observations of climate change among subsistence-oriented ... · observations of climate change...

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2958

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange 1

Observations of climate change among subsistence-oriented communities around the world

Supplementary Figure 1. Reduction of snowfall, permafrost, recession of glaciers, changes in sea ice cover

and dynamics.

Supplementary Figure 2. Changes in seasonality, weather patterns, and predictability.


© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2958


Supplementary Figure 3. Increase in drought.

Supplementary Figure 4. Increase in extreme events (heavy rainfall, storms and hailstorms, hurricanes).



Supplementary Figure 5. Changes in winds (direction and intensity).

Supplementary Figure 6. Reduced fresh water availability and/or quality.



Supplementary Figure 7. Increase in landslides and floods.

Supplementary Figure 8. Reduction of crop yields and/or quality and increase in crop pests and diseases.



Supplementary Figure 9. Shifts in plant species range, altitudinal shifts of crops, change in vegetation,

appearance of new species, changes in animal behavior.

Supplementary Figure 10. Changes in phenology of wild and cultivated plants.



Supplementary Figure 11. Decrease in terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity.

Supplementary Figure 12. Observations of changes in rainfall amounts overlaying the decadal trend (%) in

annual average precipitation simulated by the ensemble average of the CMIP5 IPCC AR5 Atlas Subset over

the period 1955-2005. Hatching has been removed from this figure to clearly display the simulated trends.



Supplementary Table 1. List of bibliographic sources used for compiling the database of climate change

observations.

Afghanistan Haider et al. 2012; Kassam 2009; Kassam et al. 2011; Mihran 2011;

Shaoliang et al. 2012

Anguilla CARIBSAVE Anguilla 2012

Antigua and Barbuda CARIBSAVE Antigua and Barbuda 2012; Suarez 2009

Argentina Meza 2007; Roveta 2008; Urcola et al. 2010; Wehbe et al. 2006

Armenia Harutyunyan & Tonoyan 2009

Australia Bardsley & Wiseman 2012; Castillo 2009a; Castillo 2009b; Green et al.

2010; Head et al. 2011; Kiem & Austin 2013; Lane 1997; Lereboullet et

al. 2013; McNamara & McNamara 2011; McNamara & Westoby 2011;

McNamara et al. 2010; McNamara et al. 2011; O’Connor & Prober 2010;

Petheram et al. 2010; Petheram et al. 2013; Zander et al. 2013

Austria Christanell et al. 2007

Bangladesh Andreasen 2011; Anik & Arfin Khan 2012; Baird 2008; Choudhury et al.

2005; Chowdhury et al. 2012; Galloway McLean 2010; Haque et al. 2012;

Huda 2013; Irfanullah & Motaleb 2011; Jennings & Magrath 2009; Kartiki

2011; Khan et al. 2010; Mbugua 2011; Oxfam 2009b; Pouliotte et al.

2009; Sarker 2012; Sarker & Shahadat Hossain 2012; Seal & Baten 2011;

Warner et al. 2012a; Warner et al. 2012b; Wright et al. 2012

Barbados CARIBSAVE Barbados 2012

Belize CARIBSAVE Belize 2012; Karlsson 2011; ProPlaneta 2012; WWF 2007

Benin Baudoin et al. 2013; Dossou & Glehouenou 2006; Paraiso et al. 2012;

Rochat & Guenat 2013; Teka & Vogt 2010; Vermuelen et al. 2008

Bhutan GoB, CDKN, UNU-EHS, ICCAD & MCII 2012; Lhendup 2012; Macchi

et al. 2011; Royal Society for Protection of Nature 2012; Wangdi &

Kusters 2012; Warner et al. 2012b

Bolivia Ashwill et al. 2011; Boillat & Berkes 2013; Galloway McLean 2010;

Kaenzig 2013; Kirrane et al. 2012; Kronik & Verner 2010; Malmqvist &

Viscarra 2011; Oxfam 2009a; Oxfam 2009b; Surkin & Wong 2011;

Swiderska et al. 2011; Tacoli 2011; Perch 2010; Valdivia et al. 2010;

McDowell & Hess 2010; McDowell & Hess 2012

Botswana Atlhopheng 2011; Kolawole et al. 2012; Mmopelwa et al. 2011

Motsholapheko et al. 2012; Omari 2009; Simelton et al. 2013

Brazil de Olivera et al. 2010; Franco-Moreira 2011; Galloway McLean 2010;

Schwartzman et al. 2013

Burkina Faso Barbier et al. 2009; Edwards 2013; Jost 2002; Lindskog & Tengberg 1994;

Mertz et al. 2012; Nielsen et al. 2012; Nielsen & Reenberg 2010b; Nielsen

& Vigh 2012; Rasmussen et al. 2001; Roncoli et al. 2002; Roncoli et al.

