obs final-english version
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Dept. of EE, Tsinghua Univ.Laboratory of Broadband optical network
Tel: 86-10-62773197 [email protected]
OBSNetwork principles& key technologies
Shaozhong ZhengDept. of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua Univ.
2010-10-18
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1. Background
2.Principles
3.Key technologies
4.News
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Outline
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1. Background
2.Principles
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3.Key technologies
4.News
Outline
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OFC 2005UC DavisOptical Label Switching Network testbed2.5Gb/smulticast and unicast video streaming
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OBS
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OPS
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OPS
OPS
Optical
Packet
Switch
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Why we need OPS?
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OutlineIP RouterPeer Routing
ATM SwtichPVC Mesh
SONETADM Ring
DWDMPoint-point
A typical data network 4-layer
Using Telecomm. Network
Shortcomings :1、complicated, bad flexibility2、 bandwidth bottlenecks3、 High energy consumption
Background
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OutlinePower Consumption in Routers
Background
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OutlinePower Consumption in Routers
Through-put1.2Tbps
PowerConsumption
15kw
92Tbps>1Mw
Google Data Center>100Mw
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TimeWDM
SONET
ATM
IP/MPLS
WDM
SONET
IP/MPLS
WDM
IP/MPLS
Flat network architectureIP over WDM
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High-capacity Optical NetworkingPacket-levelFlexibility
Optical amplifiers
Point-to-pointWDM &DWDM
DWDMpoint-to-multipoint
Static
Dynamic OADMse-g- STM1 on demand
Colored section rings
OXC and DXC co-existence
Wavelengthconversion
Wavelengthrouting
OpticalPacket
Switching
1994 2000 2007 Time
Net
wor
k Fu
nctio
n
Representative : SDHOptical technologies only Used for transport
Another Trend…ASON
Added complex electroniccontrol layer
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High-capacity Optical NetworkingPacket-levelFlexibility
Optical amplifiers
Point-to-pointWDM &DWDM
DWDMpoint-to-multipoint
Static
Dynamic OADMse-g- STM1 on demand
Colored section rings
OXC and DXC co-existence
Wavelengthconversion
Wavelengthrouting
OpticalPacket
Switching
1994 2000 2007 Time
Net
wor
k Fu
nctio
n
Representative : SDHOptical technologies only Used for transport
Another Trend…ASON
Added complex electroniccontrol layer
OPSAll-Optical Routing
Optical PacketFlexible & Efficient
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Optical
Packet
Switch
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Optical
Burst
Switch
Challenge:High-speed Optical switchOptical RAM
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Solution:Packet-aggregatingSeparation ofData& Control signals
Optical
Burst
Switch
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Control Unit
Control Unit
OPSSwitch Speed: n s
OBSSwitch Speed: m s
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Control Unit
Control Unit
OPSSwitch Speed: n s
OBSSwitch Speed: m s
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Proponent of OBS, S. J. B. Yoo:Optical burst switching (OBS) is implemented
either as a fast reconfiguring optical circuit switching (OCS) or as OPS with large aggregated packets.
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1. Background
2.Principles
3.Key technologies
4.News
Outline
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1010101
1010101
Core Node Edge Node Optical Burst
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Principle
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Control : Burst head
Transport: Burst
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Principle
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FDL Buffer
demux Switch
Matrix
MUX
Burst ReceiverBurst Transmitter
Burst Assembly/Disassembly Unit
Framing Defaming
Optical Label
process
ElectronicBuffer
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Principle
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Outline
1. Background
2.Principles
3.Key technologies
4.News
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PrincipleTechnologies
QoS TechnologiesKey Technologies
Switching
Contention Resolution
Signaling &Resource Reservation
Scheduling
Burst Assembly
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1. Burst AssemblyThe procedure of aggregating packets from various sources into bursts.Burst Assembly/Disassembly.
