oblicon articles 1231-1250

87
ARTICLES 1231-1250 PAYMENT SPOUSES DEO AGNER and MARICON AGNER, Petitioners, vs. BPI FAMILY SAVINGS BANK, INC., Respondent. D E C I S I O N PERALTA, J.: This is a petition for review on certiorari assailing the April 30, 2007 Decision 1 and May 19, 2008 Resolution 2 of the Court of Appeals in CAG.R. CV No. 86021, which affirmed the August 11, 2005 Decision 3 of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 33, Manila City. On February 15, 2001, petitioners spouses Deo Agner and Maricon Agner executed a Promissory Note with Chattel Mortgage in favor of Citimotors, Inc. The contract provides, among others, that: for receiving the amount of Php834, 768.00, petitioners shall pay Php 17,391.00 every 15th day of each succeeding month until fully paid; the loan is secured by a 2001 Mitsubishi Adventure Super Sport; and an interest of 6% per month shall be imposed for failure to pay each installment on or before the stated due date. 4 On the same day, Citimotors, Inc. assigned all its rights, title and interests in the Promissory Note with Chattel Mortgage to ABN AMRO Savings Bank, Inc. (ABN AMRO), which, on May 31, 2002, likewise assigned the same to respondent BPI Family Savings Bank, Inc. 5 For failure to pay four successive installments from May 15, 2002 to August 15, 2002, respondent, through counsel, sent to petitioners a demand letter dated August 29, 2002, declaring the entire obligation as due and demandable and requiring to pay Php576,664.04, or surrender the mortgaged vehicle immediately upon receiving the letter. 6 As the demand was left unheeded, respondent filed on October 4, 2002 an action for Replevin and Damages before the Manila Regional Trial Court (RTC). A writ of replevin was issued. 7 Despite this, the subject vehicle was not seized. 8 Trial on the merits ensued. On August 11, 2005, the Manila RTC Br. 33 ruled for the respondent and ordered petitioners to jointly and severally pay the amount of Php576,664.04 plus interest at the rate of 72% per annum from August 20, 2002 until fully paid, and the costs of suit. Petitioners appealed the decision to the Court of Appeals (CA), but the CA affirmed the lower court’s decision and, subsequently, denied the motion for reconsideration; hence, this petition. Before this Court, petitioners argue that: (1) respondent has no cause of action, because the Deed of Assignment executed in its favor did not specifically mention ABN AMRO’s account receivable from petitioners; (2) petitioners cannot be considered to have defaulted in payment for lack of competent proof that they received the demand letter; and (3) respondent’s remedy of resorting to both actions of replevin and collection of sum of money is contrary 1

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Articles for Oblicon 1231-1250Just posting so I can get a better discoverability score for a damn pdf. Thank you for your understanding overlord scribd.

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Page 1: Oblicon Articles 1231-1250

ARTICLES 1231-1250

PAYMENT

SPOUSES DEO AGNER and MARICON AGNER, Petitioners, vs.BPI FAMILY SAVINGS BANK, INC., Respondent.

D E C I S I O N

PERALTA, J.:

This is a petition for review on certiorari assailing the April 30, 2007 Decision1 and May 19, 2008 Resolution2of the Court of Appeals in CAG.R. CV No. 86021, which affirmed the August 11,   2005  Decision3 of   the  Regional   Trial  Court,  Branch  33, Manila City.

On February  15,  2001,  petitioners  spouses  Deo Agner  and Maricon   Agner   executed   a   Promissory   Note   with   Chattel Mortgage  in   favor  of  Citimotors,   Inc.  The contract  provides, among   others,   that:   for   receiving   the   amount   of   Php834, 768.00, petitioners shall pay Php 17,391.00 every 15th day of each succeeding month until fully paid; the loan is secured by a 2001 Mitsubishi Adventure Super Sport; and an interest of 6%   per   month   shall   be   imposed   for   failure   to   pay   each installment on or before the stated due date.4

On the same day, Citimotors, Inc. assigned all  its rights, title and interests in the Promissory Note with Chattel Mortgage to ABN AMRO Savings Bank, Inc. (ABN AMRO), which, on May 31,   2002,   likewise   assigned   the   same   to   respondent   BPI Family Savings Bank, Inc.5

For failure to pay four successive installments from May 15, 2002 to August 15, 2002, respondent, through counsel, sent to petitioners a demand letter dated August 29, 2002, declaring the entire obligation as due and demandable and requiring to pay   Php576,664.04,   or   surrender   the   mortgaged   vehicle immediately upon receiving the letter.6 As the demand was left unheeded, respondent filed on October 4, 2002 an action for Replevin and Damages before the Manila Regional Trial Court (RTC).

A writ of replevin was issued.7 Despite this, the subject vehicle was not  seized.8 Trial  on  the merits  ensued. On August 11, 2005,   the  Manila  RTC Br.   33   ruled   for   the   respondent  and ordered petitioners to jointly and severally pay the amount of Php576,664.04 plus interest at the rate of 72% per annum from August 20, 2002 until fully paid, and the costs of suit.

Petitioners appealed the decision to the Court of Appeals (CA), but   the   CA   affirmed   the   lower   court’s   decision   and, subsequently,  denied  the motion   for   reconsideration;  hence, this petition.

Before this Court, petitioners argue that: (1) respondent has no cause of action, because the Deed of Assignment executed in its   favor  did  not   specifically  mention  ABN AMRO’s  account receivable   from   petitioners;   (2)   petitioners   cannot   be considered to have defaulted in payment for lack of competent proof   that   they   received   the   demand   letter;   and   (3) respondent’s  remedy of  resorting to  both actions of   replevin and collection of sum of money is contrary to the provision of Article   14849 of   the   Civil   Code   and   the   Elisco   Tool Manufacturing Corporation v. Court of Appeals10ruling.

The contentions are untenable.

With respect to the first issue, it would be sufficient to state that the matter surrounding the Deed of Assignment had already been considered by the trial court and the CA. Likewise, it is an issue of fact that is not a proper subject of a petition for review under Rule 45. An issue is factual when the doubt or difference arises as to the truth or falsehood of alleged facts, or when the query   invites   calibration   of   the  whole   evidence,   considering mainly the credibility of witnesses, existence and relevancy of specific surrounding circumstances, their relation to each other and to the whole, and the probabilities of the situation.11 Time and again, We stress that this Court is not a trier of facts and generally does not weigh anew evidence which lower courts have passed upon.

As   to   the  second   issue,   records  bear   that  both   verbal   and written demands were in fact made by respondent prior to the institution of the case against petitioners.12 Even assuming, for argument’s   sake,   that   no   demand   letter   was   sent   by respondent, there is really no need for it because petitioners legally   waived   the   necessity   of   notice   or   demand   in   the Promissory Note with Chattel Mortgage, which they voluntarily and knowingly signed in favor of respondent’s predecessor-in-interest. Said contract expressly stipulates:

In case of my/our failure to pay when due and payable, any sum which I/We are obliged to pay under this note and/or any other obligation which I/We or any of us may now or  in  the future  owe  to   the  holder  of   this  note  or   to  any  other  party whether as principal or guarantor x x x  then the entire sum outstanding   under   this   note   shall,   without   prior   notice   or demand,   immediately  become  due  and  payable.   (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)

A   provision   on   waiver   of   notice   or   demand   has   been recognized as legal and valid in Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Court of Appeals,13 wherein We held:

The Civil Code in Article 1169 provides that one incurs in delay or is in default from the time the obligor demands the fulfillment of the obligation from the obligee. However, the law expressly provides   that   demand   is   not   necessary   under   certain circumstances, and one of  these circumstances  is when the parties expressly waive demand. Hence, since the co-signors expressly  waived demand  in   the  promissory notes,  demand was unnecessary for them to be in default.14

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Further,   the  Court   even   ruled   in  Navarro   v.  Escobido15 that prior demand is not a condition precedent to an action for a writ of replevin, since there is nothing in Section 2, Rule 60 of the Rules of Court that requires the applicant to make a demand on the possessor of the property before an action for a writ of replevin could be filed.