2003; Slingerland 1996; Somda et al. 2013; West 2001; West et al. 2008

Burundi Kigeme et al. 2011

Cambodia Bernabe 2009; D'Agostino & Sovacool 2011; DCA/CA 2009; Keskinen et

al. 2009; MWB 2005c; Nuorteva 2009; Nuorteva et al. 2010; SCW 2011;

The Cambodia Rural Development Team 2013; Turunen et al. 2011

Cameroon Aminatu et al. 2010; Bele et al. 2013; Chia 2011; Ellison & Zouh 2012;

Epule 2009; Galloway McLean 2010; GeoSAS 2012a; InsightShare

Cameroon 2009; Mpako & Ngome 2009; Techoro & Schmidt 2013

Canada ACIA 2004; Allen et al. 2003; Andrachuk & Pearce 2010; Ashford &

Castleden 2001; Attungala 2003; Barbeau 2011; Belliveau et al. 2006;



Berkes & Jolly 2001; Cadieux et al. 2008; Caverley 2011; Charles 2012;

CIER 2007; Communities of Arctic Bay et al. 2005; Crate 2012; Crump

2008; Cunsolo Willox et al. 2012; Cunsolo Willox et al. 2013a; Cunsolo

Willox et al. 2013b; District196 2007; Dowsley 2005; Dowsley 2007;

Dowsley 2009; Dowsley & Wenzel 2008; Dowsley et al. 2010; Fisher

2011; Ford & Pearce 2010; Ford et al. 2006a; Ford et al. 2006b; Ford et al.

2008a; Ford et al. 2008b; Ford et al. 2009; Ford et al. 2010; Fox 1998; Fox

2004; Furgal & Seguin 2006; Furgal et al. 2002; Galloway McLean 2010;

Gearhead et al. 2006; Gearhead et al. 2010; Ginsburg 2011; Gordon 2001;

Gordon 2003; Gordon et al. 2006; Gordon et al. 2008; Government of

Nunavut 2005; Henri et al. 2010; Henriksen 2007; Herrmann et al. 2010;

Huntington & Fox 2004; Jacob et al. 2010; Jacobsen 2011; Jacobsen 2012;

Jolly et al. 2002; Kakfwi & Robinson 2001; Kofinas et al. 2000; Kofinas et

al. 2002; Kotierk 2010; Laidler 2006; Laidler et al. 2009; Laidler et al.

2010; Leduc 2006; Leigh Thorpe 2000; Lemelin et al. 2010; McDonald et

al. 1997; MacDonald et al. 2013; Mcnamara 2011; Nichols et al. 2004;

Nickels et al. 2005; Pearce 2011; Pearce et al. 2006; Pearce et al. 2010;

Pearce et al. 2012; Peloquin & Berkes 2009; Prno et al. 2011; Riedlinger

& Berkes 2001; Royer & Herrmann 2011; Smith 2009; Stewart 2003;

Tetlichi 2003; Tetlichi et al. 2004; Thomas 2008; Tremblay et al. 2008;

Turner & Clifton 2006; Turner & Clifton 2009; Turner et al. 2000;

Weatherhead et al. 2010; Wesche & Armitage 2010; Wolf et al. 2013

Cape Verde Ilic 2011

Chile Young et al. 2010

Colombia Kronik & Verner 2010; Ospina 2012

Cook Islands FAO 2008; Galloway McLean 2010; NES 2011

Costa Rica Oelbermann & Smith 2007; Smith 2008; Smith & Oelbermann 2010

Democratic Republic of Congo Burton et al. 2010; CIFOR 2012; Nkombela et al. 2011

Djibouti Fisher 2007

Dominica CARIBSAVE Dominica 2012

Dominican Republic CARIBSAVE Dominical Republic 2012; World Bank 2011

East Timor Bernabe 2009; Galloway McLean 2010

Ecuador Crona et al. 2013; Galloway McLean 2010; Rhoades 2008

Egypt Eid et al. 2007; Galloway McLean 2010; Osman 2011; Yousry & Samra

2011

El Salvador Dorrance et al. 2011; Kvamsas 2012

Estonia Herzon & Mikk 2007

Ethiopia ACCCA 2010; Awuor & Hammill 2009; Balemie 2011; Belay 2010;

Belete 2011; Berhe et al. 2013; Bewket 2012; CARE Ethiopia 2012;

Deressa et al. 2008; Deressa et al. 2011; Eriksen & Marin 2011; Feyssa et

al. 2011; Feyssa et al. 2012; GeoSAS 2012b; Hurst et al. 2012;

InsightShare & ILCA 2011; Kassahun et al. 2008; Lemenih et al. 2007;

Mengistu 2011; Meze-Hausken 2004; Naess et al. 2010; Riché & Hammill

2009; Riché et al. 2009; Save the children & CARE Ethiopia 2009;

Senbeta 2009; Solomon 2013; Sørhaug 2011; Stark 2011a; Tesso et al.

