observing the universe by going underground
DESCRIPTION
50. Years of Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Observing the Universe by Going Underground. ZOOMING OUT by ZOOMING IN. HAIM HARARI. May 12 th , 2004. “ZOOMING IN”. Matter. Chemical Elements. ~100. 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Observing the Universe by Going Underground
ZOOMING OUTby
ZOOMING INHAIM HARARI
Years of Physicsat the
Weizmann Institute of Science
May 12th, 2004
50
![Page 2: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
“ZOOMING IN”
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
~100
~1001890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
![Page 3: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
Atoms
![Page 4: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
“ZOOMING IN” Into theATOM
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
~100
~100
~100
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
![Page 6: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Radioactive -Decay
e-
A1 A2 + e-
![Page 7: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
“ZOOMING IN” Into theATOM
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
e
~100
~100
~100
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
Systematics: “Periodic Table” Mendeleyev
Collisions and InteractionsChemistry
“Smashing” ExperimentsRutherford
![Page 8: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Radioactive -Decay
e-
e-
e-
e-
N1 N2 + e-
![Page 9: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Radioactive -Decay
e-
e-
e-
e-
N1 N2 + e- +
![Page 10: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
“ZOOMING IN” Into theNUCLEUS
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
p, n
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
![Page 12: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Radioactive -Decay
np
np
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
n p + e- +
![Page 13: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Light Nuclei
Heavy Nuclei
Atoms
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
![Page 14: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Antiparticles
pne
pne
Equal Numbers of Particles and Antiparticles?Why p and e Have Equal and Opposite Charge?
THE BIG BANG
Only -decay Can Convert n pNuclear Reactions: The Dream of the AlchemistsMass Converted to Energy
Energy of the SunCreation of Heavy Elements
![Page 15: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
p, n
…
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
Hadrons ~100
![Page 17: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
![Page 18: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
0 -1 -2 -3
p
n
![Page 19: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
0 -1 -2 -3
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
p
n
![Page 20: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
0 -1 -2 -3
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
p
n
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
Quarks
![Page 21: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
uuu
uud
udd
ddd
uus
uds
dds
uss
dss sss
0 -1 -2 -3
p
n
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
Quarks
Baryons
![Page 22: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
uuu
uud
udd
ddd
uus
uds
dds
uss
dss sss
0 -1 -2 -3
p
n
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
s d
u
+1 0
13
23
+
_
Quarks Anti-Quarks
Baryons
![Page 23: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
uuu
uud
udd
ddd
uus
uds
dds
uss
dss sss
0 -1 -2 -3
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
p
n
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
us
ds
ud
uuddss
du
sd
su
-1 0 +1
s d
u
+1 0
13
23
+
_
Quarks Anti-Quarks
![Page 24: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
HadronsQuarks
p, n
…
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
~100
~ 7
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
![Page 25: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
eLeptons Quarks
![Page 26: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
![Page 27: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Baryon-Mesons CollisionsTime
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
![Page 28: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
![Page 29: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
![Page 30: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
B*
![Page 31: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
M*
![Page 32: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
B* M*
Meson Is a “String” Can Split Into Two
![Page 33: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Deep Inelastic Scattering
e e
P Hadrons
All Hadrons Made of Quarks
Free Quarks Do Not ExistOnly at Very Short Distance They Can Be Detected
Early Universe - Soup of Quarks and Antiquarks
![Page 34: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
StanfordLinearAccelerator
![Page 35: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Radioactive -Decay
d u + e- +
np
np
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
d
![Page 36: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
HadronsQuarks
p, n
…
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
~100
~ 7
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
Systematics: “Periodic Table” Eightfold Way
Collisions and InteractionsDuality+Quark Counting
“Smashing” ExperimentsDeep Inelstic
![Page 37: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
c
![Page 39: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
c t
b
-
![Page 40: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
HadronsQuarks
p, n
…
cb
t
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
~100
~ 7
~ 20
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
“ZOOMING IN” Into theQUARK & LEPTON
![Page 41: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
c t
b
-
![Page 42: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Quark Mixing
Heavy Quarks decay fastHeavy Quarks are Short-Lived
Three Generations of Quarks & Leptons
Do Heavy Quarks Matter?Violation of Symmetry betweenParticle and Antiparticle?
6 Quarks Masses3 Mixing Parameters
![Page 43: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
CERN
OPAL
![Page 44: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Particle Masses Generated
“Quark Soup”
Protons & Neutrons
Light Nuclei
Heavy Nuclei
Atoms
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
![Page 45: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
is Massless ?
Is Different from ?
Are e Really Different ?
Nuclear Reactions Neutrinos
Solar NeutrinosCosmic Ray NeutrinosSupernova Neutrinos
- ASTRONOMY
Neutrinos Have MassesThey Are Extremely Light
Masses of e Are Different
e Mix
Conclusions:
![Page 47: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
KamiokandeJapan
![Page 48: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
![Page 49: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
4M
150M7M
1.3G 170G
5G
8m<8m
100M500K
30m
1.8G
![Page 50: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
![Page 51: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
Leptons & Quarks
![Page 52: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Leptons & Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
be
+e+
+
Antiparticles
e
-e-
-
u
sd
c t
b
![Page 53: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Leptons & Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
u
sd
c t
be
+e+
+
Antiparticles
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e e
-e-
-
u
sd
c t
b
![Page 54: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
OPEN QUESTIONS
Why Are We Here (“Baryogenesis”)?What Is the Dark Matter?What Is the Dark Energy?Connection to Gravity?
Why Three Generation?
Do the 2nd and 3rd Generation Make a Difference?
Quarks – Lepton relation?
-1 23- 1
3- 0 +113+ 2
3+ ?, , , , , ,Why only
20 Building Blocks?20 Arbitrary Parameters?Origin of Masses?
![Page 55: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
A New IngeniousTheoretical Framework
STRING THEORY
Grand Unified Theories (GUT)
Supersymmetry (SUSY)
Sub-particles (“Rishons”?)
Options
![Page 56: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
BIG BANGBIG BANG
Gravity Connection
Inflation
Particle Masses Generated
“Quark Soup”
Protons & Neutrons
Light Nuclei
Heavy Nuclei
Atoms
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
Grand Unification ? Baryogenesis ? Subparticles ? Strings ?
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
![Page 57: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Observing the Universe by Going Underground](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56813a42550346895da2310b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
50HAPPY BIRTHDAYHAPPY BIRTHDAYWEIZMANN-PHYSICSWEIZMANN-PHYSICS