Also, petitioners’ representation that they have not received a demand letter is completely inconsequential as the mere act of sending it would suffice. Again, We look into the Promissory Note with Chattel Mortgage, which provides:

All correspondence relative to this mortgage, including demand letters, summonses, subpoenas, or notifications of any judicial or extrajudicial action shall be sent to the MORTGAGOR at the address   indicated   on   this   promissory   note   with   chattel mortgage or  at   the  address   that  may hereafter  be  given  in writing by  the MORTGAGOR to  the MORTGAGEE or his/its assignee.  The mere  act  of  sending  any  correspondence by mail or by personal delivery to the said address shall be valid and effective notice to the mortgagor for all legal purposes and the fact that any communication is not actually received by the MORTGAGOR or that it has been returned unclaimed to the MORTGAGEE or   that  no person was  found at   the  address given, or that the address is fictitious or cannot be located shall not excuse or  relieve  the MORTGAGOR from the effects of such notice.16 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)

The   Court   cannot   yield   to   petitioners’   denial   in   receiving respondent’s   demand   letter.   To   note,   their   postal   address evidently remained unchanged from the time they executed the Promissory Note with Chattel  Mortgage up to  time  the case was filed against   them. Thus,  the presumption  that   "a  letter duly directed and mailed was received in the regular course of the mail"17 stands in  the absence of satisfactory proof to  the contrary.

Petitioners   cannot   find   succour   from   Ting   v.   Court   of Appeals18 simply   because   it   pertained   to   violation   of   Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 or the Bouncing Checks Law. As a higher quantum of proof – that is, proof beyond reasonable doubt – is required in view of the criminal nature of the case, We found insufficient   the  mere  presentation  of  a  copy  of   the  demand letter   allegedly   sent   through   registered   mail   and   its corresponding registry receipt as proof of receiving the notice of dishonor.

Perusing over the records, what is clear is that petitioners did not   take   advantage  of   all   the  opportunities   to  present   their evidence  in   the  proceedings  before   the  courts  below.  They miserably   failed   to   produce   the   original   cash   deposit   slips proving payment of the monthly amortizations in question. Not even   a   photocopy   of   the   alleged   proof   of   payment   was appended  to  their  Answer or shown during  the  trial.  Neither have they demonstrated any written requests to respondent to furnish them with official receipts or a statement of account. Worse,  petitioners  were  not  able   to  make a   formal  offer  of evidence   considering   that   they   have   not   marked   any 

documentary evidence during the presentation of Deo Agner’s testimony.19

Jurisprudence abounds  that,   in  civil   cases,  one who pleads payment has the burden of proving it; the burden rests on the defendant   to   prove  payment,   rather   than  on   the   plaintiff   to prove non-payment.20 When the creditor is in possession of the document of credit, proof of non-payment is not needed for it is presumed.21 Respondent's possession of the Promissory Note with  Chattel  Mortgage  strongly  buttresses   its  claim  that   the obligation has not been extinguished. As held in Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Spouses Royeca:22

x x x The creditor's possession of the evidence of debt is proof that   the   debt   has   not   been   discharged   by   payment.   A promissory   note   in   the   hands   of   the   creditor   is   a   proof   of indebtedness  rather  than proof of  payment.   In  an action  for replevin by a mortgagee,   it   is  prima  facie evidence that  the promissory note has not been paid. Likewise, an uncanceled mortgage in the possession of the mortgagee gives rise to the presumption that the mortgage debt is unpaid.23

Indeed, when the existence of a debt is fully established by the evidence contained in the record, the burden of proving that it has been extinguished by payment devolves upon the debtor who  offers   such  defense   to   the  claim  of   the  creditor.24 The debtor has the burden of showing with legal certainty that the obligation has been discharged by payment.25

Lastly, there is no violation of Article 1484 of the Civil  Code and   the   Court’s   decision   in   Elisco   Tool   Manufacturing Corporation v. Court of Appeals.26

In Elisco, petitioner's complaint contained the following prayer:

WHEREFORE,  plaintiffs  pray   that   judgment  be   rendered as follows:

ON THE FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION

Ordering defendant Rolando Lantan to pay the plaintiff the sum of P39,054.86 plus legal interest from the date of demand until the whole obligation is fully paid;

ON THE SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION

To forthwith issue a Writ of Replevin ordering the seizure of the motor vehicle more particularly described in paragraph 3 of the Complaint, from defendant Rolando Lantan and/or defendants Rina   Lantan,   John   Doe,   Susan   Doe   and   other   person   or persons in whose possession the said motor vehicle may be found, complete with accessories and equipment,  and direct deliver thereof to plaintiff in accordance with law, and after due hearing to confirm said seizure and plaintiff's possession over the same;

PRAYER COMMON TO ALL CAUSES OF ACTION

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1. Ordering the defendant Rolando Lantan to pay the plaintiff  an amount equivalent  to  twenty-five percent (25%)   of   his   outstanding   obligation,   for   and   as attorney's fees;

2. Ordering defendants to pay the cost or expenses of collection,   repossession,   bonding   fees   and   other incidental expenses to be proved during the trial; and

3. Ordering defendants to pay the costs of suit.

Plaintiff  also prays for  such further reliefs as  this Honorable Court may deem just and equitable under the premises.27

The Court therein ruled:

The   remedies  provided   for   in  Art.   1484 are  alternative,  not cumulative.   The   exercise   of   one   bars   the   exercise   of   the others.   This   limitation   applies   to   contracts   purporting   to   be leases of personal property with option to buy by virtue of Art. 1485. The condition that the lessor has deprived the lessee of possession   or   enjoyment   of   the   thing   for   the   purpose   of applying Art.  1485 was  fulfilled  in   this  case by  the   filing  by petitioner of the complaint for replevin to recover possession of movable property. By virtue of the writ of seizure issued by the trial court, the deputy sheriff seized the vehicle on August 6, 1986 and thereby deprived private respondents of its use. The car was not returned to private respondent until April 16, 1989, after two (2) years and eight (8) months, upon issuance by the Court of Appeals of a writ of execution.

Petitioner prayed that private respondents be made to pay the sum of P39,054.86,   the amount  that  they were supposed  to pay as of May 1986, plus interest at the legal rate. At the same time,   it  prayed  for   the   issuance of  a  writ  of   replevin  or   the delivery to it of the motor vehicle "complete

with accessories and equipment." In the event the car could not   be   delivered   to   petitioner,   it   was   prayed   that   private respondent  Rolando  Lantan   be  made   to   pay   petitioner   the amount of P60,000.00, the "estimated actual value" of the car, "plus accrued monthly rentals thereof with interests at the rate of   fourteen  percent   (14%)   per   annum until   fully   paid."  This prayer   of   course   cannot   be   granted,   even   assuming   that private   respondents   have  defaulted   in   the   payment  of   their obligation. This led the trial court to say that petitioner wanted to eat its cake and have it too.28

In contrast, respondent in this case prayed:

(a) Before  trial,  and upon filing and approval  of  the bond,  to  forthwith  issue a Writ  of  Replevin ordering the   seizure   of   the  motor   vehicle   above-described, complete   with   all   its   accessories   and   equipments, together with the Registration Certificate thereof, and direct   the  delivery   thereof   to  plaintiff   in  accordance with   law and after  due hearing,   to  confirm the said seizure;

(b) Or, in the event that manual delivery of the said motor vehicle cannot be effected to render judgment in favor of plaintiff and against defendant(s) ordering them to pay to plaintiff, jointly and severally, the sum ofP576,664.04   plus   interest   and/or   late   payment charges thereon at the rate of 72% per annum from August 20, 2002 until fully paid;

(c) In either case, to order defendant(s) to pay jointly and severally:

(1)   the   sum   of P297,857.54   as   attorney’s fees, liquidated damages, bonding fees and other expenses incurred in the seizure of the said motor vehicle; and

(2) the costs of suit.

Plaintiff   further  prays  for  such other   relief  as  this Honorable Court may deem just and equitable in the premises.29

Compared with Elisco, the vehicle subject matter of this case was never recovered and delivered to respondent despite the issuance of a writ  of  replevin.  As there was no seizure that transpired, it cannot be said that petitioners were deprived of the   use   and   enjoyment   of   the   mortgaged   vehicle   or   that respondent   pursued,   commenced   or   concluded   its   actual foreclosure.   The   trial   court,   therefore,   rightfully   granted   the alternative prayer for sum of money, which is equivalent to the remedy   of   "exacting   fulfillment   of   the   obligation."  Certainly, there   is  no double  recovery or  unjust  enrichment30 to  speak of.1âwphi1

All  the foregoing notwithstanding, We are of the opinion that the interest of 6% per month should be equitably reduced to one   percent   (1%)   per  month   or   twelve   percent   (12%)   per annum, to be reckoned from May 16, 2002 until full payment and with the remaining outstanding balance of their car loan as of May 15, 2002 as the base amount.

