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To Arabic -English To English OBSEVABLE UNIVERSE LINKED TO QUR-AN Hussain Y. I. Omari Physics Dept./ Mutah Univ./ JORDAN From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hubble Ultra Deep Field image of a region of the observable universe (equivalent sky area size shown in bottom left corner), near the constellation Fornax . Each spot is a galaxy , consisting of billions of stars. The light from the smallest, most redshifted galaxies originated roughly 13 billion years ago. In Big Bang cosmology , the observable universe consists of the galaxies and other matter that we can in principle observe from Earth in the present day, because light (or other signals) from those objects has had time to reach us since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. Assuming the Universe is isotropic , the distance

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Page 1: Observable universe - esystem.mutah.edu.joesystem.mutah.edu.jo/eijaz/Observable universe.doc  · Web viewThe word observable used in this sense does not depend on whether modern

To Arabic -English

To English

OBSEVABLE UNIVERSE LINKED TO QUR-AN

Hussain Y. I. Omari

Physics Dept./ Mutah Univ./ JORDAN

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hubble Ultra Deep Field image of a region of the observable universe

(equivalent sky area size shown in bottom left corner), near the

constellation Fornax. Each spot is a galaxy, consisting of billions of stars.

The light from the smallest, most redshifted galaxies originated roughly

13 billion years ago.

In Big Bang cosmology, the observable universe consists of the galaxies

and other matter that we can in principle observe from Earth in the

present day, because light (or other signals) from those objects has had

time to reach us since the beginning of the cosmological expansion.

Assuming the Universe is isotropic, the distance to the edge of the

observable universe is roughly the same in every direction—that is, the

observable universe is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the

observer, regardless of the shape of the Universe as a whole. The actual

shape of the Universe may or may not be spherical. However, the

portion of it that we (humans, from the perspective of planet Earth) are

able to observe is determined by whether or not the light and other signals

originating from distant objects has had time to arrive at our point of

observation (planet Earth). Therefore, the observable universe appears

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from our perspective to be spherical. Every location in the Universe has

its own observable universe which may or may not overlap with the one

centered around the Earth.

The word observable used in this sense does not depend on whether

modern technology actually permits detection of radiation from an object

in this region (or indeed on whether there is any radiation to detect). It

simply indicates that it is possible in principle for light or other signals

from the object to reach an observer on Earth. In practice, we can see

objects only as far as the surface of last scattering, before which the

Universe was opaque to photons.

The hot state is indicated by:

ول ) لها فقال دخان وهي ماء الس إلى استوى طوعا ألثم ائتيا رض

طائعين أتينا قالتا كرها آية] (أو . [11فصلت

طائعين) أتينا . (قالتا الفور : ( على دخان) وهي ماء على الس تكونت

.الفور

Allâh says: "Moreover, He comprehended in His design the Sama

)upper part of universe(, and it had been smoke: He said to it and to

Ardh )lower - interior - part of the Universe; not earth(: 'Come ye,

willingly or unwillingly.' They said: 'We do come, in willing

obedience'." )Surah 41, Verse 11(.

At early stages, the Universe was hot and opaque as indicated by the

verse: "and it had been smoke".

However, it may be possible in the future to observe the still older

neutrino background, or even more distant events via gravitational waves

(which also move at the speed of light). Sometimes a distinction is made

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between the visible universe, which includes only signals emitted since

the last scattering time, and the observable universe, which includes

signals since the beginning of the cosmological expansion (the Big Bang

in traditional cosmology, the end of the inflationary epoch in modern

cosmology).

According to the Big Bang model, the Universe expanded from an

extremely dense and hot state and continues to expand today. The dense

and hot initial state is indicated by the verses:

الخلق بداية عند رتقا كانتا واألرض السموات أن واألحاديث اآليات وتؤكد

رتقا ) كانتا واألرض ماوات الس أن كفروا الذين ير أولم

يؤمنون أفال حي شيء كل الماء من وجعلنا األنبياء]( ففتقناهما

وفتق[. 30 بسط فهن اآلن )2004عمري ( وأما السبع : .األرضون

"Do not the Unbelievers see that the Samawat )plural of Sama: upper

part of universe( and the Ardh )lower - interior - part of the

Universe( were Ratq )joined, coupled(, before We Fatq )clove

asunder, decoupled( them?" )Surat Al-Anbiyaa No. 21, verse 30(.

The Arabic word (Ratq), implies that at early stages of Universe, matter

used to have smeared and continuous mass distribution with high density,

and both matter and radiation were coupled together. Later on, God clove

them asunder (Fatq): Implying that matter had started clumping and

holding together to help forming seven distinct firmaments (Samawat)

and seven interior levels of Ardh (very likely to be seven distinct shell-

like fences of dark matter). Also, later the universe became transparent,

and matter is no more coupled to radiation (Fatq). Consequently Sama

(Upper part of Universe) and Ardh (Interior part of Universe) are

decoupled; each into seven distinct and probably concentric spherical

shells. The seven Ardhean (plural of Ardh : Ground ) mentioned by

authentic hadiths (Prophet's sayings) are seven distinct levels. It is

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possible that galaxies and clusters of galaxies are distributed over

Ardhean. As such, Ardhean represent a major part of the cosmic dark

matter that supports forming gravitationally bounded galaxies and

clusters (Omari , 2002 ; Omari, 2004; Omari, 2004).

The Sculptor Wall:The map below is a slice of the universe which shows

the Sculptor Wall. This map is a plot of 7400 bright galaxies (from the

HyperLeda database) in the vicinity of the Sculptor Wall. Our galaxy is

at the bottom and the top of the map is 800 million light years away. The

red line shows the Sculptor Wall which is sometimes called the Southern

Wall. The wall is faint beyond 500 million light years because the data is

incomplete beyond that distance. Notice that the nearest part of the wall

(the Phoenix supercluster) lies next to a large rectangular void. This is

called the Sculptor Void, and it is one of the largest voids in the nearby

universe (http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/superc/sclphe.html).

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A Slice of the Universe: By collecting distances to thousands of galaxies

in a narrow strip of the sky, it is possible to produce a slice of the

universe, like this one shown below from The 2dF Galaxy Redshift

Survey which looks out into the universe to 3.5 billion light years,

although not much data was collected for galaxies beyond 3 billion light

years. These types of plots show how clustered the galaxies in the

universe really are, even on the largest scales. About 52 000 galaxies are

plotted.

Inflation is indicated by the verses:

ماء- ) لموسعون والس وإنا بأييد فنعم رضألوا *بنيناها فرشناها

زوجين * الماهدون خلقنا شيء كل رون ومن تذك 47-49 [( لعلكم

.]ارياتالذ

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Observable_universe_atlasoftheuniverse.gif

" We have built The Sama - Firmament - with might, We indeed

Have vast power; to create the vastness of Sama and Space and

continue to expand it * And We have spread out Ardh - Ground;

interior or lower part of the Universe; the dark matter holding the

galaxies -: How excellently We do spread out * And of everything We

have created pairs: that ye may receive instruction " )Surah No. 51,

verse 47- 49(.

The age of the Universe is about 13.7 billion years, but due to the

expansion of space we are now observing objects that are now

considerably farther away than a static 13.7 billion light-years distance.

The edge of the observable universe is now located about 46.5 billion

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light-years away, giving an observable diameter of 93 billion light-years.]1[

The vast majority of the energy density is believed to be composed of

dark matter and dark energy. This is likely indicated by the verse: And

of everything We have created pairs )like: {Dark energy, energy},

{Dark matter, matter}, {particle, antiparticle}(.

The Universe versus the observable universe

While special relativity constrains objects in the Universe from moving

faster than the speed of light with respect to each other, there is no such

constraint when space itself is expanding. This means that the size of the

observable universe could be smaller than the entire universe; there

are some parts of the Universe which might never be close enough for the

light to overcome the speed of the expansion of space, in order to be

observed on Earth. Some parts of the Universe which are currently

observable may later be unobservable due to ongoing expansion.]2[]3[

تبصرون ) بما أقسم تبصرون * فال ال اآليتان 69الحاقةس) ( وما ،38-

39(

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)So I do call to witness what ye see * And what ye see not,) (S. 69, V.

38-39)

Some parts of the Universe may simply be too far away for the light from

there to have reached Earth. Due to the expansion of space, at a later time

they could be observed.