2012a; Tesso et al. 2012b; Troeger 2011

Faroe Islands Hjalti í Jákupsstovu et al. 2001

Fiji Crona et al. 2013; Lata & Nunn 2012; Logavutu 2011; Mataki et al. 2006



Finland Galloway McLean 2010; Herzon & Mikk 2007; Huntington & Fox 2004;

Ingold & Kurttila 2000; Keskitalo 2008; Vuojala-Magga et al. 2011

France Bento et al. 2008; Lereboullet et al. 2013

Gambia Akon-Yamga et al. 2011; Warner et al. 2012b

Ghana Agbeve et al. 2011; Akon-Yamga et al. 2011; Amisah et al. 2009; Anim-

Kwapong & Frimpong 2005; Codjoe & Owusu 2011; Dazè et al. 2011;

De-Graft Acquah 2011; Fosu-Mensah et al. 2010; Glazebrook 2011;

Gyampoh et al. 2009a; Kemausuor et al. 2011; Mensah & FitzGibbon

2012; Mtambanengwe et al. 2008; Ofori-Sarpong 2001; Pauw et al. 2010;

Somda et al. 2013; Tschakert et al. 2010; van der Geest 2004; Warner et

al. 2012a; Westerhoff & Smit 2009; Yaro 2009; Yaro 2010; Yaro 2013

Greece Kontogianni et al. 2005

Greenland ACIA 2004; Buijs 2010; Ford & Goldhar 2012; Galloway McLean 2010;

Goldhar & Ford 2010; Henriksen 2007; Holm 2009; Holm 2010;

Huntington & Fox 2004; Meier et al. 2006; Nielsen 2009; Taverniers 2010

Grenada CARIBSAVE Grenada 2012; Green Antilles 2012

Guatemala Eitzinger et al. 2011; Galloway McLean 2010; Warner et al. 2012a

Guinea-Bissau Temudo 2011

Guyana Bynoe 2012; UNDP 2009

Haiti Oxfam 2009b; Swarup 2009a

Honduras Kirrane et al. 2012; Kocsis 2011

Hungary Vari et al. 2003

India Abeka et al. 2012; Arya 2010; Chakhesang & Rai 2010; Chatterjee et al.

2005; Chaudhary & Bawa 2011; Chaudhary et al. 2011; Christian Aid

2009; Climate Himalaya 2012; Dhaka et al. 2010; Galloway McLean

2010; Halder et al. 2012; Kelkar et al. 2008; Konyak 2010; Kumar 2010;

Laldampuii 2010; Lyngdoh & Baishya 2010; Macchi 2011; Macchi et al.

2011; Meena & Punjabi 2012; Pande & Akermann 2009; Pandey & Jha

2012; Patwal 2010; Rawat 2010; Sarkar & Padaria 2010; Sharma 2010;

Sharma & Rai 2012; Shimola & Krishnaveni 2013; Singh et al. 2011;

Singh Dev 2010; Singh Rana et al. 2009; Tripathi 2010; Vedwan 2006;

Vedwan & Rhoades 2001; Warner et al. 2012a; Wetlands International

2012a

Indonesia BBC Media Action 2013; Bernabe 2009; Binternagel et al. 2010; Boissière

et al. 2013; Galloway McLean 2010; Pertiwi 2011; Salamanca et al. 2013;

Susilowati et al. 2012

Iran CENESTA 2004; Galloway McLean 2010; Tahmasebi 2012

Ireland Sweeney et al. 2008

Italy Bardsley Edwards-Jones 2007; Reedy et al. 2013; Savo et al. 2014

Ivory Coast Comoé & Siegrist 2013; Comoé et al. 2012

Jamaica Campbell et al. 2011; CARIBSAVE Jamaica 2012; Gamble et al. 2010;

Mclymont-Lafayette 2007; Vassell 2009

Japan Aoyagi et al. 2011; Fujisawa & Kobayashi 2011

Kazakhstan CIMMYT 2013

Kenya Andersson & Gabrielsson 2012; Adapcc Kenya 2010; BBC 2010; Bryan et

al. 2010; Bryan et al. 2011a; Bryan et al. 2011b; CARE Kenya 2011;

Carreon 2010; CCAP 2010; CDC & IISD 2009; Edkins & Westerlind

Wigström 2011; Gabrielsson 2012; Gabrielsson & Ramasar 2013;

Gabrielsson et al. 2013; GoB, CDKN, UNU-EHS, ICCAD & MCII 2012;



Hassan et al. 2011; Hoho et al. 2009; Huho et al. 2011; Ifejika Speranza et

al. 2007; InsightShare 2009a; Kalungu et al. 2013; Kirrane et al. 2012;

Kuria 2009; Langill & Ndathi 1998; Macharia et al. 2012; Mude et al.