Settled   is   the   principle  which   this  Court   has   affirmed   in   a number of cases that stipulated interest rates of three percent (3%)   per   month   and   higher   are   excessive,   iniquitous, unconscionable, and exorbitant.31 While Central Bank Circular No. 905-82, which took effect on January 1, 1983, effectively removed   the  ceiling  on   interest   rates   for  both   secured  and unsecured  loans,   regardless of  maturity,  nothing  in   the said circular   could   possibly   be   read   as   granting   carte   blanche authority to lenders to raise interest rates to levels which would either  enslave  their  borrowers or  lead  to a hemorrhaging of their assets.32 Since the stipulation on the interest rate is void for being contrary to morals, if not against the law, it  is as if there was no express contract on said interest rate; thus, the interest rate may be reduced as reason and equity demand.33

WHEREFORE,   the   petition   is   DENIED   and   the   Court AFFIRMS WITH MODIFICATION the April 30, 2007 Decision and May 19, 2008 Resolution of the Court of Appeals in CA-

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G.R.   CV   No.   86021.   Petitioners   spouses   Deo   Agner   and Maricon Agner  are ORDERED  to pay,   jointly  and severally, respondent BPI Family Savings Bank, Inc. ( 1) the remaining outstanding balance of their auto loan obligation as of May 15, 2002 with interest at one percent ( 1 o/o) per month from May 16, 2002 until fully paid; and (2) costs of suit.

SO ORDERED.

EFFECT OF DEATH

STRONGHOLD INSURANCE COMPANY, INC., Petitioner, vs.REPUBLIC-ASAHI GLASS CORPORATION, Respondent.

D E C I S I O N

PANGANIBAN, CJ:

Asurety   company’s   liability   under   the   performance   bond   it issues is solidary. The death of the principal obligor does not, as a rule, extinguish the obligation and the solidary nature of that liability.

The Case

Before us is a Petition for Review1 under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, seeking to reverse the March 13, 2001 Decision2 of the  Court   of   Appeals   (CA)   in  CA-GR  CV  No.   41630.   The assailed Decision disposed as follows:

"WHEREFORE, the Order dated January 28, 1993 issued by the   lower   court   is   REVERSED   and   SET   ASIDE.   Let   the records of the instant case be REMANDED to the lower court for the reception of evidence of all parties."3

The Facts

The facts of the case are narrated by the CA in this wise:

"On   May   24,   1989,   [respondent]   Republic-Asahi   Glass Corporation (Republic-Asahi) entered into a contract with x x x Jose D. Santos, Jr., the proprietor of JDS Construction (JDS), for   the  construction  of   roadways  and  a  drainage  system  in Republic-Asahi’s   compound   in   Barrio   Pinagbuhatan,   Pasig City, where [respondent] was to pay x x x JDS five million three hundred   thousand  pesos   (P5,300,000.00)   inclusive  of   value added  tax   for  said construction,  which was supposed  to  be completed  within   a   period   of   two  hundred   forty   (240)   days beginning May 8, 1989. In order ‘to guarantee the faithful and satisfactory performance of its undertakings’ x x x JDS, shall post   a   performance   bond   of   seven   hundred   ninety   five thousand pesos (P795,000.00). x x x JDS executed, jointly and severally with [petitioner] Stronghold Insurance Co., Inc. (SICI) Performance Bond No. SICI-25849/g(13)9769.

"On  May  23,  1989,   [respondent]   paid   to   x   x   x   JDS  seven hundred ninety five thousand pesos (P795,000.00) by way of downpayment.

"Two progress billings dated August 14, 1989 and September 15,  1989,   for   the  total  amount  of   two hundred seventy  four thousand   six   hundred   twenty   one   pesos   and   one   centavo (P274,621.01) were submitted by x x x JDS to [respondent], which   the   latter   paid.  According   to   [respondent],   these   two progress   billings   accounted   for   only   7.301%   of   the   work supposed to be undertaken by x x x JDS under the terms of the contract.

"Several   times   prior   to   November   of   1989,   [respondent’s] engineers   called   the   attention  of   x   x   x   JDS  to   the   alleged alarmingly slow pace of the construction, which resulted in the fear   that   the   construction   will   not   be   finished   within   the stipulated   240-day   period.   However,   said   reminders   went unheeded by x x x JDS.

"On November 24, 1989, dissatisfied with the progress of the work undertaken by x x x JDS,  [respondent]  Republic-Asahi extrajudicially rescinded the contract pursuant to Article XIII of said contract, and wrote a  letter  to x x x JDS informing  the latter of such rescission. Such rescission, according to Article XV   of   the   contract   shall   not   be   construed   as   a  waiver   of [respondent’s] right to recover damages from x x x JDS and the latter’s sureties.

"[Respondent] alleged that, as a result of x x x JDS’s failure to comply with the provisions of the contract, which resulted in the said contract’s rescission, it had to hire another contractor to finish the project, for which it incurred an additional expense of three  million   two  hundred   fifty   six   thousand,   eight   hundred seventy four pesos (P3,256,874.00).

"On January 6, 1990, [respondent] sent a letter to [petitioner] SICI   filing   its   claim   under   the   bond   for   not   less thanP795,000.00. On March 22, 1991, [respondent] again sent another   letter   reiterating   its  demand   for  payment  under   the aforementioned bond. Both letters allegedly went unheeded.

"[Respondent] then filed [a] complaint against x x x JDS and SICI.   It   sought   from   x   x   x   JDS   payment   ofP3,256,874.00 representing the additional expenses incurred by [respondent] for the completion of the project using another contractor, and from   x   x   x   JDS   and   SICI,   jointly   and   severally,   payment of P750,000.00   as   damages   in   accordance   with   the performance   bond;   exemplary   damages   in   the   amount of P100,000.00   and   attorney’s   fees   in   the   amount   of   at least P100,000.00.

"According   to   the   Sheriff’s   Return   dated   June   14,   1991, submitted   to   the   lower   court   by   Deputy   Sheriff   Rene   R. Salvador, summons were duly served on defendant-appellee SICI. However, x x x Jose D. Santos, Jr. died the previous year (1990),   and   x   x   x   JDS  Construction  was   no   longer   at   its address  at  2nd  Floor,  Room 208-A,  San  Buena  Bldg.  Cor. 

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Pioneer St.,  Pasig,  Metro Manila,  and  its  whereabouts were unknown.

"On July 10, 1991,  [petitioner]  SICI  filed its answer,  alleging that   the  [respondent’s]  money claims against   [petitioner  and JDS] have been extinguished by the death of Jose D. Santos, Jr. Even if this were not the case, [petitioner] SICI had been released from its liability under the performance bond because there was no  liquidation,  with   the active participation and/or involvement,   pursuant   to  procedural   due  process,  of   herein surety and contractor Jose D. Santos, Jr., hence, there was no ascertainment  of   the  corresponding   liabilities  of  Santos  and SICI under the performance bond. At this point  in time, said liquidation  was   impossible  because of   the  death  of  Santos, who as such can no longer participate in any liquidation. The unilateral  liquidation on the party (sic) of  [respondent] of the work accomplishments did not bind SICI for being violative of procedural   due   process.   The   claim   of   [respondent]   for   the forfeiture   of   the   performance   bond   in   the   amount of P795,000.00 had no factual and legal basis, as payment of said bond was conditioned on the payment of damages which [respondent]  may   sustain   in   the  event   x   x   x   JDS   failed   to complete  the contracted  works.   [Respondent]  can no  longer prove its claim for damages  in view of  the death of  Santos. SICI was not informed by [respondent] of the death of Santos. SICI   was   not   informed   by   [respondent]   of   the   unilateral rescission of its contract with JDS, thus SICI was deprived of its right to protect its interests as surety under the performance bond, and therefore it was released from all liability. SICI was likewise   denied   due   process   when   it   was   not   notified   of plaintiff-appellant’s   process   of   determining   and   fixing   the amount to be spent in the completion of the unfinished project. The procedure contained in Article XV of the contract is against public policy in that it denies SICI the right to procedural due process. Finally, SICI alleged that [respondent] deviated from the   terms and conditions  of   the  contract  without   the  written consent of SICI, thus the latter was released from all liability. SICI  also  prayed   for   the  award  of P59,750.00 as  attorney’s fees, and P5,000.00 as litigation expenses.

"On   August   16,   1991,   the   lower   court   issued   an   order dismissing the complaint of [respondent] against x x x JDS and SICI, on the ground that the claim against JDS did not survive the   death   of   its   sole   proprietor,   Jose   D.   Santos,   Jr.   The dispositive portion of the [O]rder reads as follows:

‘ACCORDINGLY, the complaint against  the defendants Jose D.  Santos,   Jr.,   doing  business  under   trade  and  style,   ‘JDS Construction’   and   Stronghold   Insurance   Company,   Inc.   is ordered DISMISSED.

‘SO ORDERED.’