مبين ( بدخان ماء الس تأتي يوم عذاب *فارتقب هذا الناس يغشى

[.11-10الدخان) ] أليم

)Then watch thou for the Day that the sky will bring forth a kind of

smoke )or mist( plainly visible * Enveloping the people: this will be a

Penalty Grievous.( )S. 44, V. 10-11(

Both popular and professional research articles in cosmology often use

the term "Universe" to mean "observable universe". This can be justified

on the grounds that we can never know anything by direct

experimentation about any part of the Universe that is causally

disconnected from us, although many credible theories require a total

Universe much larger than the observable universe. No evidence exists to

suggest that the boundary of the observable universe corresponds

precisely to the physical boundary of the universe (if such a boundary

exists);

Qur-an declares that a boundary does exist for an observable

universe that is relatively very small compared to the total universe:

معرضون )- آياتها عن وهم محفوظا سقفا ماء الس سورة( وجعلنا

رقم آية .32األنبياء

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)And We have made the Sama )Firmaments( as a canopy well

guarded: yet do they turn away from the Signs which these things

)point to(!( )S. 21, . 32(

لها )- وما وزيناها بنيناها كيف فوقهم ماء الس إلى ينظروا أفلم

فروج رقم ( من آية ق .6سورة

)Do they not look at the Sama )firmament, sky( above them? How

We have constructed it and adorned it, and there are no flaws in it?(

)S. 50, V. 6(

بناها )- ماء الس أم خلقا أشد رقم ( * أأنتم آية النازعات .27سورة

)What! Are ye the more difficult to create or the heaven )above(?

)Allah( hath constructed it * On high hath He raised its canopy, and

He hath given it order and perfection.( )S. 79, V. 27-28(

This is exceedingly unlikely in that it would imply that Earth is exactly at

the center of the Universe, in violation of the Copernican principle. I do

not agree with this statement. The Earth is very close to the first

firmament )boundary of observable universe( )Omari 2002(.

It is likely that the galaxies within our visible universe represent only a

minuscule fraction of the galaxies in the Universe. According to the

theory of cosmic inflation and its founder, Alan Guth, the lower bound

for the diameter of the entire Universe could be at least in the range of

1023 to 1026 times as large as the observable universe.

This is very likely the case according to Qur-an:

مرئية الغير الكون أجزاء: ( ) ( التالي ( النحو على األكبر الخارج إلى األصغر الداخل من وهي

السبع ) (: Firmaments السماوات

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سماء - ( كل في وأوحى يومين في سماوات سبع فقضاهن

رقم (أمرها آية فصلت .12سورة

)So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days and He

assigned to each heaven its duty and command. And We adorned the

lower heaven with lights, and )provided it( with guard. Such is the

Decree of )Him( the Exalted in Might, Full of Knowledge.( )S. 41, V.

12(

من ( حمان الر خلق في ترى ما طباقا سماوات سبع خلق الذي

فطور من ترى هل البصر فارجع تين *تفاوت كر البصر ارجع ثم

حسير وهو خاسئا البصر إليك إلى [.4-3الملك ])ينقلب اآلية تشير

البصرية ( الرؤية إمكانية .Opticalانعدام تفاوت) ألي

]3[ He Who created the seven Samawat )sky, Firmament( one above

another: no want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of

)Allah( Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw?

]4[ Again turn thy vision a second time: )thy( vision will come back to

thee dull and discomfited, in a state worn out.

شدادا - ( سبعا فوقكم سماوات. ]النبأ 12 [) وبنينا سبع الخلق يريد قوية

دة بالش وصفها ولهذا البناء، القرآن القرطبي، (محكمة ألحكام ،19ج. الجامعحيان، 112ص أبو المحيط ؛ ص 10ج. البحر ،384.(

)And )have We not( built over you the seven Firmaments,( )S. 78, V.

12(

غافلين (- الخلق عن كنا وما طرائق سبع فوقكم خلقنا 17 [) ولقد

.]المؤمنون

)And We have made, above you, seven firmaments; and We are

never unmindful of )Our( Creation( )S. 23, V. 17(

بعض وراء أو بعض فوق بعضها الطبقات هي الجامعالقرطبي، (والطرائق

القرآن ص 12ج. ألحكام كثير، 75، ابن العظيم ؛ القرآن ص 3م. تفسير ،

الغرناطي، 325 األندلسي المحيط ؛ الى البحر من الماد -216ص 4م. النهر

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السعود، 217 أبي العمادي، السعود ؛ أبي ج تفسير ص 6، كان). 127، ولما

. متماسك قوي بناء بد ال فإنه قوق والش الفطور من خاليا البناءعلى )- استوى ثم أيام ستة في واألرض ماوات الس خلق الذي هو

رقم العرش( آية الحديد .4سورة

) He it is Who created the firmaments and the Ardh )dark matter;

not earth( in six Days, and is moreover firmly established on the

Throne )of authority(.( )S. 57, V. 4(

عن تتحدث التي اآليات جميع القبيل هذا ماوات ومن الس خلق

أيام ستة في السبع. واألرض السموات هو منها فالمراد

. السبع واألرضينThe Day here after, The Samawat (Firmaments) will be cracked:

كالدهان ) وردة فكانت ماء الس ت انشق رقم ( فإذا آية الرحمن سورة

37.

)When the sky is rent asunder, and it becomes red like ointment( )S.

55, V. 37(

واهية ) يومئذ فهي ماء الس ت رقم ( وانشق آية الحاقة .16سورة

)And the sky will be rent asunder, for it will that Day be flimsy,( )S.

69, V. 16(

انفطرت ) ماء الس رقم ( إذا آية االنفطار .1سورة

)When the Sky is cleft asunder;( )S. 82, V. 1(

ت ) انشق ماء الس رقم ( إذا آية االنشقاق .1سورة

)When the Sky is rent asunder,( )S. 84, V. 1(

( Paradise, Heaven الجنة )

درجة مائة في المجاهدون يتنافس) ، واألرض السماء بين كما درجتين كل بين ما ، درجة مائة الجنة في

يكون فوقها ومن ، األربعة الجنة أنهار تفجر ومنها ، درجة أعالها والفردوس

الفردوس . ) (العرش فسلوه الله سألتم الصامت الراوي:فإذا بن عبادة

الجامع المصدر: - األلباني المحدث: : - صحيح الرقم أو خالصة، 4244 الصفحة

: المحدث صحيح حكم

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)In Heaven there are hundred levels, between each two neighboring

is as between Sama )lower firmament( and Ardh )Earth(. Paradise is

the highest level …(.

فوقها ( ومن ، واألرض السماء بين كما درجتين كل بين ، درجة مائة الجنة

الجنة العرشيكون أنهار تفجر ومنها درجة أعالها الفردوسمن وإن ،

الفردوس ) ( فسلوه ، الصامت الراوي:األربعة بن ابن المحدث:عبادة

: - التوحيد المصدر: - خزيمة الرقم أو :، 247/1 الصفحة المحدث حكم خالصة

] الصحيح] الثابت باإلسناد وثبت صح أنه المقدمة في أشارأعالها ( وإن واألرض السماء بين ما منها درجة كل درجة مائة الجنة

الفردوسوإن أوسطها وإن تفجر العرشالفردوس منها الفردوس على

الفردوس فسلوه الله سألتم ما فإذا الجنة جبل الراوي:) (أنهار بن معاذ

ماجه المصدر: - األلباني المحدث: ابن : - صحيح الرقم أو ،3512 الصفحة: المحدث حكم صحيح خالصة

وخدمه( ونعمه وأزواجه جنانه إلى ينظر لمن منزلة الجنة أهل أدنى إن

مسيرة . سنة ألفوسرره غدوة وجهه إلى ينظر من الله على وأكرم

{ { : ناضرة يومئذ وجوه قرأ ثم } 22وعشية { } ناظرة ربها )23إلى

عمpر الpراوي:( بن الربpاني المصpدر: - الشpوكاني المحpدث:عبداللpه -الفتح

: الرقم أو :، 2/766 الصفحة المحدث حكم )صحيح خالصة

الكرسي:

في ( ما له نوم وال سنة تأخذه ال القيوم الحي هو إال إله ال الله

يعلم بإذنه إال عنده يشفع الذي ذا من األرض في وما ماوات الس

بما إال علمه من بشيء يحيطون وال خلفهم وما أيديهم بين ما

وهو حفظهما يئوده وال واألرض ماوات الس كرسيه وسع شاء

العظيم )255البقرة ( )العلي

)Allah! There is no god but He, the Living, the Self-subsisting,

Eternal. No slumber can seize Him nor sleep. His are all things in the

heavens and on earth. Who is there can intercede in His presence

except as He permitteth? He knoweth what )appeareth to His

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creatures as( Before or After or Behind them. Nor shall they compass

aught of His knowledge except as He willeth. His Throne doth extend

over the heavens and the earth, and He feeleth no fatigue in guarding

and preserving them for He is the Most High, the Supreme )in

glory(.( )S. 2, V. 255(

عباسقال ( ابن قدره الكرسيعن أحد يقدر والعرشال ، القدمين )موضع

جبير الراوي:( بن أو - العلو المصدر: - الذهبي المحدث:سعيد الصفحة

:، 76 الرقم: المحدث حكم ثقات خالصة )رواته

شاخصة ( سنة، أربعين معلوم يوم لميقات واآلخرين األولين الله يجمع

إلى العرش من الله فينزل القضاء، فصل إلى ينظرون السماء إلى أبصارهم

. الكرسي الغمام من ظلل مسعود الراوي:) (في بن المحدث:عبدالله

: - العرش المصدر: - الذهبي الرقم أو :، 76 الصفحة المحدث حكم خالصة

)حسن

عل ( الرب جلس الجدد الكرسي ىإذا الرحل كأطيط أطيط له سمع ،(

الخطاب الراوي:( بن أو - العرش المصدر: - الذهبي المحدث:عمر الصفحة

:، 99 الرقم: المحدث حكم صحيح خالصةشاخصة ( سنة أربعين معلوم يوم لميقات واآلخرين األولين الله يجمع