2007; Ndambiri et al. 2012; Njiru 2012; Nkonya et al. 2011; Obando et al.

2010; Ogalleh et al. 2012; Ongoro & Ogara 2012; Owuor et al. 2005;

Rioux 2010; Saitabau 2011; Schade 2011; Schepp 2009; Silvestri 2011;

Silvestri et al. 2012; Smucker & Wisner 2008; Sova et al. 2012; Terer et

al. 2012; Thorlakson 2011a; Thorlakson 2011b; UN 2009; Vermuelen et

2008; Waiyaki et al. 2012; Warner et al. 2012b; Kilonzi et al. 2012;

Schilling & Remling 2011

Kiribati Kuruppu & Liverman 2011; Longépée 2010

Kyrgyzstan Ashley 2012; UNU 2009a; Zhumanova & Maharjan 2012

Lao PDR Chinvanno et al. 2006; Foley 2009; MWB 2005a

Lesotho Bharwani et al. 2007; Bharwani et al. 2008; Matarira 2010; Sekaleli &

Sebusi 2013

Liberia Tarway-Twalla 2013

Macedonia IFRC 2013; Lescureux et al. 2011

Madagascar Andrew Lees Trust and Panos London 2009; IRG 2008; Narozanski et al.

2011; Whitty et al. 2010

Malawi Bauer & Scholz 2010; Bayani 2008; Fisher et al. 2010; Galloway McLean

2010; InsightShare 2010a; InsightShare 2012; Jennings & Magrath 2009;

Kalanda-Josha 2011; Kalanda-Joshua et al. 2009; Kasulo et al. 2010;

Kirrane et al. 2012; Lunduka 2013; Lupick & Kasakura 2012; Magrath

2009; Magrath 2010; Majule et al. 2013; Munthali 1997; Red Cross 2008;

Simelton et al. 2013; Stringer et al. 2010; Vermuelen et al. 2008

Malaysia Alam et al. 2011; Alam et al. 2012; Galloway McLean 2010

Mali de Bruijn & van Dijk 2005; Ebi et al. 2011; Galloway McLean 2010;

Goulden & Few 2011; Goulden et al. 2011; Menard 2013; Mertz et al.

2012; Naess et al. 2010; Wetlands International 2012b

Marshall Islands Rudiak-Gould 2012

Mauritania Scheffran et al. 2012

Mexico Adapcc Mexico 2010; Bee 2013; Buechler 2009; Eakin & Wehbe 2009;

Frank et al. 2011; Galloway McLean 2010; Garcia 2009; IFG 2010;

InsightShare 2010b; Jungehülsing 2010; Kronik & Verner 2010; Sanchez

Cortes & Chavero 2011; Schmidt-Verkerk 2009; Schmidt-Verkerk 2011;

Vasquez-Leon et al. 2003; Wehbe et al. 2006

Micronesia (Federal State of) Henry & Williams 2008; Henry et al. 2008; Warner et al. 2012b

MIOM Mauritius Bunce et al. 2008; Bunce et al. 2009; Gemenne and Magnan 2010;

Jonsson 2011

Mongolia Batima 2006; Fernandez-Gimenez 2000; Goulden 2011; Johnston 2008;

Lkhagvadorj et al. 2013; Marin 2010; Usca 2004

Morocco Bento et al. 2008

Mozambique ADAPTIVE 2003c; Bunce et al. 2010; Galloway McLean 2010; Jennings

& Magrath 2009; Karanja Ng’ang’a et al. 2012; Midgley et al. 2012;

Milder et al. 2011; Osbahr et al. 2008; Patt et al. 2010; Pomeroy & Aljofre

2012; Ribeiro & Chauque 2010; Sacramento et al. 2012; Shaffer 2009;

Shaffer & Naiene 2010; Shaffer & Naiene 2011; Thomas et al. 2005

Namibia Angula 2010; Bollig & Schulte 1999; Cheikhyoussef & Embashu 2013;

Dieckmann et al. 2013; Edkins & Westerlind Wigström 2011; Kaundjua et

al. 2012; Klintenberg et al. 2007; Rosengren 2011

Nauru ARM 2013



Nepal Acharya 2011; ActionAid 2009; Aryal et al. 2013; BBC Media Action

2013; Becken et al. 2013; Bhusal 2009; Biggs et al. 2013; Bishokarma &

Sharma 2013; Chapagain et al. 2009; Chaudhary & Bawa 2011;

Chaudhary et al. 2011; Chaulagain 2003; Devkota et al. 2011; Gentle &

Maraseni 2012; Gurung & Bhandari 2008; Jennings & Magrath 2009;

Jones & Boyd 2011; Khamis et al. 2009; Konchar 2012; Korkeakoski

2005; Lama & Devkota 2009; Lamichhane 2008;Lamichhane & Awasthi

2009; Macchi et al. 2011; Maharjan & Joshi 2013; Maharjan et al. 2011;