"On   September   4,   1991,   [respondent]   filed   a   Motion   for Reconsideration seeking reconsideration of   the  lower court’s August   16,  1991  order   dismissing   its   complaint.   [Petitioner] SICI   field   its   ‘Comment  and/or  Opposition   to   the Motion  for 

Reconsideration.’ On October 15, 1991, the lower court issued an Order, the dispositive portion of which reads as follows:

‘WHEREFORE,   premises   considered,   the   Motion   for Reconsideration is hereby given due course. The Order dated 16   August   1991   for   the   dismissal   of   the   case   against Stronghold   Insurance   Company,   Inc.,   is   reconsidered   and hereby reinstated (sic). However, the case against defendant Jose D. Santos, Jr. (deceased) remains undisturbed.

‘Motion for Preliminary hearing and Manifestation with Motion filed   by   [Stronghold]   Insurance   Company   Inc.,   are   set   for hearing on November 7, 1991 at 2:00 o’clock in the afternoon.

‘SO ORDERED.’

"On June 4, 1992, [petitioner] SICI filed its ‘Memorandum for Bondsman/Defendant SICI (Re: Effect of Death of defendant Jose D. Santos, Jr.)’ reiterating its prayer for the dismissal of [respondent’s] complaint.

"On  January  28,  1993,   the   lower   court   issued   the  assailed Order   reconsidering   its  Order  dated October  15,  1991,  and ordered   the  case,   insofar  as  SICI   is   concerned,  dismissed. [Respondent]   filed   its  motion   for   reconsideration  which  was opposed by [petitioner] SICI. On April 16, 1993, the lower court denied [respondent’s] motion for reconsideration. x x x."4

Ruling of the Court of Appeals

The CA ruled that SICI’s obligation under the surety agreement was  not   extinguished  by   the   death   of   Jose  D.   Santos,   Jr. Consequently, Republic-Asahi could still go after SICI for the bond.

The appellate court also found that the lower court had erred in pronouncing that the performance of the Contract in question had become impossible by respondent’s act of rescission. The Contract   was   rescinded   because   of   the   dissatisfaction   of respondent with the slow pace of work and pursuant to Article XIII of its Contract with JDS.

The   CA   ruled   that   "[p]erformance   of   the   [C]ontract   was impossible, not because of [respondent’s] fault, but because of the fault of JDS Construction and Jose D. Santos, Jr. for failure on   their   part   to  make   satisfactory   progress   on   the   project, which   amounted   to   non-performance   of   the   same.   x   x   x [P]ursuant to the [S]urety [C]ontract, SICI is liable for the non-performance   of   said   [C]ontract   on   the   part   of   JDS Construction."5

Hence, this Petition.6

Issue

Petitioner states the issue for the Court’s consideration in the following manner:

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"Death is a defense of Santos’ heirs which Stronghold could also adopt as its defense against obligee’s claim."7

More precisely, the issue is whether petitioner’s liability under the performance bond was automatically extinguished by the death of Santos, the principal.

The Court’s Ruling

The Petition has no merit.

Sole Issue:

Effect of Death on the Surety’s Liability

Petitioner   contends   that   the   death   of   Santos,   the   bond principal,   extinguished   his   liability   under   the   surety   bond. Consequently,   it   says,   it   is  automatically   released  from any liability under the bond.

As a general rule, the death of either the creditor or the debtor does   not   extinguish   the   obligation.8 Obligations   are transmissible   to   the  heirs,   except  when   the   transmission   is prevented by   the  law,   the stipulations of   the parties,  or   the nature of the obligation.9 Only obligations that are personal10 or are identified with the persons themselves are extinguished by death.11

Section 5 of Rule 8612 of the Rules of Court expressly allows the   prosecution   of   money   claims   arising   from   a   contract against   the   estate   of   a   deceased   debtor.   Evidently,   those claims are not actually extinguished.13 What is extinguished is only the obligee’s action or suit filed before the court, which is not then acting as a probate court.14

In the present case, whatever monetary liabilities or obligations Santos   had   under   his   contracts   with   respondent   were   not intransmissible by their nature, by stipulation, or by provision of law. Hence, his death did not result in the extinguishment of those obligations or liabilities, which merely passed on to his estate.15 Death is not a defense that he or his estate can set up to   wipe   out   the   obligations   under   the   performance   bond. Consequently,   petitioner   as   surety   cannot  use   his  death   to escape its monetary obligation under its performance bond.

The  liability  of  petitioner   is  contractual   in  nature,  because  it executed a performance bond worded as follows:

"KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:

"That   we,   JDS   CONSTRUCTION   of   208-A   San   Buena Building, contractor, of Shaw Blvd., Pasig, MM Philippines, as principal   and   the  STRONGHOLD   INSURANCE  COMPANY, INC. a corporation duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the Philippines with head office at Makati, as  Surety,   are   held   and   firmly   bound   unto   the  REPUBLIC ASAHI  GLASS CORPORATION and  to  any   individual,   firm, 

partnership, corporation or association supplying the principal with labor or materials in the penal sum of SEVEN HUNDRED NINETY   FIVE   THOUSAND   (P795,000.00),   Philippine Currency, for the payment of which sum, well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents.

"The CONDITIONS OF THIS OBLIGATION are as follows;

"WHEREAS the above bounden principal  on the ___ day of __________, 19__ entered into a contract with the REPUBLIC ASAHI   GLASS   CORPORATION   represented   by _________________,  to   fully  and  faithfully.  Comply with   the site preparation works road and drainage system of Philippine Float Plant at Pinagbuhatan, Pasig, Metro Manila.

"WHEREAS,   the   liability  of   the  Surety  Company  under   this bond   shall   in   no   case  exceed   the  sum  of  PESOS SEVEN HUNDRED   NINETY   FIVE   THOUSAND   (P795,000.00) Philippine Currency,   inclusive of   interest,  attorney’s  fee, and other damages, and shall not be liable for any advances of the obligee to the principal.

"WHEREAS, said contract requires the said principal to give a good and sufficient bond in the above-stated sum to secure the full and faithfull performance on its part of said contract, and the   satisfaction   of   obligations   for  materials   used   and   labor employed upon the work;

"NOW THEREFORE,   if   the  principal   shall   perform well   and truly   and   fulfill   all   the   undertakings,   covenants,   terms, conditions, and agreements of said contract during the original term of said contract and any extension thereof that may be granted by the obligee, with notice to the surety and during the life of any guaranty required under the contract, and shall also perform   well   and   truly   and   fulfill   all   the   undertakings, covenants, terms, conditions, and agreements of any and all duly   authorized   modifications   of   said   contract   that   may hereinafter be made, without notice to the surety except when such   modifications   increase   the   contract   price;   and   such principal contractor or his or its sub-contractors shall promptly make payment to any individual, firm, partnership, corporation or association supplying the principal of its sub-contractors with labor and materials in the prosecution of the work provided for in the said contract, then, this obligation shall be null and void; otherwise it shall remain in full force and effect. Any extension of the period of time which may be granted by the obligee to the   contractor   shall   be   considered   as   given,   and   any modifications   of   said   contract   shall   be   considered   as authorized, with the express consent of the Surety.

"The right  of  any  individual,   firm,  partnership,  corporation or association supplying the contractor with labor or materials for the  prosecution  of   the  work  hereinbefore  stated,   to   institute action on the penal bond, pursuant to the provision of Act No. 3688, is hereby acknowledge and confirmed."16

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As   a   surety,   petitioner   is   solidarily   liable   with   Santos   in accordance with the Civil Code, which provides as follows:

"Art. 2047. By guaranty a person, called the guarantor, binds himself   to  the creditor   to  fulfill   the obligation of   the principal debtor in case the latter should fail to do so.

"If a person binds himself solidarily with the principal debtor, the provisions of  Section 4,17 Chapter 3,  Title   I  of   this  Book shall   be   observed.   In   such   case   the   contract   is   called   a suretyship."

x x x x x x x x x

"Art. 1216. The creditor may proceed against any one of the solidary debtors or  some or all  of   them simultaneously.  The demand made against one of them shall not be an obstacle to those which may subsequently be directed against the others, so long as the debt has not been fully collected."

Elucidating on these provisions, the Court in Garcia v. Court of Appeals18 stated thus:

"x x x. The surety’s obligation is not an original and direct one for the performance of his own act, but merely accessory or collateral   to   the   obligation   contracted   by   the   principal. Nevertheless, although the contract of a surety is in essence secondary only to a valid principal obligation, his liability to the creditor or promisee of the principal is said to be direct, primary and absolute; in other words, he is directly and equally bound with the principal. x x x."19

Under   the   law   and   jurisprudence,   respondent   may   sue, separately or together, the principal debtor and the petitioner herein, in view of the solidary nature of their liability. The death of   the principal  debtor  will  not  work  to  convert,  decrease or nullify the substantive right of the solidary creditor. Evidently, despite the death of the principal debtor, respondent may still sue petitioner alone, in accordance with the solidary nature of the latter’s liability under the performance bond.