Timer-basedBurstlength-based
Mixed timer/burstlength-based
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PrincipleTechnologies
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1. Burst Assembly
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Burst Assembly Unit
Assemblyalgorithms
Packets to the same
destination
Class 1……Class n
Arriving Data streams
……
Switch Unit
………………
Principlesof Edge Nodes
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PrincipleTechnologies
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1.1. Timer-based
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IP IPGbE
IPGbEATM
IPGbEATM
IPGbEATMSONET
Other
Time
T
Burst Length
IPGbEATMSONET
Other
Advantages: guarantee on the assembly delayDisadvantages: No guarantee on the burst length
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IP IPGbE
IPGbEATM
IPGbEATM
SONETOther1
Time
Burst Length
IPGbEATM
SONET
IPGbEATM
SONETOther1
Other2
IPGbEATM
SONETOther1
Other2
L
1.2. Burstlength-basedOutlineBackground
PrincipleTechnologies
Advantages: guarantee on the burst lengthDisadvantages: No guarantee on the assembly delay
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IP IPGbE
IPGbEATM
IPGbEATM
SONETOther1
Time
Burst Length
IPGbEATM
SONET
IPGbEATM
SONETOther1L
T
1.3. Mixed timer/burstlength-based
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PrincipleTechnologies
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IP IPGbE
IPGbEATM
IPGbEATM
SONETOther1
Time
Burst Length
IPGbEATM
SONET
IPGbEATM
SONETOther1L
T
Address the deficiency associatedwith the assembly algorithms
mentioned above
1.3. Mixed timer/burstlength-based
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PrincipleTechnologies
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1.4. Impact of burst lengthOutlineBackground
PrincipleTechnologies
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Generally, the average length of burst is
40Kbyte,approximately
1.4. Impact of burst lengthOutlineBackground
PrincipleTechnologies
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2. Signaling &Resource Reservation
Generation and transmission of a burst header packet to reserve network resourcesand to configure switches
JET protocolJIT protocol
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2.1. SignalingGeneration and transmissionof a burst header packet
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Destination NodeBurst length
……
TAW approachTAG approach
offset-based approach
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2.1. Signaling - TAWTAW : Tell and wait
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Time
TimeSource
Destination
Burst Head Acknowledgement Burst
Low efficiency T
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2.1. Signaling - TAWTAW : Tell and wait
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Time
TimeSource
Destination
Burst Head Acknowledgement Burst
Low efficiency T
Advantage: Low Burst-loss rateDisadvantage: High delay, low
bandwidth-efficient
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2.1. Signaling - TAGTAG:Tell and go
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Time
TimeSource
Destination
Buffer the Burst
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Burst Head Burst
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2.1. Signaling - TAGTAG:Tell and go
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Time
TimeSource
Destination
Buffer the Burst
Advantage: Low DelayDisadvantage: No guarantee on reservation,
Optical buffer
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Burst Head Burst
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2.1. Signaling - OffsetThe header and burst are separatedby an offset time.
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Time
TimeSource
Destination
Offset time T
During the offset time, intermediate nodes process the header and configure the switch prior to the burst’s arrival.
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Burst Head Burst
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2.1. Signaling - OffsetThe header and burst are separatedby an offset time.
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Time
TimeSource
Destination
Offset time T
During the offset time, intermediate nodes process the header and configure the switch prior to the burst’s arrival.
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PrincipleTechnologies
Burst Head Burst
A balanceHard to determine an perfect offset time
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TAW approach
•The Burst is sent only after resource reservation is successful.
•AdvantageLow burst-loss rate
•DisadvantageHigh network delay; Low efficiency.
TAG approach
•The Burst and the head are sent together.
•AdvantageLow delay; Simple;
•DisadvantageLow delay; Simple;
Offset-time
•The Burst and the head is separated by an offset time.
•A balance between network delay and the burst-loss rate.
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Delayed reservation: reserves the resourcesstarting from the point in time at which the burstis expected to arrive at the node.Immediate reservation: reserves the resourcesimmediately after the burst header is processed.
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2.2. ReservationThe reservation technique determinesthe starting time of the reservation and determines how and when the reservation should be released.
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Reservation ProtocolJET Protocol & JIT Protocol
JET = Time-offset + Delay ReservationJust Enough TimeJIT = TAG + Immediate reservationJust In Time
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3. SchedulingA scheduler chooses a proper wavelength taking into consideration the existing reservations and make a new reservation on this selected channel.
LAUCMin-SVMin-EVBest-Fit
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C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
s1 t1
s2 t2
s3
s4 t4
s5 t5Time
LAUC: latest available unscheduled channel New Burst
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C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Time47
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LAUC: latest available unscheduled channel
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C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Time48
Advantages: simpleDisadvantage: Low bandwidth efficiencyMake use of the voids among bursts
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LAUC: latest available unscheduled channel
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C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
s1 t1
s2 t2
s3
s4 t4
s5 t5Time
LAUC –VF:带空隙填充的LAUCNew Burst
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C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
s1 t1
s2 t2
s3
s4 t4
s5 t5Time
LAUC –VF:带空隙填充的LAUCNew Burst
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Optimized using computer graphicsO(WlogM) -> O(logM)
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C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
s1 t1
s2 t2
s3
s4 t4
s5 t5Time
Min-SVA faster LAUC-VF
New Burst
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C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
s1 t1
s2 t2
s3
s4 t4
s5 t5
Min-EVNew Burst
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Time
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C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
s1 t1
s2 t2
s3
s4 t4
s5 t5
Best-FitNew Burst
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Time
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C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
LAUC-VF/Min-SV
LAUC/Horizon
Min-EV
Best-Fit
s1 t1
s2 t2
s3
s4 t4
s5 t5
New Burst
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Time
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Algorithms Time complexity Bandwidth Utilization
LAUC O(W) Low
LAUC-VF O(WlogM) High
Min-SV/EV O(logM) High
Best-Fit O(log2M) High
Comparison
W: Number of wavelengths at each output port M: Maximum number of data bursts (or reservations) on all channels
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4. ContentionResolutionOwing to the one-way reservation mechanism, bursts that contend for the same resources mayend up being lost.