من الغمام ظل في الله وينزل القضاء، فصل ينتظرون السماء إلي أبصارهم

إل مسعود الراوي:) ( . الكرسي ىالعرش بن -الذهبي المحدث:عبدالله

: - العلو المصدر: الرقم أو :، 91 الصفحة المحدث حكم حسن خالصة )إسناده

القصوى : ( السماء بين ما قال عنه الله رضي مسعود بن الله عبد عن

وبين ، عام خمسمائة والعرشفوق الكرسيوالكرسي ، كذلك والماء

أعمالكم من شيء عليه يخفى وال ، العرش فوق والله ، -الراوي:) (الماء

: - العرش المصدر: - الذهبي المحدث: الرقم أو حكم ، 105 الصفحة خالصة

صحيح المحدث: )إسناده

سماءين ( كال بين وما عام خمسمائة مسيرة تليها والتي الدنيا سماء بين ما

وما عام خمسمائة مسيرة والكرسي السابعة السماء بين وما عام خمسمائة

على الكرسيبين ذكره جل والله الماء والعرشعلى عام خمسمائة والماء

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عليه أنتم ما يعلم مسعود الراوي:) (العرش بن -الهيثمي المحدث:عبدالله

الزوائد المصدر: : - مجمع الرقم أو :، 1/91 الصفحة المحدث حكم خالصة

الصحيح رجال )رجاله

Prophet Mohammed - peace and blessing of ALLAH be upon him -

said: )Between the closest firmament and the next one five hundred-

years, And between each two adjacent firmaments five hundred

years. And between the seventh firmament and the Throne five

hundred years. And between the Throne and water five hundred-

years, And the throne )of authority on the water, And God, Greatest

mentioned, is on )top( of the throne )of authority( knows what you

are doing(.

واألرض } { ( السموات كرسيه وسع تعالى قوله عباسفي ابن الكرسيعن

تعالى الله إال قدره يقدر والعرشال ، القدمين المحدث: - الراوي:) (موضع

الطحاوية المصدر: - األلباني : - شرح الرقم أو حكم ، 279 الصفحة خالصة

موقوف المحدث: )صحيح

أن ( موسى أبي القدمين الكرسيعن حجر المحدث: - الراوي:) (موضع ابن

حجر المصدر: - العسقالني البن الباري : - فتح الرقم أو خالصة، 8/47 الصفحة

: المحدث صحيح حكم )إسناده

قال : ( موسى أبي الرحل الكرسيعن كأطيط أطيط وله القدمين )موضع

األشعري الراوي:( موسى العلو المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:أبو -مختصر

: الرقم أو :، 85 الصفحة المحدث حكم موقوف خالصة )صحيح

تعالى الكرسي( الله إال قدره يقدر والعرشال ، القدمين الراوي:) (موضع

عباس بن الطحاوية المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:عبدالله على -التعليق

: الرقم أو :، 36 الصفحة المحدث حكم موقوف خالصة )صحيح

عباسقال : ( ابن قدره الكرسيعن أحد يقدر والعرشال ، القدمين )موضع

جبير الراوي:( بن العلو المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:سعيد الصفحة - مختصر

: الرقم :، 45 أو المحدث حكم موقوف خالصة )صحيح

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ي الذي الحديث الغفاري ه روي وفي ذر ( أبو كما ) عنه الله رضي

: المحدثون أوردهفي ( السبع السموات فضل الكرسيما و ، بأرضفالة ملقاة كحلقة إال

الحلقة الكرسيالعرشعلى تلك على الفالة تلك -األلباني) (كفضل

الصحيحة المصدر: : - السلسلة الرقم أو :، 109 الصفحة المحدث حكم خالصة

] لطرقه ] )صحيح

في ( السبع السماوات وفضل الكرسيما ، بأرضفالة ملقاة كحلقة إال

الحلقة ) (الكرسيالعرشعلى تلك على الفالة تلك -األلبانيكفضل

الطحاوية المصدر: على : - التعليق الرقم أو حكم ، 36 الصفحة خالصة

المحدث: مرفوعا صح فقط القدر )هذا

من الكرسيما ( فالة ظهري بين ألقيت حديد من كحلقة إال العرش في

الطحاوية المصدر: - األلبانياألرض ) ( : - شرح الرقم أو خالصة، 279 الصفحة

: المحدث )حكم صحيح يا : : : ( قال ثم ، الكرسي آية قال ، أعظم عليك أنزل أيما الله رسول يا قلت

ملقاة كحلقة إال الكرسي مع السبع السموات ما ذر وفضل فالة بأرضأبا ،

الحلقة على الفالة كفضل الكرسي تيمية ) (العرشعلى المصدر: - ابن

الفتاوى : - مجموع الرقم أو :، 6/556 الصفحة المحدث حكم مشهور خالصة

طرق )له

ملقاة ( كحلقة إال الكرسي مع السبع السموات ما ذر أبا وفضل فالة بأرضيا

الحلقة على الفالة كفضل الكرسي العسقالني ) (العرشعلى حجر -ابن

حجر المصدر: البن الباري : - فتح الرقم أو حكم ، 13/422 الصفحة خالصة

صحيح المحدث: بسند شاهد )له

العرش:

ر( وسخ العرش على استوى ثم ترونها عمد بغير ماوات الس رفع ذي ال ه الل

بلقاء كم لعل اآليات يفصل األمر ر يدب مسمى ألجل يجري كل والقمر مس الش

( توقنون كم س ( رب ، آية 13الرعد ،2(

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)Allah is He Who raised the Samawat )Firmaments, sky( without any

pillars that ye can see; then He established Himself on the Throne )of

Authority(; He has subjected the sun and the moon )to His Law(!

Each one runs )its course( for a term appointed. He doth regulate all

affairs, explaining the Signs in detail, that ye may believe with

certainty in the meeting with your Lord.( )S. 13, V. 2(

العليم : ( ( الله إال إله ال الكرب عند يقول وسلم عليه الله صلى النبي كان

رب الله إال إله ال ، ورب العرشالحليم السماوات رب الله إال إله ال ، العظيم

عباس الراوي:) (الكريم ) . العرشاألرضرب بن البخاري المحدث:عبدالله

البخاري المصدر:- : - صحيح الرقم أو :، 7426 الصفحة المحدث حكم خالصة

] صحيح]الله " ( إال إله ال الكرب عند يقول كان وسلم عليه الله صلى الله نبي أن

رب . الله إال إله ال الحليم رب . العرشالعظيم الله إال إله ال العظيم

األرضورب ورب الله " . : العرشالسماوات رسول أن رواية وفي الكريم

بمثل . فذكر الكرب عند ويقولهن بهن يدعو كان وسلم عليه الله صلى

السماوات . " رب قال أنه غير قتادة عن ، أبيه عن هشام بن معاذ حديث

: . " ، أمر حزبه إذا ، كان وسلم عليه الله صلى النبي أن رواية وفي واألرض

رب . . " إال إله ال معهن وزاد أبيه عن معاذ حديث بمثل فذكر العرشقال

عباس الراوي:) (الكريم " . بن صحيح المصدر: - مسلم المحدث:عبدالله

: - مسلم الرقم أو :، 2730 الصفحة المحدث حكم صحيح خالصةفينوه : ( ، فالنا عبدي أحب أنا السالم عليه جبريل نادى عبدا أحب إذا الله إن

حملة في أهل العرشجبريل تحت العرشفيحبه السماء أهل فيسمعه ،

إلى العرش ينزل حتى سماء سماء ينزل ثم ، السابعة السماء أهل فيحبه

ذلك والبغضمثل ، األرض أهل فيحبه األرض إلى يهبط ثم ، الدنيا )سماء

هريرة الراوي:( نعيم المحدث:أبو األولياء المصدر: - أبو أو - حلية الصفحة

:، 3/296 الرقم: المحدث حكم [ خالصة : من ] العلماء بين أي عليه متفق صحيح

صالح أبي حديث

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فوق ( والله الماء عليه العرشوالعرشفوق أنتم ما يعلم -الراوي:) (وهو