WHEREFORE, the Petition is DENIED and the Decision of the Court of Appeals AFFIRMED. Costs against petitioner.

SO ORDERED.

1240 TO WHOM PAYMENT SHOULD BE MADE

PNB VS TAN

ROMERO, J.:

Petitioner   Philippine   National   Bank   (PNB)   questions   the decision1   of   the   Court   of   Appeals   partially   affirming   the judgment of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 44, Bacolod City. The dispositive portion of the trial court’s decision states:

“WHEREFORE,   premises   considered,   the   Court   hereby renders   judgment   in   favor   of   the   plaintiff   and   against   the defendants as follows:

1) Ordering defendants to pay plaintiff jointly and severally the sum of P32,480.00, with legal rate of interest to be computed from May 2, 1979, date of filing of this complaint until fully paid;

2)      Ordering defendants to pay plaintiff jointly and severally the sum of P5,000.00 as exemplary damages;

3) Ordering defendants to pay plaintiff jointly and severally the sum of P5,000.00 as attorney’s fees;

4) To pay the costs of this suit.

SO ORDERED.”2

The facts are the following:

Private respondent Loreto Tan (Tan) is the owner of a parcel of land  abutting   the  national  highway  in  Mandalagan,  Bacolod City.   Expropriation   proceedings   were   instituted   by   the government against private respondent Tan and other property owners   before   the   then   Court   of   First   Instance   of   Negros Occidental, Branch IV, docketed as Civil Case No. 12924.

Tan filed a motion dated May 10, 1978 requesting issuance of an order for the release to him of the expropriation price of P3 2,480.00.

On   May   22,   1978,   petitioner   PNB   (Bacolod   Branch)   was required  by   the   trial   court   to   release   to  Tan  the  amount  of P32,480.00 deposited with it by the government.

On  May   24,   1978,   petitioner,   through   its   Assistant   Branch Manager Juan Tagamolila,  issued a manager’s check for P3 2,480.00   and   delivered   the   same   to   one   Sonia   Gonzaga without Tan’s knowledge, consent or authority. Sonia Gonzaga deposited it in her account with Far East Bank and Trust Co. (FEBTC) and later on withdrew the said amount.

Private  respondent Tan subsequently demanded payment  in the amount of P32,480.00 from petitioner, but the same was refused  on   the  ground  that  petitioner  had already  paid  and delivered the amount to Sonia Gonzaga on the strength of a Special  Power  of  Attorney   (SPA)   allegedly  executed   in   her favor by Tan.

On June 8, 1978, Tan executed an affidavit before petitioner’s lawyer, Alejandro S. Somo, stating that:

1) he had never executed any Special  Power of  Attorney in favor of Sonia S. Gonzaga;

2) he had never authorized Sonia Gonzaga to receive the sum of P32,480.00 from petitioner;

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3) he signed a motion for the court to issue an Order to release the said sum of money to him and gave the same to Mr. Nilo Gonzaga  (husband of  Sonia)   to  be   filed   in  court.  However, after the Order was subsequently issued by the court, a certain Engineer Decena of the Highway Engineer’s Office issued the authority to release the funds not to him but to Mr. Gonzaga.

When   he   failed   to   recover   the   amount   from   PNB,   private respondent filed a motion with the court to require PNB to pay the same to him.

Petitioner filed an opposition contending that Sonia Gonzaga presented to it a copy of the May 22, 1978 order and a special power of  attorney by virtue of  which petitioner delivered the check to her.

The matter was set for hearing on July 21, 1978 and petitioner was directed by the court to produce the said special power of attorney thereat. However, petitioner failed to do so.

The court  decided that  there was need for   the matter  to be ventilated in a separate civil action and thus private respondent

filed a complaint with the Regional Trial Court in Bacolod City (Branch  44)   against   petitioner   and   Juan  Tagamolila,  PNB’s Assistant Branch Manager, to recover the said amount.

In   its  defense,   petitioner   contended   that   private   respondent had duly authorized Sonia Gonzaga to act as his agent.

On September 28, 1979, petitioner filed a third-party complaint against the spouses Nilo and Sonia Gonzaga praying that they be   ordered   to   pay   private   respondent   the   amount   of P32,480.00.   However,   for   failure   of   petitioner   to   have   the summons served on the Gonzagas despite opportunities given to it, the third-party complaint was dismissed.

Tagamolila,   in   his   answer,   stated   that   Sonia   Gonzaga presented a Special Power of Attorney to him but borrowed it later with the promise to return it, claiming that she needed it to encash the check.

On June 7, 1989, the trial court rendered  judgment ordering petitioner and Tagamolila to pay private respondent jointly and severally   the   amount   of   P32,480.00   with   legal   interest, damages and attorney’s fees.

Both petitioner and Tagamolila appealed the case to the Court of Appeals.

In   a   resolution   dated   April   8,   1991,   the   appellate   court dismissed Tagamolila’s appeal for failure to pay the docket fee within the reglementary period.

On   August   31,   1992,   the   Court   of   Appeals   affirmed   the decision   of   the   trial   court   against   petitioner,   with   the modification   that   the   award   of   P5,000.00   for   exemplary damages and P5,000.00 for attorney’s fees by the trial court was deleted.

Hence, this petition.

Petitioner PNB states that the issue in this case is whether or not the SPA ever existed. It argues that the existence of the SPA need not be proved by it under the “best evidence rule” because it already proved the existence of the SPA from the testimonies of its witnesses and by the certification issued by the Far East Bank and Trust Company that  it allowed Sonia Gonzaga to encash Tan’s check on the basis of the SPA.

We find the petition unmeritorious.

There is no question that no payment had ever been made to private respondent as the check was never delivered to him. When the court  ordered petitioner  to pay private respondent the amount of P3 2,480.00, it had the obligation to deliver the same to him. Under Art. 1233 of the Civil Code, a debt shall not   be   understood   to   have   been   paid   unless   the   thing   or service in which the obligation consists has been completely delivered or rendered, as the case may be.

The burden of proof of such payment lies with the debtor.3 In the   instant   case,  neither   the  SPA nor   the  check   issued  by petitioner was ever presented in court.

The  testimonies  of  petitioner’s  own witnesses   regarding   the check were conflicting. Tagamolila testified that the check was issued to  the order of  “Sonia Gonzaga as attorney-in-fact of Loreto   Tan,”4  while   Elvira  Tibon,   assistant   cashier   of  PNB (Bacolod  Branch),   stated   that   the  check  was   issued   to   the order of “Loreto Tan.”5

Furthermore, contrary to petitioner’s contention that all that is needed to be proved  is   the existence of  the SPA,  it   is  also necessary for evidence to be presented regarding the nature and   extent   of   the   alleged  powers   and   authority   granted   to Sonia Gonzaga;  more specifically,   to determine whether  the document indeed authorized her to receive payment intended for private respondent. However, no such evidence was ever presented.

Section 2, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court states that:

“SEC. 2. Original writing must be produced; exceptions.

- There can be no evidence of a writing the contents of which is the   subject   of   inquiry,   other   than   the   original  writing   itself, except in the following cases:

(a) When the original has been lost, destroyed, or cannot be produced in court;

(b) When the original is in the possession of the party against whom the evidence is offered, and the latter fails to produce it after reasonable notice;

(c)  When   the  original   is  a   record  or  other  document   in   the custody of a public officer;

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(d) When the original has been recorded in an existing record a certified copy of which is made evidence by law;

(e) When the original consists of numerous accounts or other documents which cannot be examined in court without great loss of time and the fact sought to be established from them is only the general result of the whole.”

Section   4,   Rule   130   of   the   Rules   of   Court   allows   the presentation of secondary evidence when the original is lost or destroyed, thus:

“SEC.   4.   Secondary   evidence   when   original   is   lost   or destroyed.   -   When   the   original   writing   has   been   lost   or destroyed, or cannot be produced in court, upon proof of  its execution and loss or destruction, or unavailability, its contents may be proved by a copy, or by a recital of its contents in some authentic document, or by the recollection of witnesses.”

Considering  that   the  contents  of   the  SPA are  also   in   issue here, the best evidence rule applies. Hence, only the original document  (which has not been presented at all)   is  the best evidence of the fact as to whether or not private respondent indeed authorized Sonia Gonzaga to receive the check from petitioner.   In   the   absence   of   such   document,   petitioner’s arguments regarding due payment must fail.

Regarding the award of attorney’s fees, we hold that private respondent Tan is entitled to the same. Art. 2208 of the Civil Code allows attorney’s fees to be awarded if   the claimant  is compelled to litigate with third persons or to incur expenses to protect his interest by reason of an unjustified act or omission of the party from whom it is sought.6

In Rasonable v. NLRC, et al.,7 we held that when a party is forced to litigate to protect his rights, he is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees.