Manandhar et al. 2011; Mandal et al. 2013; McDowell et al. 2013; Nehren

et al. 2013; Onta & Resurreccion 2011; Oxfam 2009b; Oxfam 2009c; Piya

et al. 2012; Plush 2009; Regmi et al. 2009; Sampang Rai 2008; Shaoliang

et al. 2012; Sharma & Dahal 2011; Sharma 2009; Sharma 2010; Sharma

2012; Sherpa & Bhakta Kayastha 2009; Shrestha & Sanjyal 2011; Singh

Dahal 2011; Tiwari et al. 2010

New Zealand Crona et al. 2013; Kenny 2010; Kenny 2011; King et al. 2008; Schneider

2010

Nicaragua Fenly 2011; Galloway McLean 2010; Gylling 2011; Jennings & Magrath

2009; Macours et al. 2012; Ravera et al. 2011; Trouche et al. 2008

Niger Caparros et al. 2009; CARE Niger 2012; Geosas 2012c; InsightShare

2011a; McKune 2012; Mertz et al. 2012; Murzabekov 2010; Snorek 2011;

UNDP & BCPR 2012; Wezel & Haigis 2000

Nigeria Abraham et al. 2012; Adebayo et al. 2011; Adebo & Ayelari 2011; Adesiji

et al. 2013a; Adesiji et al. 2013b; Adesina et al. 2004; Adesoji & Ayinde

2013; Adetayo & Owolade 2012; Agbola & Ojeleye 2007; Agwu 2009;

Apata et al. 2009; Ayoade 2012; Bello et al. 2013; Bidoli et al. 2012;

BNRCC 2011b; Chah et al. 2013; Egbule & Agwu 2011; Ekpo &

Nzegblue 2012; Farauta et al. 2011; Farauta et al. 2012; Folami & Akoko

2010; Goulden & Few 2011; Goulden et al. 2011; Halliru 2013; Ishaya &

Abaje 2008; Mertz et al. 2012; Mustapha et al. 2012; NEST 2011; Ngozi

Akosa & Oluyide 2010; Nkonya et al. 2011; Ofuoku 2011; Ogundele &

Jegede 2011; Okhimamhe 2009; Okunola & Ikuomola 2010; Oyekale et al.

2009; Ozor & Nnaji 2011; Ozor et al. 2012; Tambo & Abdoulaye 2013;

Tologbonse et al. 2010; Ugwoke et al. 2012; Usman et al. 2012; Yila &

Resurreccion 2012; Zonkwa 2012

Norway Hovelsrud et al. 2010; Huntington & Fox 2004; Keskitalo & Kulyasova

2009; Kvalvik et al. 2011; Rybraten & Hovelsrud 2010; West & Hovelsud

2010

Oman Choudri 2013

Pakistan Ashraf & Routray 2013; IUCN 2008; Khan 2011; Kienzler 2012;

Shaoliang et al. 2012; Zaheer 2012

Panama Murray & Ouellet-Decoste 2008

Papua New Guinea Bosip 2012; CCV 2013; Damon & Mondragón 2011; Ellis 2003; Galloway

McLean 2010; Kelman et al. 2009; MATUSA 2011; Mercer et al. 2009;

SPREP 2011; UNU 2009b

Paraguay Finnis et al. 2012; Skjerping 2011

Peru Abeka et al. 2012; Adapcc Peru 2010; Ashwill et al. 2011; Bury et al.

2011; Dazè et al. 2011; Haerlin & Heine 2007; Hofmeijer 2010; Hofmeijer

et al. 2012; Insightshare 2009b; InsightShare 2011b; Lipton 2008; Mark et

al. 2010; Verkooijen 2011; Warner et al. 2012a

Philippines Astete et al. 2010; Bernardo & Ramos 2009; Bullecer 2010; Caparros et al.

2009; Combest-Friedman et al. 2012; Cosio et al. 2011; Degawan 2008;

Elbat & Alburo 2012; Galloway McLean 2010; InsightShare 2010c; John



J. Carroll Institute 2009; Pana & Su 2012; Pulhin et al. 2006; Pulhin et al.

2009; Uy et al. 2011; Zamora et al. 2012

Portugal Bento et al. 2008; Sakakibara 2011

PRC Byg & Salick 2009; Hageback et al. 2005; Lee 2013; Li et al. 2009;

Li et al. 2010; Ostwald & Chen 2006; Oxfam 2009b; Song 2011; Song &

Li 2011; Tabara et al. 2010; Wang 2012; Wang & Zhang 2010; Wang &

Zhang 2012; West 2009; Xue & Yin 2011

Romania Popovici et al. 2013

Russia Abryutina 2009; Alexander et al. 2011; Bulgakova 2010; Chestin &

Colloff 2008; Crate 2008; Crate 2012a; Crate 2012b; Crate 2013; Forbes

& Stammler 2009; Forbes et al. 2009; Galloway McLean 2010;