تيمية المحدث: الفتاوى المصدر: - ابن : - مجموع الرقم أو ،3/139 الصفحة: المحدث حكم حسن خالصة

فضل ( و ، بأرضفالة ملقاة كحلقة إال الكرسي في السبع السموات ما

الحلقة العرش تلك على الفالة تلك كفضل الكرسي ذر الراوي:) (على أبو

الصحيحة المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:الغفاري : - السلسلة الرقم أو الصفحة

109 ،: المحدث حكم [خالصة لطرقه ] صحيحشاخصة ( ، سنة أربعين معلوم يوم لميقات واآلخرين األولين الله يجمع

من الله فينزل ، القضاء فصل إلى ينظرون السماء إلى العرشأبصارهم

الغمام . من ظلل في الكرسي مسعود الراوي:) (إلى بن المحدث:عبدالله

: - العرش المصدر: - الذهبي الرقم أو :، 76 الصفحة المحدث حكم خالصة

حسنمثنية , ( وعنقه األرض رجاله مرقت قد ديك عن أحدث أن لي أذن الله إن

من, : ! : العرشتحت ذلك يعلم ال عليه فيرد أعظمك ما سبحانك يقول وهو

كاذبا . بي هريرة الراوي:) (حلف صحيح المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:أبو

: - الجامع الرقم أو :، 1714 الصفحة المحدث حكم صحيح خالصةحملة ( من ملك عن أحدث أن لي ، العرشأذن السفلى األرض في رجاله ،

قرنه على عام العرشو سبعمائة الطير خفقان عاتقه و أذنيه شحمة بين و ،

كنت حيث سبحانك الملك ذلك يقول مالك الراوي:) (، المحدث:أنسبن

الجامع المصدر: - األلباني : - صحيح الرقم أو حكم ، 853 الصفحة خالصة

صحيح المحدث:حملة ( تعالى الله مالئكة من ملك عن أحدث أن لي بين العرشأذن ما ،

سنة سبعمائة مسيرة عاتقه إلى أذنه عبدالله الراوي:) (شحمة بن جابر

الجامع المصدر: - األلباني المحدث: : - صحيح الرقم أو خالصة، 854 الصفحة

: المحدث صحيح حكمتحت ( معلقة قناديل لها ، خضر جوفطير في الشهداء أرواح ، العرشإن

ربهم إليهم فاطلع ، القناديل تلك إلى تأوي ثم ، شاءت حيث الجنة من تسرح

من : : نسرح ونحن نشتهي شيء أي قالوا ؟ شيئا تشتهون هل فقال اطالعة

من يتركوا لم أنهم رأوا فلما ، مرات ثالث بهم ذلك فيفعل ؟ شئنا حيث الجنة

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إلى : نرجع حتى أجسادنا في أرواحنا ترد أن نريد رب يا قالوا ، يسألوا أن

تركوا ! حاجة ليسلهم أن رأى فلما أخرى مرة سبيلك في فنقتل )الدنيا

مالك الراوي:( بن الجامع المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:كعب الصفحة - صحيح

: الرقم :، 1558 أو المحدث حكم صحيح خالصةفيظل ( بالله المتحابين جبل الراوي:) ( العرشإن بن المحدث:معاذ

الجامع المصدر: - األلباني : - صحيح الرقم أو حكم ، 1937 الصفحة خالصة

صحيح المحدث:إله : ( ال قل ؟ لك مغفورا كنت وإن ، لك الله غفر قلتهن إذا كلمات أعلمك أال

سبحان الله إال إله ال ، الكريم الحكيم الله إال إله ال ، العظيم العلي الله إال

ورب السبع السموات رب العالمين العرشالله رب لله الحمد ، )العظيم

طالب الراوي:( أبي بن الجامع المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:علي -صحيح

: الرقم أو :، 2621 الصفحة المحدث حكم صحيح خالصةرب : ( الله إال إله ال ، الحليم العظيم الله إال إله ال الكرب عند يدعو كان

رب العرش و األرض، رب و السبع السموات رب الله إال إله ال ، العظيم

عباس الراوي:) (الكريم العرش بن المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:عبدالله

الجامع : - صحيح الرقم أو :، 4940 الصفحة المحدث حكم صحيح خالصةأنهار ( ترد خضر جوفطير في أرواحهم الله جعل ، بأحد إخوانك أصيب لما

ظل في معلقة ، ذهب من قناديل إلى وتأوي ، ثمارها من تأكل ، الجنة

يبلغ : العرش من قالوا ، ومقيلهم ومشربهم مأكلهم طيب وجدوا فلما ،

عند يتكلوا وال الجهاد في يزهدوا لئال نرزق الجنة في أحياء أنا عنا إخواننا

عنكم : أبلغهم أنا تعالى الله فقال ؟ عباس الراوي:) (الحرب بن عبدالله

الجامع المصدر: - األلباني المحدث: : - صحيح الرقم أو خالصة، 5205 الصفحة

: المحدث صحيح حكمفوق ( عنده فهو ، كتابه في كتب ، الخلق الله قضى رحمتي : العرشلما إن

غضبي هريرة الراوي:) (غلبت الجامع المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:أبو صحيح

-: الرقم أو :، 5214 الصفحة المحدث حكم صحيح خالصةحتى ( ، السماء أبواب له فتحت إال ، مخلصا قط الله إال إله ال عبد قال ما

إلى الكبائر العرشتفضي اجتنبت ما هريرة الراوي:) (، المحدث:أبو

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الجامع المصدر: - األلباني : - صحيح الرقم أو حكم ، 5648 الصفحة خالصة

حسن المحدث:اقبلوا . : ] [ . : ( قال فأعطنا بشرتنا قد قالوا تميم بني يا البشرى اقبلوا

كيف . : األمر هذا على لنا فاقض بشرتنا قد قالوا اليمن أهل يا البشرى

على : الله كان فقال ؟ اللوح العرشكان في وكتب ، شيء كل قبل وكان ،

يكون شيء حصين الراوي:) (كل بن المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:عمران

العلو : - مختصر الرقم أو :، 40 الصفحة المحدث حكم صحيح خالصةفوق ( عنده فهو كتابه في كتب الخلق الله قضى رحمتي : العرشلما إن

إن : : الخلق يخلق أن قبل كتابا كتب الله إن لفظ وفي غضبي سبقت

فوق عنده فهو ، غضبي سبقت الله : العرشرحمتي خلق لما آخر لفظ وفي

فوق مرفوع فهو نفسه على كتبه كتاب في كتب رحمتي : العرشالخلق إن

غضبي هريرة الراوي:) (تغلب العلو المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:أبو مختصر

-: الرقم أو :، 21 الصفحة المحدث حكم صحيح خالصةفي ( الكرسي من العرشما فالة ظهري بين ألقيت حديد من كحلقة إال

الغفاري الراوي:) (األرض ذر شرح المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:أبو

: - الطحاوية الرقم أو :، 279 الصفحة المحدث حكم صحيح خالصةحملة ( من ، الله مالئكة من ملك عن أحدث أن لي بين : العرشأذن ما إن

عام سبعمائة مسيرة ، عاتقه إلى أذنه عبدالله الراوي:) (شحمة بن جابر

داود المصدر: - األلباني المحدث: أبي : - صحيح الرقم أو ،4727 الصفحة: المحدث حكم صحيح خالصة

وفضل ( ، بأرضفالة ملقاة كحلقة إال الكرسي في السبع السماوات ما

الحلقة العرش تلك على الفالة تلك كفضل الكرسي -الراوي:) (على

الطحاوية المصدر: - األلباني المحدث: على : - التعليق الرقم أو ،36 الصفحة: المحدث حكم خالصة مرفوعا صح فقط القدر هذا

حملة ( من وجل عز الله مالئكة من ملك عن أحدث أن لي إن العرشأذن ،

عام سبعمائة مسيرة عاتقه إلى أذنه شحمة بين المحدث: - الراوي:) (ما

الطحاوية المصدر: - األلباني : - شرح الرقم أو حكم ، 279 الصفحة خالصة

صحيح المحدث:

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حملة ( من تعالى الله مالئكة من ملك عن أحدث أن لي ما . العرشأذن إن

عام . سبعمائة مسيرة عاتقه إلى أذنه شحمة عبدالله الراوي:) (بين بن جابر

المسند المصدر: - الوادعي المحدث: : - الصحيح الرقم أو ،265 الصفحة: المحدث حكم الصحة خالصة إلى الحديث ارتقى

ورب : ( ، السبع السموات رب اللهم كل العرشقولي ورب ربنا ، العظيم

من بك أعوذ ، والنوى الحب فالق ، والقرآن واإلنجيل التوراة منزل ، شيء

اآلخر وأنت ، شيء فليسقبلك ؛ األول أنت ، بناصيته آخذ أنت شيء كل شر

؛ الباطن وأنت ، شيء فليسفوقك ، الظاهر وأنت ، شيء فليسبعدك ؛

الفقر من وأغنني ، الدين اقضعني ، شيء أبو الراوي:) (فليسدونك

الجامع المصدر: - األلباني المحدث:هريرة : - صحيح الرقم أو ،4424 الصفحة: المحدث حكم )صحيح خالصة

هو لقد الكون المرئيمن الجزء أن الشريفة األحاديث أوضحت

. الكون مجموع من جدا يسير جزء

It is also possible that the Universe is smaller than the observable

universe. In this case, what we take to be very distant galaxies may

actually be duplicate images of nearby galaxies, formed by light that has

circumnavigated the Universe.