As for  the award of exemplary damages, we agree with  the appellate court that the same should be deleted.

Under Art. 2232 of the Civil Code, exemplary damages may be awarded   if   a  party  acted   in  a  wanton,   fraudulent,   reckless, oppressive, or malevolent manner. However,  they cannot be recovered as a  matter  of   right;   the  court  has yet   to  decide whether or not they should be adjudicated.8

Jurisprudence has set down the requirements  for  exemplary damages to be awarded:

1.   they  may  be   imposed  by  way  of  example   in  addition   to compensatory damages, and only after the claimant’s right to them has been established;

2.              they cannot be recovered as a matter of right,  their determination  depending upon  the  amount  of  compensatory damages that may be awarded to the claimant;

3.       the act must be accompanied by bad faith or done in a wanton, fraudulent, oppressive or malevolent manner.9

In   the   case   at   bench,   while   there   is   a   clear   breach   of petitioner’s obligation to pay private respondents, there is no evidence   that   it   acted   in   a   fraudulent,  wanton,   reckless   or oppressive   manner.   Furthermore,   there   is   no   award   to compensatory   damages   which   is   a   prerequisite   before exemplary damages may be awarded. Therefore, the award by the trial court of P5,000.00 as exemplary damages is baseless.

WHEREFORE,   the   decision   of   the   Court   of   Appeals   is AFFIRMED   with   the   modification   that   the   award   by   the Regional   Trial   Court   of   P5,000.00   as   attorney’s   fees   is REINSTATED.

SO ORDERED.FRANCISCO CULABA and DEMETRIA CULABA, doing business under the name and style “Culaba Store,” petitioners, vs. COURT OF APPEALS and SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION, respondents.D E C I S I O NCALLEJO, SR., J.:

This is a petition for review under Rule 45 of the Revised Rules of Civil Procedure of the Decision[1] of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 19836 affirming in toto the Decision[2] of the Regional Trial Court of Makati, Branch 138, in Civil Case No. 1033  for  collection of  sum of  money,  and  the Resolution[3] denying the motion for reconsideration of the said decision.

The Undisputed Facts

The spouses Francisco and Demetria Culaba were the owners and proprietors of the Culaba Store and were engaged in the sale and distribution of San Miguel Corporation’s (SMC) beer products.    SMC sold beer  products on credit   to   the Culaba spouses   in   the   amount   of   P28,650.00,   as   evidenced   by Temporary Credit Invoice No. 42943.[4] Thereafter, the Culaba spouses  made   a   partial   payment   of   P3,740.00,   leaving   an unpaid balance of P24,910.00.    As they failed to pay despite repeated demands, SMC filed an action for collection of a sum of money against them before the RTC of Makati, Branch 138.

The defendant-spouses denied any liability, claiming that they had already paid the plaintiff in full on four separate occasions. To substantiate this claim, the defendants presented four (4) Temporary   Charge   Sales   (TCS)   Liquidation   Receipts,   as follows:

April 19, 1983             Receipt No. 27331        for P8,000[5]April 22, 1983             Receipt No. 27318       for P9,000[6]April 27, 1983             Receipt No. 27339        for P4,500[7]April 30, 1983             Receipt No. 27346       for P3,410[8]

Defendant   Francisco   Culaba   testified   that   he   made   the foregoing payments  to  an SMC supervisor  who came  in  an SMC   van.   He   was   then   showed   a   list   of   customers’ accountabilities which included his account. The defendant, in 

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good faith,  then paid to  the said supervisor, and he was,  in turn, issued genuine SMC liquidation receipts.

For its part, SMC submitted a publisher’s affidavit[9] to prove that the entire booklet of TCSL Receipts bearing Nos. 27301-27350   were   reported   lost   by   it,   and   that   it   caused   the publication of the notice of loss in the July 9, 1983 issue of the Daily Express, as follows:

NOTICE OF LOSS

OUR   CUSTOMERS   ARE   HEREBY   INFORMED   THAT TEMPORARY   CHARGE   SALES   LIQUIDATION   RECEIPTS WITH SERIAL NOS. 27301-27350 HAVE BEEN LOST.ANY TRANSACTION, THEREFORE, ENTERED INTO WITH THE   USE   OF   THE   ABOVE   RECEIPTS   WILL   NOT   BE HONORED.

SAN MIGUEL CORPORATIONBEER DIVISIONMakati Beer Region[10]

The Trial Court’s Ruling

After  trial on the merits,  the trial court  rendered judgment  in favor   of   SMC,   and   held   the  Culaba   spouses   liable   on   the balance of its obligation, thus:

Wherefore,   judgment   is   hereby   rendered   in   favor   of   the plaintiff, as follows:

1.        Ordering defendants to pay the amount of P24,910.00 plus legal interest of 6% per annum from April 12, 1983 until the whole amount is fully paid;

2.        Ordering defendants to pay 20% of the amount due to plaintiff as and for attorney’s fees plus costs.

SO ORDERED.[11]

According   to   the   trial   court,   it   was   unusual   that   defendant Francisco Culaba forgot the name of the collector to whom he made   the   payments   and   that   he   did   not   require   the   said collector to print his name on the receipts. The court also noted that   although   they  were   part   of   a   single   booklet,   the   TCS Liquidation   Receipts   submitted   by   the   defendants   did   not appear   to   have   been   issued   in   their   natural   sequence. Furthermore, they were part of the lost booklet receipts, which the public was duly warned of through the Notice of Loss the plaintiff   caused   to  be  published   in  a  daily  newspaper.  This confirmed the plaintiff’s claim that the receipts presented by the defendants were spurious ones.

The Case on Appeal

On appeal, the appellants interposed the following assignment of errors:

I

THE   TRIAL   COURT   ERRED   IN   FINDING   THAT   THE RECEIPTS   PRESENTED   BY   DEFENDANTS   EVIDENCING HIS   PAYMENTS   TO   PLAINTIFF   SAN   MIGUEL CORPORATION, ARE SPURIOUS.

II

THE   TRIAL   COURT   ERRED   IN   CONCLUDING   THAT PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE  HAS   SUFFICIENTLY   PROVED   ITS CAUSE OF ACTION AGAINST THE DEFENDANTS.

III

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ORDERING DEFENDANTS TO  PAY  20% OF  THE AMOUNT DUE  TO  PLAINTIFF  AS ATTORNEY’S FEES.[12]

The appellants asserted that while the trial court’s observations were   true,   it   was   the   usual   business   practice   in   previous transactions between  them and SMC.   The SMC previously honored receipts not bearing the salesman’s name. According to   appellant   Francisco   Culaba,   he   even   lost   some   of   the receipts, but did not encounter any problems.

According to appellant Francisco, he could not be faulted for paying   the  SMC  collector  who   came   in   a   van  and  was   in uniform,   and   that   any   regular   customer  would,  without   any apprehension,   transact   with   such   an   SMC   employee. Furthermore, the respective receipts issued to him at the time he paid on the four occasions mentioned had not yet then been declared   lost.   Thus,   the   subsequent   publication   in   a   daily newspaper declaring the booklets lost did not affect the validity and   legality   of   the   payments   made.     Accordingly,   by   its actuations,   the   SMC   was   estopped   from   questioning   the legality of the payments and had no cause of action against the appellants.

Anent the issue of attorney’s fees, the order of the trial court for payment thereof  is without basis. According to the appellant, the provision for  attorney’s  fees  is a  contingent  fee, already provided for in the SMC’s contract with the law firm. To further order them to pay 20% of the amount due as attorney’s fees is double   payment,   tantamount   to   undue   enrichment   and therefore improper.[13]

The appellee, for its part, contended that the primary issue in the case at  bar  revolved around the basic  and fundamental principles   of   agency.[14]   It   was   incumbent   upon   the defendants-appellants   to   exercise   ordinary   prudence   and reasonable  diligence  to  verify  and  identify   the extent  of   the alleged agent’s authority. It was their burden to establish the true   identity   of   the   assumed   agent,   and   this   could   not   be established   by   mere   representation,   rumor   or   general reputation. As they utterly failed in this regard, the appellants must suffer the consequences.

The Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the trial court, thus:

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In the face of the somewhat tenuous evidence presented by the appellants, we cannot fault the lower court for giving more weight to appellee’s testimonial and documentary evidence, all of  which  establish  with   some degree  of  preponderance   the existence of the account sued upon.

ALL CONSIDERED, we cannot find any justification to reject the factual findings of the lower court to which we must accord respect,   for   which   reason,   the   judgment   appealed   from   is hereby AFFIRMED in all respects.

