high-rise green roof is part of a modern building construct. A crane was used to lift the soil and gravel onto three floors, courtesy DCGreenworks.org and the IUOE
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Weatherization is an important part of green construction. What risks from spray insulation?
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City Center, Las Vegas
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“How many construction site deaths should there be to make a building not green regardless of the environmental benefits?”
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Construction workers during disaster responses
Topic Five
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Why do disaster sites present greater
risks?
Why do disaster sites present greater
risks?
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Greater chances are
taken, like at the World
Trade Center.
What is the violation
here?
Greater chances are
taken, like at the World
Trade Center.
What is the violation
here?
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What were the most deadly disasters from 1992-2006?
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2007
Fre
quen
cy
Bureau of Labor Statistics
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Activities during hurricane-related fatalities (Fayard, APHA, 2006)
Cleanup, debris removal, tree trimming (44%)
Restorativeconstruction (26%)
Restoring public utilities (8%)
Law and order (6%)
Other (16%)
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2007
What is the lesson here?
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Tornado destruction poses serious risks for cleanup and disposalCheck OSHA’s website for guidance
Clean-up of F5 tornado in Greenburg, KS, May 07
Disposal and burning of debris at the Greenburg dump, nearly entire
town needed to be burned
Photos by Greg Henshall, FEMA.
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Ice storms pose particular falling debris hazards for responders
Republic, MO, 2-27-07. A loader on debris pile after an ice storm created two million cubic yards of debris.
FEMA Photo/Michael Raphael