تعالى (و قوله مدلول من بعض هذا جع لعل الر ذات ماء الطارق ()والس

11(. البناء هي هنا السماء أن اعتبار على ،This is likely to be among things indicated by the following verse:

)By the samaa (Firmament) which returns), (Surah 86, verse 11)

متعددة : مواضع في تعالى ذكره مسواة، السبع الطبقات وهذهماء )- الس إلى استوى ثم جميعا األرض في ما لكم خلق الذي هو

عليم شيء بكل وهو سماوات سبع رقم( ( فسواهن آية ).29البقرة

)It is He Who hath created for you all things that are on Ardh; then

He turned to the Sama and made them into seven firmaments. And

of all things He hath perfect knowledge. ( )S. 2, V. 29(

طباقا - ( سماوات سبع خلق من الذي حمان الر خلق في ترى ما

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فطور تفاوت من ترى هل البصر .]الملك 3[) فارجع

]3[ He Who created the seven Samawat )sky, Firmament( one above

another: no want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of

)Allah( Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw?

Actually, duplicate images are referred to by Rashed (Rashed Omari, H.

Y. 1999, Finite Closed Universe Contained in a Spherical Shell SAMA',

Al-Manarah Journal, Al al-BAYT University, Mafraq, Jordan, Vol. 4,

No. 2, 85-107.).

It is difficult to test this hypothesis experimentally because different

images of a galaxy would show different eras in its history, and

consequently might appear quite different. A 2004 paper]4[ claims to

establish a lower bound of 24 giga parsecs (78 billion light-years) on the

diameter of the whole Universe, making it, at most, only slightly smaller

than the observable universe. This value is based on matching-circle

analysis of the WMAP data.

تبصرون ) بما أقسم تبصرون * فال ال اآليتان 69الحاقةس) ( وما ،38-

39(

)So I do call to witness what ye see * And what ye see not,) (S. 69, V.

38-39)

Size

The comoving distance from Earth to the edge of the visible universe

(also called the particle horizon) is about 14 billion parsecs )46.5

billion light-years( in any direction.]5[ This defines a lower limit on the

comoving radius of the observable universe, although as noted in the

introduction, it is expected that the visible universe is somewhat smaller

than the observable universe since we see only light from the cosmic

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microwave background radiation that was emitted after the time of

recombination, giving us the spherical surface of last scattering

(gravitational waves could theoretically allow us to observe events that

occurred earlier than the time of recombination, from regions of space

outside this sphere). The visible universe is thus a sphere with a diameter

of about 28 billion parsecs )about 93 billion light-years(.

Assuming that space is roughly flat, this size corresponds to a comoving

volume of about 3×1080 cubic meters. This is equivalent to a volume of

about 41 decillion cubic light-years short scale (4.1 X 1034 cubic light

years).

The figures quoted above are distances now (in cosmological time), not

distances at the time the light was emitted. For example, the cosmic

microwave background radiation that we see right now was emitted at the

time of recombination, 379,000]6[ years after the Big Bang, which

occurred around 13.7 billion (13.7×109) years ago. This radiation was

emitted by matter that has, in the intervening time, mostly condensed into

galaxies, and those galaxies are now calculated to be about 46 billion

light-years from us. To estimate the distance to that matter at the time the

light was emitted, a mathematical model of the expansion must be chosen

and the scale factor, a(t), calculated for the selected time since the Big

Bang, t. For the observationally-favoured Lambda-CDM model, using

data from the WMAP spacecraft, such a calculation yields a scale factor

change of approximately 1292. This means the Universe has expanded to

1292 times the size it was when the CMBR photons were released.

Qur-an might be giving a value for this factor. If my understanding

is correct, this value is 1000; as indicated by the following two verses:

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Concerning early stages of the universe, Qur-an says:

في ) إليه يعرج ثم األرض إلى ماء الس من األمر كان يدبر يوم

تعدون ا مم سنة ألف آية 32السجدةس) ( مقداره ،5(

(He rules (all) affairs from the heavens to the Ardh: in the end will (all

affairs) go up to Him, on a Day, the space whereof will be (as) a thousand

years of your reckoning.) (S. 32, V. 5).

At Final stages of the universe )Day of Judgment(, Qur-an says:

المعارج ( ذي الله كان * من يوم في إليه وح والر المالئكة تعرج

سنة ألف خمسين آية 70المعارجس ( )مقداره المالئكة ). 3-4، تعرج

وح القيامة} { ":والر يوم يعني سنة ألف خمسين مقداره كان يوم في

.( واحدة : الطبري( لرجل تعرض آفة ).والعرج القرطبي(

Also these two verses have some other correct meanings (interpretations):

The first is probably indicating the length of the day of creation for

Samawat (Firmaments) and Ardh (Dark matter, and the coupled radiation

and matter in early stage of universe). The latter is also indicating the

length of the Day of Judgment.

( Heaven الجنة )

) ، واألرض السماء بين كما درجتين كل بين ما ، درجة مائة الجنة في

يكون فوقها ومن ، األربعة الجنة أنهار تفجر ومنها ، درجة أعالها والفردوس

الفردوس . ) (العرش فسلوه الله سألتم الصامت الراوي:فإذا بن عبادة

الجامع المصدر: - األلباني المحدث: : - صحيح الرقم أو خالصة، 4244 الصفحة

: المحدث صحيح حكم)In Heaven there are hundred levels, between each two neighboring

is as between Sama )lower firmament( and Ardh )Earth(. Paradise is

the highest level …(.

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)100 levels( * )500 yr/level( = 50000 yr

: الشريف الحديث وفي

أو( هذه، من كهذه والساعة أنا السبابة. كهاتينبعثت بين وقرن

الساعدي الراوي:والوسطى . ) ( سعد بن المصدر: - البخاري المحدث:سهل

البخاري : - صحيح الرقم أو :، 5301 الصفحة المحدث حكم [)خالصة صحيح ]والساعة ( أنا فيمدهما. . ) (كهاتينبعثت بإصبعيه بن الراوي:يشير سهل

الساعدي البخاري المصدر: - البخاري المحدث:سعد أو - صحيح الصفحة

:، 6503 الرقم: المحدث حكم [خالصة )صحيح ]

بالوسطى( ، هكذا بإصبعيه قال وسلم عليه الله صلى الله رسول رأيت

والساعة : ( أنا بعثت اإلبهام تلي سعد الراوي: ) . ) (كهاتينوالتي بن سهل

البخاري المصدر: - البخاري المحدث:الساعدي : - صحيح الرقم أو الصفحة

4936 ،: المحدث حكم )صحيح ]خالصة

Hence, the most distant matter that is observable at present, 46 billion

light-years away, was only 36 million light-years away from the matter

that would eventually become Earth when the microwaves we are

currently receiving were emitted.

Misconceptions

Many secondary sources have reported a wide variety of incorrect figures

for the size of the visible universe. Some of these figures are listed below,

with brief descriptions of possible reasons for misconceptions about

them.

13.7 billion light-years. The age of the Universe is estimated to be

13.7 billion years. While it is commonly understood that nothing

travels faster than light, it is a common misconception that the

radius of the observable universe must therefore amount to only

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13.7 billion light-years. This reasoning makes sense only if the

Universe is the flat spacetime of special relativity; in the real

Universe, spacetime is highly curved on cosmological scales,

which means that 3-space (which is roughly flat) is expanding, as

evidenced by Hubble's law. Distances obtained as the speed of light

multiplied by a cosmological time interval have no direct physical

significance.]7[

15.8 billion light-years. This is obtained in the same way as the

13.7 billion light year figure, but starting from an incorrect age of

the Universe which was reported in the popular press in mid-2006.]8[]9[]10[ For an analysis of this claim and the paper that prompted it,

see.]11[

27.4 billion light-years. This is a diameter obtained from the

(incorrect) radius of 13.7 billion light-years.