SO ORDERED.[15]

Hence, the instant petition.

The   petitioners   pose   the   following   issues   for   the   Court’s resolution:

I.     WHETHER OR NOT THE RESPONDENT HAD PROVEN BY PREPONDERANT EVIDENCE THAT IT HAD PROPERLY AND TIMELY NOTIFIED PETITIONER OF LOST BOOKLET OF RECEIPTS

II.     WHETHER OR NOT RESPONDENT HAD PROVEN BY PREPONDERANT   EVIDENCE   THAT   PETITIONER   WAS REMISS   IN   THE  PAYMENT  OF  HIS  ACCOUNTS  TO   ITS AGENT.[16]

According to the petitioners, receiving receipts from the private respondent’s   agents   instead   of   its   salesmen   was   a   usual occurrence, as they had been operating the store since 1979. Thus, on four occasions in April 1983, when an agent of the respondent came to the store wearing an SMC uniform and driving   an   SMC   van,   petitioner   Francisco   Culaba,   without question, paid his accounts. He received the receipts without fear, as they were similar to what he used to receive before. Furthermore, the petitioners assert  that,  common experience will attest that unless the attention of the customers is called for,   they  would   not   take   note   of   the   serial   number   of   the receipts.

The petitioners contend that the private respondent advertised its warning to the public only after the damage was done, or on July   9,   1993.   Its   belated   notice   showed   its   glaring   lack   of interest or concern for its customers’ welfare, and, in sum, its negligence.

Anent the second issue, petitioner Francisco Culaba avers that the agent to whom the accounts were paid had all the physical and material attributes or indications of a representative of the private   respondent,   leaving   no   doubt   that   he   was   duly authorized   by   the   latter.     Petitioner   Francisco   Culaba’s testimony that “he does not necessarily check the contents of the receipts issued to him except for the amount  indicated if [the] same accurately reflects his actual payment” is a common attitude of customers. He could, thus, not be faulted for paying the private respondent’s agent on four occasions.   Petitioner Francisco Culaba asserts that he made the payment in good 

faith, to an agent who issued SMC receipts which appeared to be genuine. Thus, according to the petitioners, they had duly paid their obligation in accordance with Articles 1240 and 1242 of the New Civil Code.

The private respondent, for its part, avers that the burden of proving  payment   is  with   the debtor,   in  consonance with   the express provision of Article 1233 of the New Civil Code. The petitioners miserably failed to prove the self-serving allegation that they already paid their liability to the private respondent. Furthermore,  under  normal  circumstances,  an  obligor  would not just pay a substantial amount to someone whom he saw for the first time, without even asking for the latter’s name.

The Ruling of the Court

The petition is dismissed.

The petitioners question the findings of the Court of Appeals as to  whether   the  payment  of   the  petitioners’  obligation   to   the private respondent was properly made, thus, extinguishing the same. This is clearly a factual issue, and beyond the purview of the Court to delve into. This is in consonance with the well-settled   rule   that   findings of   fact  of   the   trial   court,  especially when   affirmed   by   the  Court   of   Appeals,   are   accorded   the highest degree of respect, and generally will not be disturbed on appeal.  Such findings are binding and conclusive on  the Court.[17] Furthermore, it is not the Court’s function under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, as amended, to review, examine and evaluate   or   weigh   the   probative   value   of   the   evidence presented.[18]

To reiterate, the issue being raised by the petitioners does not involve a question of law, but a question of fact, not cognizable by   this   Court   in   a   petition   for   review   under   Rule   45.   The jurisdiction of the Court in such a case is limited to reviewing only errors of  law, unless the factual findings being assailed are  not   supported   by  evidence  on   record  or   the   impugned judgment is based on a misapprehension of facts.[19]

A   careful   study   of   the   records   of   the   case   reveal   that   the appellate   court   affirmed   the   trial   court’s   factual   findings   as follows:

First.    Receipts Nos. 27331, 27318, 27339 and 27346 were included  in   the private  respondent’s  lost  booklet,  which  loss was   duly   advertised   in   a   newspaper   of   general   circulation; thus,   the private   respondent  could not  have officially   issued them to the petitioners to cover the alleged payments on the dates appearing thereon.

Second.   There was something amiss in the way the receipts were issued to the petitioners, as one receipt bearing a higher serial number was issued ahead of another receipt bearing a lower serial number, supposedly covering a later payment. The petitioners   failed   to   explain   the   apparent   mix-up   in   these receipts, and no attempt was made in this regard.

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Third.   The fact that the salesman’s name was invariably left blank  in   the  four   receipts  and  that   the  petitioners could not even   remember   the   name   of   the   supposed   impostor   who received the said payments strongly argue against the veracity of the petitioners’ claim.

We find no cogent reason to reverse the said findings.

The  dismissal   of   the   petition   is   inevitable  even  upon   close perusal of the merits of the case.

Payment is a mode of extinguishing an obligation.[20] Article 1240 of the Civil Code provides that payment shall be made to the person in whose favor the obligation has been constituted, or   his   successor-in-interest,   or   any   person   authorized   to receive   it.[21]   In   this   case,   the   payments  were   purportedly made to a “supervisor” of the private respondent, who was clad in an SMC uniform and drove an SMC van. He appeared to be authorized   to   accept   payments   as   he   showed   a   list   of customers’ accountabilities and even  issued SMC liquidation receipts   which   looked   genuine.   Unfortunately   for   petitioner Francisco   Culaba,   he   did   not   ascertain   the   identity   and authority of the said supervisor, nor did he ask to be shown any identification to prove that the latter was, indeed, an SMC supervisor.   The   petitioners   relied   solely   on   the   man’s representation that he was collecting payments for SMC. Thus, the payments the petitioners claimed they made were not the payments   that   discharged   their   obligation   to   the   private respondent.

The basis of  agency  is representation.[22] A person dealing with an agent is put upon inquiry and must discover upon his peril   the  authority  of   the  agent.[23]   In   the   instant  case,   the petitioners’  loss could have been avoided if   they had simply exercised   due   diligence   in   ascertaining   the   identity   of   the person to whom they allegedly made the payments. The fact that they were parting with valuable consideration should have made   them   more   circumspect   in   handling   their   business transactions.   Persons   dealing   with   an   assumed   agent   are bound at their peril to ascertain not only the fact of agency but also the nature and extent of authority, and in case either  is controverted, the burden of proof is upon them to establish it.[24] The petitioners in this case failed to discharge this burden, considering that the private respondent vehemently denied that the   payments   were   accepted   by   it   and   were  made   to   its authorized representative.

Negligence   is   the   omission   to   do   something   which   a reasonable   man,   guided   by   those   considerations   which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or the doing of something, which a prudent and reasonable man would not do.[25] In the case at bar, the most prudent thing the petitioners should have done was to ascertain the identity and authority of the person who collected their payments. Failing this, the petitioners cannot claim that they acted in good faith when   they   made   such   payments.   Their   claim   therefor   is negated   by   their   negligence,   and   they   are   bound   by   its consequences. Being negligent  in this regard, the petitioners cannot seek relief on the basis of a supposed agency.[26]

WHEREFORE,   the   instant   petition   is   hereby  DENIED.   The assailed  Decision  dated  April   16,  1996,  and   the  Resolution dated July 19, 1996 of the Court of Appeals are AFFIRMED. Costs against the petitioners.

SO ORDERED.

ALLIED BANKING CORPORATION, Petitioner, vs.LIM SIO WAN, METROPOLITAN BANK AND TRUST CO., and PRODUCERS BANK, Respondents.

D E C I S I O N

VELASCO, JR., J.:

To   ingratiate   themselves   to   their   valued   depositors,   some banks   at   times   bend   over   backwards   that   they   unwittingly expose themselves to great risks.

The Case

This Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 seeks to reverse the Court of Appeals’ (CA’s) Decision promulgated on March 18, 19981 in CA-G.R. CV No.  46290 entitled Lim Sio Wan v.  Allied  Banking  Corporation,  et   al.  The CA Decision modified   the   Decision   dated   November   15,   19932 of   the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 63 in Makati City rendered in Civil Case No. 6757.