Node level: conflict resolutionSystem level: reduce the conflict
Network level: avoid conflict56
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4.1. conflict resolution
Optical bufferStore and ForwardA challenge to develop an mature Optical RAM
Wavelength conversionMulti-wavelength resolutionMuch lower burst lossImmature and expensive technology
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4.1. Contention Resolution
Deflection Routingdiverts bursts to alternate available output ports when contention occursOut of order arrivals;Possible instability;Optical buffers needed.
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4.2. Reduce conflict
Slotted OBS networkSynchronizing network;Mechanisms to provide synchronizationat each node;fixed-length bursts
Contention controlAttempt to prevent contention
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4.4.Avoid Conflict
Zero-burst-loss OBSBuffer the data in edge nodesNetwork structure: Ring and Star
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5. QoS TechnologyQoS mechanisms typically provide differentiation with respect to data loss or delay.
Assembly processSignaling Mechanism
Scheduling algorithmsContention resolution
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QoS Technology
Assembly processChanging the assembly thresholds will affect the delay experienced by packets, allowing for delaydifferentiation.Resource ReservationLonger interval between head and burst, lower burst-loss rate
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QoS Technology
Scheduling algorithmsPreemption mechanisms allow high-priority bursts to preempt already scheduled low-priority bursts;Early drop mechanisms prevent the scheduling of low-priority bursts;Wavelength allocation schemes restrict the number of wave-length channels that can be used for bursts of a given priority.
Contention ResolutionDrop the low-priority bursts
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6. SwitchingA critical component in OBS is the optical switch fabric.
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Space SwitchingWavelength conversion
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6.1. Switching-SpaceUsing the Optical Switch Matrixto exchange optical bursts.
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Input
Output
OpticalSwitchMatrix
MEMsSOA
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6.1. Switching-MEMsMatrixes consist of numbers oftiny lenses.
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MEMs: microelectromechanical systems
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6.1. Switching-MEMsMatrixes consist of numbers oftiny lenses.
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MEMs: microelectromechanical systems
Advantages: Mature IC technologies; Disadvantages: Slow switching speed, 1~10ms
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6.1. Switching-SOA
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SOA: semiconductor optical amplifier
SOAInput Optical power
Output Optical power
Injection current
High-speed Optical swtich
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6.2. Switching-AWGUsing wavelength technologies to exchange optical bursts.
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n non-coupled linear array of waveguides
Star coupler
inputl1 .... lN
outputl1 .... lN
Star coupler
AWG: Arrayed Waveguide Grating
Principle: Using star coupler and AWG to separate differentwavelengths into different outputs.
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6.2. Switching-AWGUsing wavelength technologies to exchange optical bursts.
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AWG + Wavelength conversion = Wavelength Switching
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OtherTCP over OBSOBS multicastOBS grid calculation……
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1. Background
2.Principles
3.Key technologies
4.News
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Outline
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NewsKey elementsNew network structuresImportant test beds around the world
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Key elements- Optical integration
2010, Larry A. Coldren (UCSB university, USA) has demonstrated an 8x8 InP-based monolithic tunable optical router capable of 40 Gbps operation per port.
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Integrated Optical switchesThe COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, developed an integrated SOA-based optical switches.
Integrate 4 SOA optical switches;160Gbit/s;
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Optical RAM,K. Kitayama, ACP 2009
Developed optical Flip-Flops based on optical Bistability using high-Q photonic crystal nano-cavity.Transform energy: 30 fJ/bitMinimum optical bias power: 40μWStorage time 150 ns (Under the bias power 250 μW)
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Key elements- Optical buffer
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Thank you!
Shaozhong ZhengDept. of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua Univ.
2010-10-18
Dept. of EE, Tsinghua Univ.Laboratory of Broadband optical network
Tel: 86-10-62773197 [email protected]