78 billion light-years. This is a lower bound for the diameter of

the whole Universe, based on the estimated current distance

between points that we can see on opposite sides of the cosmic

microwave background radiation (CMBR). If the whole Universe

is smaller than this sphere, then light has had time to

circumnavigate it since the big bang, producing multiple images of

distant points in the CMBR, which would show up as patterns of

repeating circles.]12[

The circumnavigation )of course among various other things( is

probably indicated by the verses:

)By the samaa (Firmament) which returns), (Surah 86, verse 11)

تعالى (و قوله مدلول من بعض هذا جع لعل الر ذات ماء الطارق ()والس

11(. البناء هي هنا السماء أن اعتبار على ،متعددة : مواضع في تعالى ذكره مسواة، السبع الطبقات وهذه

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ماء - ( الس إلى استوى ثم جميعا األرض في ما لكم خلق الذي هو

اهن عليم فسو شيء بكل وهو سماوات البقرة 29[) سبع .]سورة

)It is He Who hath created for you all things that are on Ardh; then

He turned to the Sama and made them into seven firmaments. And

of all things He hath perfect knowledge. ( )S. 2, V. 29(

طباقا - ( سماوات سبع خلق من الذي حمان الر خلق في ترى ما

فطور تفاوت من ترى هل البصر .]الملك 3[) فارجع

]3[ He Who created the seven Samawat )sky, Firmament( one above

another: no want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of

)Allah( Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw?

Cornish et al. looked for such an effect at scales of up to 24 gigaparsecs

(78 billion light years) and failed to find it, and suggested that if they

could extend their search to all possible orientations, they would then "be

able to exclude the possibility that we live in a Universe smaller than 24

Gpc in diameter". The authors also estimated that with "lower noise and

higher resolution CMB maps (from WMAP's extended mission and from

Planck), we will be able to search for smaller circles and extend the limit

to ~28 Gpc."]4[ This estimate of the maximum diameter of the CMBR

sphere that will be visible in planned experiments corresponds to a radius

of 14 gigaparsecs, the same number given in the previous section.

156 billion light-years. This figure was obtained by doubling 78

billion light-years on the assumption that it is a radius. Since 78

billion light-years is already a diameter, the doubled figure is

incorrect. This figure was very widely reported.]13[]14[]15[

180 billion light-years. This estimate accompanied the age

estimate of 15.8 billion years in some sources;]16[ it was obtained by

adding 15% to the figure of 156 billion light years.

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Even prominent physicists have made errors here. See Tamara Davis's

2004 Ph.D. for details at

http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/download/tamarad/papers/thesis_complete.

pdf

Large-scale structure

Sky surveys and mappings of the various wavelength bands of

electromagnetic radiation (in particular 21-cm emission) have yielded

much information on the content and character of the universe's structure.

The organization of structure appears to follow as a hierarchical model

with organization up to the scale of superclusters and filaments. Larger

than this, there seems to be no continued structure, a phenomenon which

has been referred to as the End of Greatness.

Walls, filaments and voids

DTFE reconstruction of the inner parts of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift

Survey

The organization of structure arguably begins at the stellar level, though

most cosmologists rarely address astrophysics on that scale. Stars are

organized into galaxies, which in turn form clusters and superclusters that

are separated by immense voids, creating a vast foam-like structure

sometimes called the "cosmic web". Prior to 1989, it was commonly

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assumed that virialized galaxy clusters were the largest structures in

existence, and that they were distributed more or less uniformly

throughout the universe in every direction. However, based on redshift

survey data, in 1989 Margaret Geller and John Huchra discovered the

"Great Wall", a sheet of galaxies more than 500 million light-years long

and 200 million wide, but only 15 million light-years thick. The existence

of this structure escaped notice for so long because it requires locating the

position of galaxies in three dimensions, which involves combining

location information about the galaxies with distance information from

redshifts. In April 2003, another large-scale structure was discovered, the

Sloan Great Wall. In August 2007, a possible supervoid was detected in

the constellation Eridanus.]17[ It coincides with the 'WMAP Cold Spot', a

cold region in the microwave sky that is highly improbable under the

currently favored cosmological model. This supervoid could cause the

cold spot, but to do so it would have to be improbably big, possibly a

billion light-years across.

In more recent studies the universe appears as a collection of giant

bubble-like voids separated by sheets and filaments of galaxies, with the

superclusters appearing as occasional relatively dense nodes. This

network is clearly visible in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey. In the

figure a 3-D reconstruction of the inner parts of the survey is shown,

revealing an impressive view on the cosmic structures in the nearby

universe. Several superclusters stand out, such as the Sloan Great Wall,

the largest structure in the universe known to date.

The existence of voids in Dark matter, and hence in clusters of

galaxies is indicated by the verse:

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رتقا ) كانتا واألرض ماوات الس أن كفروا الذين ير أولم

يؤمنون أفال حي شيء كل الماء من وجعلنا األنبياء]( ففتقناهما

عمري[. ( 30 وفتق بسط فهن اآلن )2004وأما السبع : .األرضون

"Do not the Unbelievers see that the Samawat )plural of Sama: upper

part of universe( and the Ardh )Dark matter, lower - interior - part

of the Universe( were Ratq )joined, coupled(, before We Fatq )clove

asunder, decoupled( them?" )Surat Al-Anbiyaa No. 21, verse 30(.

End of Greatness

The End of Greatness is an observational scale discovered at roughly

100 Mpc (roughly 300 million lightyears) where the lumpiness seen in

the large-scale structure of the universe is homogenized and isotropized

as per the Cosmological Principle. The superclusters and filaments seen

in smaller surveys are randomized to the extent that the smooth

distribution of the universe is visually apparent. It was not until the

redshift surveys of the 1990s were completed that this scale could

accurately be observed.]18[

Observations

"Panoramic view of the entire near-infrared sky reveals the distribution of

galaxies beyond the Milky Way. The image is derived from the 2MASS

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Extended Source Catalog (XSC)—more than 1.5 million galaxies, and the

Point Source Catalog (PSC)--nearly 0.5 billion Milky Way stars. The

galaxies are color coded by 'redshift' obtained from the UGC, CfA, Tully

NBGC, LCRS, 2dF, 6dFGS, and SDSS surveys (and from various

observations compiled by the NASA Extragalactic Database), or photo-

metrically deduced from the K band (2.2 um). Blue are the nearest

sources (z < 0.01); green are at moderate distances (0.01 < z < 0.04) and

red are the most distant sources that 2MASS resolves (0.04 < z < 0.1).

The map is projected with an equal area Aitoff in the Galactic system

(Milky Way at center)." ]19[

Another indicator of large-scale structure is the 'Lyman alpha forest'. This

is a collection of absorption lines which appear in the spectral lines of

light from quasars, which are interpreted as indicating the existence of

huge thin sheets of intergalactic (mostly hydrogen) gas. These sheets

appear to be associated with the formation of new galaxies.

Some caution is required in describing structures on a cosmic scale

because things are not always as they appear to be. Bending of light by

gravitation (gravitational lensing) can result in images which appear to

originate in a different direction from their real source. This is caused by

foreground objects (such as galaxies) curving the space around

themselves (as predicted by general relativity), deflecting light rays that

pass nearby. Rather usefully, strong gravitational lensing can sometimes

magnify distant galaxies, making them easier to detect. Weak lensing

(gravitational shear) by the intervening universe in general also subtly

changes the observed large-scale structure. In 2004, measurements of this

subtle shear show considerable promise as a test of cosmological models.

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The large-scale structure of the Universe also looks different if one only

uses redshift to measure distances to galaxies. For example, galaxies

behind a galaxy cluster will be attracted to it, and so fall towards it, and

so be slightly blueshifted (compared to how they would be if there were

no cluster); on the near side, things are slightly redshifted. Thus, the

environment of the cluster looks a bit squashed if using redshifts to

measure distance. An opposite effect works on the galaxies already

within the cluster: the galaxies have some random motion around the

cluster centre, and when these random motions are converted to redshifts,

the cluster will appear elongated. This creates what is known as a finger

of God: the illusion of a long chain of galaxies pointed at the Earth.

Cosmography of our neighborhood

At the centre of the Hydra supercluster there is a gravitational anomaly,

known as the Great Attractor, which affects the motion of galaxies over a

region hundreds of millions of light-years across. These galaxies are all

redshifted, in accordance with Hubble's law, indicating that they are

receding from us and from each other, but the variations in their redshift

are sufficient to reveal the existence of a concentration of mass equivalent

to tens of thousands of galaxies.