Huntington & Fox 2004; Jennings & Magrath 2009; Keskitalo &

Kulyasova 2009; Lavrillier 2013; Oxfam 2009b; Sharakhmatova 2012;

Stammler-Gossmann 2010; Ukhova & Yevtushok 2012; Vlassova 2006

Rwanda GeoSAS 2012d

Saint Kitts and Nevis CARIBSAVE Nevis 2012; CARIBSAVE Saint Kitts 2012

Saint Lucia CARIBSAVE Saint Lucia 2012

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

CARIBSAVE Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2012

Samoa Kenny 2012; UNDP 2010

Senegal Diessner 2012; Mbow et 2008; Mertz et al. 2009; Mertz et al. 2012;

Oxfam 2009b; Sall et al. 2011; Tschakert 2007

Sierra Leone Morlai et al. 2011

Slovakia Bizikova & Zajickova 2006

Solomon Islands Aranani et al. 2010; Aswani & Vaccaro 2008; Birk 2008; CCV 2013;

Galloway McLean 2010; Lauer & Aswani 2010; Mataki et al. 2013;

Rasmussen et al. 2009

Somalia Belay & Sugulle 2011; Hartmann et al. 2009

South Africa ADAPTIVE 2003a; ADAPTIVE 2003b; Babugura 2012; Benhin 2006;

Bryan et al. 2009; Clarke et al. 2012; Gbetibouo 2008; Gbetibouo 2009;

Magrath 2010; Oxfam 2011b; Oxfam 2011c; Quinn et al. 2011; Thomas et

al. 2005; Thomas et al. 2007

South Sudan VSF Belgium 2012

Spain Gomez-Baggethun et al. 2012; Smith 2007

Sri Lanka Esham & Garforth 2013; Withanage et al. 2009

Sudan Alfred et al. 2010; El Tahir et al. 2010; Galloway McLean 2010; Glover

2005; Hellerstein 2012; PANOS 2007; Urquhart 2009

Suriname Butler 2008; Bynoe 2012; CARIBSAVE Suriname 2012; de Vries 2012

Swaziland Manyatsi et al. 2010; Salam et al. 2009; Stringer et al. 2007

Sweden Couzin 2007; Furberg et al. 2011; Hansson et al. 2012; Keskitalo 2010

Switzerland Behringer et al. 2000

Syria Nielsen and Zobisch 2001

Taiwan Mihlar 2008

Tajikistan Kassam 2009; Kassam et al. 2011; Lerman & Wolfgramm 2011; Notaras

& Williams 2010; Oxfam 2011a; Stucker et al. 2012; Swarup 2009b

Tanzania Bunce et al. 2010; Edkins & Westerlind Wigström 2011; Enfors & Gordon

2007; Gabrielsson 2012; Gabrielsson et al. 2013; Gwambene & Majule



2009; Gwambene & Majule 2010; Hall 2009; Kangalawe et al. 2009;

Kangalawe et al. 2011; Keller et al. 2006; Liwenga 2008; Liwenga &

Kangalawe 2009; Lyimo & Kangalawe 2009; Lyimo & Kangalawe 2010;

Majule et al. 2009; Majule et al. 2013; Mary & Majule 2009; Mbwambo et

al. 2012; Milder et al. 2011; Mongi et al. 2010; Mustelin et al. 2009;

Nelson & Stathers 2009; Nsemwa et al. 2009; Oba & Kaitira 2006; Rioux

2011; Shaffer 2011; Shemdoe 2011; Slegers 2008; Sorey 2011; Swai et al.

2012; Tumbo et al. 2011; UKAid 2009; Warner et al. 2012a

Thailand Chinvanno et al. 2006; Jennings & Magrath 2009; Kawasaki 2010; MWB

2005b; Pachaly & Permpibul 2011; Rattana & Krawanchid 2012; Warner

et al. 2012a

The Bahamas CARIBSAVE The Bahamas 2012; Wise 2010

Togo Tounou et al. 2013

Tonga Tonga Ministry of Environment 2011

Trinidad and Tobago Mycoo & Gobin 2013; Theodore et al. 2013

Tunisia Verner 2013

Turkey Chan 2013

Turkmenistan Annaklycheva 2002; Ovezberdyyeva 2009

Turks and Caicos Islands CARIBSAVE Turks and Caicos Islands 2012

Tuvalu Fisher 2011a; Fisher 2011b; Lazrus 2008

Uganda Andersson & Gabrielsson 2012; Berrang-Ford et al. 2012; Egeru 2012;

Gabrielsson 2012; Hartter et al. 2012; Jassogne et al. 2013; Jennings &

Magrath 2009; Kapere et al. 2011; Kisauzi et al. 2012; Lumala 2008;

Magrath 2010; Magunda et al. 2010; MRFCJ 2012; Mubiru et al. 2009;

Mwerera et al. 2010; Nandelenga 2012; Neville et al. 2010; Njuguna et al.