The Great Attractor, discovered in 1986, lies at a distance of between 150

million and 250 million light-years (250 million is the most recent

estimate), in the direction of the Hydra and Centaurus constellations. In

its vicinity there is a preponderance of large old galaxies, many of which

are colliding with their neighbours, and/or radiating large amounts of

radio waves.

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In 1987 Astronomer R. Brent Tully of the University of Hawaii’s Institute

of Astronomy identified what he called the Pisces-Cetus Supercluster

Complex, a structure one billion light years long and 150 million light

years across in which, he claimed, the Local Supercluster was embedded.]20[]21[

Matter content

The observable universe contains about 3 to 7 × 1022 stars (30 to 70

sextillion stars),]22[ organized in more than 80 billion galaxies, which

themselves form clusters and superclusters.]23[

Two approximate calculations give the number of atoms in the observable

universe to be a minimum of 1080.

1. Observations of the cosmic microwave background from the

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe suggest that the spatial

curvature of the Universe is very close to zero, which in current

cosmological models implies that the value of the density

parameter must be very close to a certain critical value. This works

out to 9.9×10−27 kg/m3,]24[ which would be equal to about 5.9

hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. Analysis of the WMAP results

suggests that only about 4.6% of the critical density is in the form

of normal atoms, while 23% is thought to be made of cold dark

matter and 72% is thought to be dark energy,]24[ so this leaves 0.27

hydrogen atoms/m3. Multiplying this by the volume of the visible

universe, you get about 8×1079 hydrogen atoms.

Dark matter )one of the meanings of the Arabic word Ardh( is

referred to many times by Qur-an, and Hadiths. Also dark energy is

referred to by Qur-an:

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ماء- ) لموسعون بأييد بنيناها والس فنعم رضألوا * وإنا فرشناها

زوجين * الماهدون خلقنا شيء كل رون ومن تذك 47-49 [( لعلكم

.]ارياتالذ

" We have built The Sama - Firmament - with might, We indeed

Have vast power; to create the vastness of Space and continue to

expand it * And We have spread out Ardh - Ground; interior or

lower part of the Universe; the dark matter holding the galaxies -:

How excellently We do spread out * And of everything We have

created pairs: that ye may receive instruction " )Surah No. 51, verse

47- 49(.

Examples of such pairs are: Dark matter )Sama – Firmament -, and

Ardh - Ground; interior or lower part of the Universe; the dark

matter holding the galaxies( and Matter. Another pair is Dark

energy and energy.

اآليتين ( رقم ل )47.5متوسط الحالية القيمة الطاقة يساوي نسب متوسط

: المظلمة والمادة المظلمةThe average value for the numbers of these two verses, 47.5, is equal to

the present value of the average percentages of dark matter and dark

energy:

(23% + 72%)/2= 47.5%

]9[ "Say: Is it that ye deny Him Who created the Ardh )lower -

interior - part of the early Universe; large scale structure of dark

matter( in two Days )periods(? and do ye join equals with Him? He is

the Lord of )all( the Worlds." ]10[ He set on the )Ardh(. Like

Mountains standing firm, above it, and bestowed blessings on the

Ardh, and measured therein all things to give them nourishment in

due proportion, in precisely four Days )periods( for those who seek

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knowledge, and also in accordance with )the needs of( those who seek

)sustenance(. " )Surah 41, Verses 9-10(.

تبصرون ) * بما أقسم تبصرون فال ال اآليتان 69الحاقةس) ( وما ،38-

39(

"Furthermore I swear by what ye see * And what ye see not." )S. 69

V 38-39(

ذي - ) ال ها سبحان كل األزواج أنفسهم خلق ومن األرض تنبت ال مما ومما

مظلمون * يعلمون هم فإذا هار الن منه نسلخ يل الل لهم [37-36يس ] (وآية

)Glory to Allah, Who created in pairs all things that the earth

produces, as well as their own )human( kind and )other( things of

which they have no knowledge. * And a Sign for them is the Night:

We withdraw therefrom the Day, and behold they are plunged in

darkness.( )S. 36, V. 36-37(

ها )- كل األزواج خلق ذي [12الزخرف( ] وال

]12[ That has created pairs in all things, and has made for you ships and

cattle on which ye ride,( )S. 43, V. 12(

رون - ) تذك كم لعل زوجين خلقنا شيء كل [.49الذاريات( ] ومن

]49[ And of everything We have created pairs: that ye may receive

instruction. ( )S. 51, V. 49(

ماء ) لموسعون بأييد بنيناها والس ) وإنا

بناها ( ماء الس أم خلقا أشد اها *أأنتم فسو سمكها النازعات ])رفع

27-28]

]27[ What! Are ye the more difficult to create or the Samaa

)Firmaments( )above(? )Allah( hath constructed it: ]28[ On high hath

He raised its canopy, and He hath given it order and perfection. ( )S.

79, V. 27(

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الميزان ) ووضع رفعها ماء (7الرحمن( ) والس

)And the Firmament has He raised high, and He has set up the

Balance )of Justice(,( )S. 55, V. 7(

على ( استوى ثم ترونها عمد بغير ماوات الس رفع الذي الله

يدبر مسمى ألجل يجري كل والقمر مس الش ر وسخ العرش

توقنون ربكم بلقاء لعلكم اآليات ل يفص )2الرعد ( )األمر

)Allah is He Who raised the Samawat – Firmaments - without any

pillars that ye can see; then He established Himself on the Throne )of

Authority(; He has subjected the sun and the moon )to His Law(!

Each one runs )its course( for a term appointed. He doth regulate all

affairs, explaining the Signs in detail, that ye may believe with

certainty in the meeting with your Lord.( )S. 13, V. 2(

رفع وأمره بإذنه ذي ال ه أن سلطانه وعظيم قدرته كمال عن تعالى ه الل يخبر

تنال ال بعدا األرض عن رفعها وتسخيره وأمره بإذنه بل عمد بغير موات الس

.( كثير( بن

أن ( رواسي األرض في وألقى ترونها عمد بغير ماوات الس خلق

فأنبتنا ماء ماء الس من وأنزلنا دابة كل من فيها وبث بكم تميد

كريم زوج كل من )10لقمان) ( فيها

)He created the Samawat – Firmaments - without any pillars that ye

can see; He set on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should

shake with you; and He scattered through it beasts of all kinds. We

send down rain from the sky, and produce on the earth every kind of

noble creature, in pairs.( )S. 31, V. 10(

فيهما وما واألرض ماوات الس خلق على العظيمة قدرته بهذا سبحانه ن يبي

وقتادة " " الحسن قال عمد بغير ماوات الس خلق تعالى فقال بينهما وما

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لها . ومجاهد وعكرمة اس عب ابن وقال ة مرئي غير وال ة مرئي عمد لها ليس

.( كثير ( بن ترونها ال عمد

وتزداد الكون، في الفراغ فيتعاظم السماء، بناء وتعالى سبحانه الله يوسع

) . التي المظلمة المادة األرضين فرشومهاد عنه فينتج المظلمة الطاقة

. .( المجرات بين المسافات تتباعد وبالتالي الكون مجرات جاذبيا تحضنALLAH (GOD) have built The Sama - Firmament - with might, He

indeed Have vast power; to create its vastness and continue to expand it,

and on high hath He raised its canopy. This gives rise to the so called

negative pressure (Dark energy); since Sama is a solid construction (roof)

with no cracks, and completely covers and surrounds the universe. This

is clearly indicated by the verses:

2. A typical star has a mass of about 2×1030 kg, which is about 1×1057

atoms of hydrogen per star. A typical galaxy has about 400 billion

stars so that means each galaxy has 1×1057 × 4×1011 = 4×1068

hydrogen atoms. There are possibly 80 billion galaxies in the

Universe, so that means that there are about 4×1068 × 8×1010 =

3×1079 hydrogen atoms in the observable universe. But this is

definitely a lower limit calculation, and it ignores many possible

atom sources such as intergalactic gas.]25[

Mass

The mass of the matter in the observable universe can be estimated based

on density and size.]26[

Estimation based on the measured stellar density

One way to calculate the mass of the visible matter which makes up the

observable universe is to assume a mean stellar mass and to multiply that

by an estimate of the number of stars in the observable universe. The

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estimate of the number of stars in the Universe is derived from the

volume of the observable universe

and a stellar density calculated from observations by the Hubble Space

Telescope

One star per cube, 1000 ly to a side (x,y,z), yielding an estimate of the

number of stars in the observable universe of 9 × 1021 stars (9 billion

trillion stars).