2012; Nkonya et al. 2011; Okonya et al. 2013; Orlove et al. 2010; Osbahr

et al. 2011; Oxfam 2008; Oxfam 2009b; Pettengell 2010; Roncoli et al.

2010; Rwenzori Think Tank 2011; Stark 2011b; Twinomugisha 2010

UK LTScotland 2013

USA ACIA 2004; Alessa et al. 2008; Alexander 2008; Carey 2009; Carter &

Nielsen 2011; Chapin et al. 2004; Cochran et al. 2013; Craig et al. 2004;

Doyle et al. 2013; Druckenmiller et al. 2009; Druckenmiller et al. 2010;

Drummond & Steele 2013; Edwards & Sam 2001; Fienup-Riordan &

Rearden 2010; Galloway McLean 2010; Gearhead et al. 2006; Gordon et

al. 2006; Gordon et al. 2008; Henriksen 2007; Herman-Mercer et al. 2011;

Huntington 2000; Huntington & Fox 2004; Itta 2009; Jacobs 2011;

Jennings 2002; Kapsch et al. 2010; Koonooka 2009; Krupnik 2002;

Krupnik 2008; Krupnik & Ray 2007; Krupnik et al. 2010; Martello 2008;

McClintock 2009; McNeeley 2010; McNeeley & Shulski 2011; Moerlein

& Carothers 2012; Paolisso 2003; Papiez 2009a; Papiez 2009b; Redsteer et

al. 2011; Roncoli et al. 2006; Sakakibara 2011; Salomon et al. 2011; Suver

2012; Tetlichi et al. 2004; Tritt 2003; West 2001; West & Vasquez-Leon

2003; Wisniewski 2010

Uzbekistan ICBA 2013; Oberkircher 2011

Vanuatu Sallinger & Henderson 2010; Warrick 2011a; Warrick 2011b

Venezuela Montilla 2007

Vietnam Care Vietnam 2012; Dazè et al. 2011; Galloway McLean 2010; Hanh

2011; Jennings & Magrath 2009; Langford 2011; Le Dang et al. 2013;

McElwee 2010; Mihlar 2008; Nguyen et al. 2012; Phuong 2011; Phuong



2012; Shaw et al. 2007; Suu et al. 2010; Trang 2012; von Platen-

Hallermund & Thorsen 2010; Warner et al. 2012a

Wallis and Futuna Worliczek & Allenbach 2011

Zambia Makondo 2002; Mubaya 2011; Neubert et al. 2011; Nyanga et al. 2011;

USAID 2012

Zimbabwe Agobia 1999; Chikodzi et al. 2012; Dube & Phiri 2013; Gwimbi 2009;

Moyo et al. 2012; Mubaya 2011; Mutekwa 2009; Mutsvangwa 2011;

Progressio Zimbabwe 2009; Simba et al. 2012; Simbarashe 2013;

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Supplementary Table 2. Description of categories of climate change considered for this study.

Category and Subcategory Description/Examples

Changes in weather and climate Changes in the weather and climate including ice formation.

Droughts - increase Increased incidence (recurrence) or severity of droughts; longer dry periods;

increase in dry spells and aridity

Extreme weather events - increase More frequent and heavy storms, windstorms, hailstorms, dust storms, thunder

storms, typhoons, tornados, cyclones, and hurricanes; destructive, heavy or violent

rainfall events

Fog – decrease Decrease in days with fog

Fog – increase Increase in days with fog; appearance of fog (as a new phenomenon)

Rainfall - decrease and/or change

in patterns

Decrease in rainfall (including amount of rain and reduction in the number of rainy

days or periods); changes in rainfall patterns and predictability (increased variability

in rain - temporal and spatial distribution - patchy rain); increasingly erratic rainfall

events

Rainfall – increase Increase in rainfall; increase in rainy days

Snowfall, permafrost, glaciers, sea

ice - decrease

Decrease in snowfall; faster snowmelt; changes in or reduction (melting) of sea ice;

receding (melting) of glaciers; melting of permafrost; reduction of ice cover (and

thickness); shorter freeze-up periods

Temperature (air) – increase General warming of temperatures; increase in frequency or duration of heat waves

Temperature (air) - increased

anomalies

Increase in magnitude of temperature anomalies (increase in extremes, both cold and

hot) and variability; warmer winters and colder summers; warmer daily temperatures

and colder nights; more shifts of temperatures (from cold to hot and vice versa)

Temperature (air) - increased heat

of the sun

Observers experience subjective increase in the intensity of solar radiation, as

indicated, for instance, by more frequent burning

Temperature (water) – increase Increase in salt and fresh water temperatures

Weather - changes in patterns and

seasonality

Changes in seasonal timing (start, end or duration); changes in predictability of

seasons; reduced distinction in season transitions; more anomalies in the seasons

Wind - changes in direction and

intensity

Changes in wind direction, intensity, patterns, and predictability; change in number

of windy days

Changes in the physical

components of the environment

(excluding climate)

Changes in the abiotic components of the environment (excluding climate) that

communities think are connected to or caused by weather and climatic changes. The

abiotic factors include soil, water (fresh water and oceans), and other related

physical phenomena.

Fires - increase Increase in fires (frequency, spatial extent, severity)

Fresh water (ground and surface)-

decrease in availability and/or

quality

Decrease in surface water availability (streams, springs, lakes, ponds); drying out of

wetlands and other water bodies; decrease in ground water availability (lower water

table, less water in wells); decrease in water quality

Fresh water (surface)- increased

variability of water levels

Increased variability in flow regimes of rivers and streams; more variable water

levels of lakes and rivers

Land degradation - increase Decrease in rangeland (quality and extent); reduced soil fertility; land degradation

(rangeland, pastures, soil); desertification

Landslides and floods - decrease Decrease in frequency, intensity and duration of floods; decrease in landslides

Landslides and floods - increasing

frequency and magnitude

Increased frequency and intensity of floods, flooding, avalanches, mudslides,

landslides, and flash-floods

Ocean - changes in sea currents Decreased predictability of sea currents; changes in sea currents (intensity,

directions)

Ocean - changes in tides Changes in tide levels (generally higher) and periodicity; increased extremes at low

and high tides

Ocean - sea level rise Sea level rise



Salt water - increased intrusion Salt water intrusion into fresh water lens

Siltation - increase Increased siltation in rivers, lakes, and ponds

Soil and coasts - increased erosion Increased erosion of coastal areas, shorelines, beaches, and riverbanks; increased

soil erosion

Soil moisture - decrease Decrease in soil moisture; more rapid loss of soil moisture

Changes in the biological

components of the environment

Changes in plants (including fungi and algae), microbes, insects and animals

(livestock and terrestrial and aquatic wildlife) that communities think are connected

to or caused by weather and climatic changes

Animals - change in behavior Fish and other aquatic animals are moving to deeper waters; animals are coming

more often close to towns and fields looking for food; change in distributional range

and movements of animals; change in migratory routes and timing for fish, birds,

marine mammals and other animals; change in hibernation patterns for some

mammals; change in the timing of the mating season; some animals are changing

their prey and feeding areas

Animals - decreased populations Decreased abundance of fish, shellfish, sponges; decreased abundance of some

insects, birds, mammals, amphibians or other animal species; increased mortality of

some fish or mammal species

Animals - increased incidence of

diseases

Increased incidence of diseases (including new ones) for livestock and wildlife

(including aquatic species); increased morbidity, weakness and health problems for

animals; increase in parasites

Animals - increased populations Increased abundance of some fish, reptiles, mammal species

Animals (corals) - increased

bleaching

Bleaching of coral reefs

Animals (migratory birds) -

decreased populations

Decrease in number of migratory birds (which could be due to different migratory

routes or increased mortality)

Pests and diseases (crops) -

increase

Increased incidence (recurrence and number) of crop pests and disease outbreaks

(including fungi); increase abundance of weeds; increase in previously uncommon

pest and diseases

Plants (crops) - decreased yields

and /or quality

Decrease in crop yields and fruit harvests; decrease in crop quality; increased crop

failure; reduced growth of crops; dying of fruit trees

Plants (crops) - shifts of species

range

Shift in the range (mostly altitudinal shifts) of some crop species or varieties

Plants (wild and crops) - changes

in phenology

Changes in the seasonal timing of some plant species (crops and wild): changes in

time and length of the growing season; discontinuation of flowering for some

species

Plants (wild) - change of

vegetation

Shifts in relative abundance of species in plant communities (e.g., increase in woody

species in herbaceous communities); increased abundance of some species over

others (e.g., increased abundance of drought tolerant species)

Plants (wild) - decline of forests Dieback or drying of forest trees; reduced health of forest species; reduction of

forest cover; reduction in forest re-growth

Plants (wild) - decreased

abundance

Decreased abundance of some plant species; decreased production of wild fruit

trees; decrease in seaweed abundance; decrease in mushroom productivity

Plants (wild) - shifts of species

range

Shift in the range distribution of some plant species (latitudinal or altitudinal shifts)

Plants, animals, insects -

appearance of new species

Appearance of novel species of plants, insects (and pests), reptiles, fish and other

aquatic animals, birds, and mammals

Plants, animals, insects -

decreased diversity

Decreased diversity of plants (including seaweed), insect, fish, shellfish, bird,

mammal, reptile, and amphibian species; decreased biodiversity (in general -

including aquatic biodiversity)


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