Taking the mass of Sol (2 × 1030 kg) as the mean stellar mass (on the

basis that the large population of dwarf stars balances out the population

of stars whose mass is greater than Sol) and rounding the estimate of the

number of stars up to 1022 yields a total mass for all the stars in the

observable universe of 3 × 1052 kg.]27[ However, as noted in the "matter

content" section, the WMAP results in combination with the Lambda-

CDM model predict that less than 5% of the total mass of the observable

universe is made up of visible matter such as stars, the rest being made up

of dark matter and dark energy.

Sir Fred Hoyle calculated the mass of an observable steady-state universe

using the formula:]28[

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which can also be stated as

or approximately 8 × 1052 kg.

Here H = Hubble constant, ρ = Hoyle's value for the density, G =

gravitational constant and c = speed of light.

Most distant objects

The most distant astronomical object observed as of 2009 is a gamma ray

burst, most likely caused by a star which collapsed when the universe was

approximately 600 million years old.]29[

Cosmological horizon

The cosmological horizon, (also known as the particle horizon) is the

maximum distance from which particles could have traveled to the

observer in the age of the universe. It represents the boundary between

the observable and the unobservable regions of the universe.]30[ The

existence, properties, and significance of a cosmological horizon depend

on the particular cosmological model being discussed.

In terms of comoving distance, the particle horizon is equal to the

conformal time η0 that has passed since the Big Bang, times the speed of

light c. The quantity η0 is given by,

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where a(t) is the scale factor of the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-

Walker metric, and we have taken the Big Bang to be at t = 0. In other

words, the particle horizon recedes constantly as time passes, and the

observed fraction of the universe always increases.]30[]31[

أنه ) لهم يتبين حتى أنفسهم وفي اآلفاق في آياتنا سنريهم

شهيد شيء كل على أنه بربك يكف أولم ،41فصلتس) ( الحق(53آية

(Soon will We show them Our Signs in the horizons, and in their own

souls, until it becomes manifest to them that this is the Truth. Is it not

enough that thy Lord doth witness all things?( )S. 41, V. 53(

The particle horizon differs from the event horizon in that the particle

horizon represents the largest comoving distance from which light could

have reached the observer by a specific time, while the event horizon is

the largest comoving distance from which light emitted now can ever

reach the observer.]32[

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Speculative image of the observable universe

The Neighbouring Superclusters

References

1. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmology_faq.html#DN

2. Using Tiny Particles To Answer Giant Questions. Science

Friday, 3 Apr 2009.

3. See also Faster than light#Universal_expansion.

4. ^ a b Neil J. Cornish, David N. Spergel, Glenn D. Starkman, and

Eiichiro Komatsu, Constraining the Topology of the Universe.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 201302 (2004). astro-ph/0310233

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5. Lineweaver, Charles; Tamara M. Davis (2005). "Misconceptions

about the Big Bang". Scientific American.

http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=misconceptions-about-the-

2005-03&page=5. Retrieved 2008-11-06.

6. Abbott, Brian (May 30, 2007). "Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky

Survey". Hayden Planetarium.

http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.

php. Retrieved 2008-01-13.

7. Ned Wright, "Why the Light Travel Time Distance should not be

used in Press Releases".

8. SPACE.com - Universe Might be Bigger and Older than

Expected

9. Big bang pushed back two billion years - space - 04 August 2006

- New Scientist Space

10. 2 billion years added to age of Universe

11. Edward L. Wright, "An Older but Larger Universe?".

12. Bob Gardner's "Topology, Cosmology and Shape of Space"

Talk, Section 7

13. SPACE.com - Universe Measured: We're 156 Billion Light-years

Wide!

14. New study super-sizes the Universe - Space.com - MSNBC.com

15. "Astronomers size up the Universe". BBC News. 2004-05-28.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3753115.stm. Retrieved

2010-05-20.

16. Space.com - Universe Might be Bigger and Older than Expected

17. Biggest void in space is 1 billion light years across - space - 24

August 2007 - New Scientist Space

18. Robert P Kirshner (2002). The Extravagant Universe: Exploding

Stars, Dark Energy and the Accelerating Cosmos. Princeton

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University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0691058628.

http://books.google.com/?id=qQ_mV2prqNYC&pg=PA71.

19. "Large Scale Structure in the Local Universe: The 2MASS

Galaxy Catalog", Jarrett, T.H. 2004, PASA, 21, 396

20. Massive Clusters of Galaxies Defy Concepts of the Universe

N.Y. Times Tue. November 10, 1987:

21. Map of the Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex:

22. "Astronomers count the stars". BBC News. July 22, 2003.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3085885.stm. Retrieved

2006-07-18.

23. How many galaxies in the Universe? says "the Hubble telescope

is capable of detecting about 80 billion galaxies. In fact, there must

be many more than this, even within the observable universe, since

the most common kind of galaxy in our own neighborhood is the

faint dwarfs which are difficult enough to see nearby, much less at

large cosmological distances."

24.^ a b WMAP- Content of the Universe

25. Matthew Champion, "Re: How many atoms make up the

universe?", 1998

26. McPherson, Kristine (2006). "Mass of the Universe". The

Physics Factbook.

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2006/KristineMcPherson.shtml.

27. (PDF) On the expansion of the Universe. NASA Glenn Research

Centre.

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/Numbers/Math/documents/

ON_the_EXPANSION_of_the_UNIVERSE.pdf.

28. Helge Kragh (1999-02-22). Cosmology and Controversy: The

Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe. Princeton

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University Press. p. 212, Chapter 5. ISBN 0-691-00546-X.

http://books.google.com/?id=GhVkQwv9ZesC&pg=PA212.

29. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?

storyId=114246224

30.^ a b http://books.google.com/books?

id=kNxeHD2cbLYC&pg=PA447&dq=%22Particle+horizon

%22&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=%22Particle%20horizon

%22&f=false Cosmology: the science of the universe By Edward

Robert Harrison, p. 447

31. http://books.google.com/books?

id=xma1QuTJphYC&pg=PA418&dq=%22Particle+horizon

%22&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=%22Particle%20horizon

%22&f=false General relativity: an introduction for physicists By

Michael Paul Hobson, George Efstathiou, Anthony N. Lasenby, p.

419

32. Lars Bergström and Ariel Goobar: "Cosmology and Particle

Physics", WILEY (1999), page 65. ISBN 0-471-97041-7

Further reading

Vicent J. Martínez, Jean-Luc Starck, Enn Saar, David L. Donoho,

Simon Reynolds, Pablo de la Cruz, and Silvestre Paredes (nov

2005). "Morphology Of The Galaxy Distribution From Wavelet

Denoising". The Astrophysical Journal 634: 744–755.

doi:10.1086/497125. arXiv:astro-ph/0508326.

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...634..744M. Retrieved

2009-12-22.

J. R. Mureika and C. C. Dyer (2005-05-17). "Multifractal Analysis

of Packed Swiss Cheese Cosmologies". Classical and Quantum

Page 44: Observable universe - esystem.mutah.edu.joesystem.mutah.edu.jo/eijaz/Observable universe.doc  · Web viewThe word observable used in this sense does not depend on whether modern

Gravity. v1. arXiv:gr-qc/0505083.

http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0505083/. Retrieved 2009-12-22.

Mureika, J. R. and Dyer, C. C. (jan 2004). "Review: Multifractal

Analysis of Packed Swiss Cheese Cosmologies". General

Relativity and Gravitation 36: 151–184.

doi:10.1023/B:GERG.0000006699.45969.49.

arXiv:gr-qc/0505083.

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GReGr..36..151M. Retrieved

2009-12-22.

Gott, III, J. R. et al. (may 2005). "A Map of the Universe". The

Astrophysical Journal 624: 463–484. doi:10.1086/428890.

arXiv:astro-ph/0310571.

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...624..463G. Retrieved

2009-12-22.

F. Sylos Labini, M. Montuori and L. Pietronero (1998). "Scale-

invariance of galaxy clustering". Physics Reports 293: 61–226.

doi:10.1023/B:GERG.0000006699.45969.49.

arXiv:astro-ph/9711073v1.

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhR...293...61S. Retrieved

2009-12-22.

External links

"Millennium Simulation" of structure forming Max Planck Institute

of Astrophysics, Garching, Germany

The Sloan Great Wall: Largest Known Structure? on APOD

Hubble, VLT and Spitzer Capture Galaxy Formation in the Early

Universe.

Cosmology FAQ

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Hubble, VLT and Spitzer Capture Galaxy Formation in the Early

Universe

Star Survey reaches 70 sextillion

Inflation and the Cosmic Microwave Background, Lineweaver

2003

Animation of the cosmic light horizon

Logarithmic Maps of the Universe

List of publications of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey

List of publications of the 6dF Galaxy Redshift and peculiar

velocity survey

Our location in the Local Supercluster

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Universe_Reference_Map_(Location)_

001.jpeg)

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