The Facts

The facts as found by the RTC and affirmed by the CA are as follows:

On November 14, 1983, respondent Lim Sio Wan deposited with petitioner Allied Banking Corporation (Allied) at its Quintin Paredes Branch in Manila a money market placement of PhP 1,152,597.35 for a term of 31 days to mature on December 15, 1983,3 as  evidenced by Provisional  Receipt  No.  1356 dated November 14, 1983.4

On December 5, 1983, a person claiming to be Lim Sio Wan called up Cristina So, an officer of Allied, and instructed the latter   to   pre-terminate   Lim   Sio   Wan’s   money   market placement,   to   issue   a   manager’s   check   representing   the proceeds   of   the   placement,   and   to   give   the   check   to   one Deborah Dee Santos who would pick up the check.5 Lim Sio Wan described  the appearance of  Santos so  that  So could easily identify her.6

Later, Santos arrived at the bank and signed the application form  for  a manager’s  check  to  be  issued.7 The bank  issued Manager’s   Check   No.   035669   for   PhP   1,158,648.49, representing   the  proceeds  of  Lim Sio  Wan’s  money market placement in the name of Lim Sio Wan, as payee.8 The check 

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was cross-checked "For Payee’s Account Only" and given to Santos.9

Thereafter, the manager’s check was deposited in the account of   Filipinas   Cement   Corporation   (FCC)   at   respondent Metropolitan Bank and Trust Co. (Metrobank),10 with the forged signature of Lim Sio Wan as indorser.11

Earlier, on September 21, 1983, FCC had deposited a money market placement for PhP 2 million with respondent Producers Bank. Santos was the money market trader assigned to handle FCC’s account.12 Such deposit is evidenced by Official Receipt No.   31756813 and   a   Letter   dated   September   21,   1983   of Santos   addressed   to   Angie   Lazo   of   FCC,   acknowledging receipt of the placement.14 The placement matured on October 25,   1983   and   was   rolled-over   until   December   5,   1983   as evidenced  by  a  Letter  dated  October  25,  1983.15 When   the placement   matured,   FCC   demanded   the   payment   of   the proceeds of the placement.16 On December 5, 1983, the same date  that  So  received  the phone call   instructing  her   to  pre-terminate Lim Sio Wan’s placement, the manager’s check in the name of  Lim Sio Wan was deposited  in   the account  of FCC, purportedly representing the proceeds of FCC’s money market placement with Producers Bank.17 In other words, the Allied check was deposited with Metrobank in the account of FCC as Producers Bank’s payment of its obligation to FCC.

To clear the check and in compliance with the requirements of the Philippine Clearing House Corporation (PCHC) Rules and Regulations,  Metrobank   stamped   a   guaranty   on   the   check, which   reads:   "All   prior   endorsements   and/or   lack   of endorsement guaranteed."18

The check was sent   to  Allied  through  the PCHC. Upon  the presentment   of   the   check,   Allied   funded   the   check   even without checking the authenticity of Lim Sio Wan’s purported indorsement. Thus, the amount on the face of the check was credited to the account of FCC.19

On December 9, 1983, Lim Sio Wan deposited with Allied a second  money  market   placement   to  mature   on   January   9, 1984.20

On December 14,  1983,  upon  the  maturity  date of   the   first money  market   placement,   Lim   Sio  Wan   went   to   Allied   to withdraw it.21 She was then informed that  the placement had been pre-terminated upon her instructions. She denied giving any   instructions   and   receiving   the   proceeds   thereof.   She desisted from further complaints when she was assured by the bank’s manager that her money would be recovered.22

When Lim Sio Wan’s second placement matured on January 9, 1984, So called Lim Sio Wan to ask for the latter’s instructions on the second placement. Lim Sio Wan instructed So to roll-over the placement for another 30 days.23On January 24, 1984, Lim Sio Wan, realizing that the promise that her money would be recovered would not materialize,  sent a demand  letter  to Allied  asking   for   the  payment  of   the  first  placement.24 Allied 

refused   to   pay   Lim   Sio  Wan,   claiming   that   the   latter   had authorized   the   pre-termination   of   the   placement   and   its subsequent release to Santos.25

Consequently,  Lim Sio Wan  filed with  the RTC a Complaint dated February 13, 198426 docketed as Civil  Case No. 6757 against   Allied   to   recover   the   proceeds   of   her   first   money market placement. Sometime in February 1984, she withdrew her second placement from Allied.

Allied   filed   a   third   party   complaint27 against  Metrobank   and Santos.   In   turn,   Metrobank   filed   a   fourth   party complaint28 against   FCC.  FCC   for   its   part   filed   a   fifth   party complaint29 against  Producers  Bank.   Summonses  were   duly served upon all   the parties except   for  Santos,  who was no longer connected with Producers Bank.30

On May 15, 1984, or more than six (6) months after funding the check,  Allied   informed  Metrobank   that   the  signature   on   the check   was   forged.31 Thus,   Metrobank   withheld   the   amount represented   by   the   check   from   FCC.   Later   on,  Metrobank agreed to release the amount to FCC after the latter executed an Undertaking, promising to  indemnify Metrobank in case it was made to reimburse the amount.32

Lim Sio Wan thereafter filed an amended complaint to include Metrobank as a party-defendant, along with Allied.33The RTC admitted   the   amended   complaint   despite   the   opposition   of Metrobank.34 Consequently,   Allied’s   third   party   complaint against Metrobank was converted into a cross-claim and the latter’s fourth party complaint against FCC was converted into a third party complaint.35

After trial, the RTC issued its Decision, holding as follows:

WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered as follows:

1. Ordering defendant Allied Banking Corporation to pay plaintiff   the amount of P1,158,648.49 plus 12% interest  per  annum  from March  16,  1984 until   fully paid;

2. Ordering defendant Allied Bank to pay plaintiff the amount of P100,000.00 by way of moral damages;

3. Ordering defendant Allied Bank to pay plaintiff the amount   of  P173,792.20   by  way  of   attorney’s   fees; and,

4. Ordering defendant Allied Bank to pay the costs of suit.

Defendant   Allied   Bank’s   cross-claim   against   defendant Metrobank is DISMISSED.

Likewise   defendant   Metrobank’s   third-party   complaint   as against Filipinas Cement Corporation is DISMISSED.

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Filipinas Cement Corporation’s fourth-party complaint against Producer’s Bank is also DISMISSED.

SO ORDERED.36

The Decision of the Court of Appeals

Allied appealed to the CA, which in turn issued the assailed Decision on March 18, 1998, modifying the RTC Decision, as follows:

WHEREFORE,   premises   considered,   the   decision   appealed from   is   MODIFIED.   Judgment   is   rendered   ordering   and sentencing defendant-appellant Allied Banking Corporation to pay sixty (60%) percent and defendant-appellee Metropolitan Bank   and   Trust   Company   forty   (40%)   of   the   amount   of P1,158,648.49 plus 12% interest per annum from March 16, 1984 until fully paid. The moral damages, attorney’s fees and costs  of  suit  adjudged shall   likewise  be  paid  by  defendant-appellant Allied Banking Corporation and defendant-appellee Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company in the same proportion of 60-40. Except as thus modified, the decision appealed from is AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.37

Hence, Allied filed the instant petition.

The Issues

Allied raises the following issues for our consideration:

The Honorable Court of Appeals erred in holding that Lim Sio Wan   did   not   authorize   [Allied]   to   pre-terminate   the   initial placement and to deliver the check to Deborah Santos.

The Honorable Court of Appeals erred in absolving Producers Bank of any liability for the reimbursement of amount adjudged demandable.

The Honorable Court of Appeals erred in holding [Allied] liable to the extent of 60% of amount adjudged demandable in clear disregard to the ultimate liability of Metrobank as guarantor of all endorsement on the check, it being the collecting bank.38

The petition is partly meritorious.

A Question of Fact

Allied   questions   the   finding   of   both   the   trial   and   appellate courts that Allied was not authorized to release the proceeds of Lim  Sio  Wan’s  money  market   placement   to   Santos.   Allied clearly   raises   a  question  of   fact.  When   the  CA  affirms   the findings of fact of the RTC, the factual findings of both courts are binding on this Court.39

We also agree with the CA when it said that it could not disturb the   trial   court’s   findings   on   the   credibility   of   witness   So inasmuch as it was the trial court that heard the witness and had   the  opportunity   to   observe  closely  her   deportment  and manner   of   testifying.   Unless   the   trial   court   had   plainly overlooked facts of substance or value, which, if considered, might affect the result of the case,40 we find it best to defer to the trial court on matters pertaining to credibility of witnesses.

Additionally, this Court has held that the matter of negligence is also a factual question.41 Thus, the finding of the RTC, affirmed by  the CA,  that  the  respective parties were negligent   in  the exercise of their obligations is also conclusive upon this Court.

The Liability of the Parties

As to the liability of the parties, we find that Allied is liable to Lim Sio Wan. Fundamental and familiar is the doctrine that the relationship   between  a  bank  and  a   client   is  one  of   debtor-creditor.

Articles 1953 and 1980 of the Civil Code provide:

Art. 1953. A person who receives a loan of money or any other fungible thing acquires the ownership thereof, and is bound to pay   to   the  creditor  an  equal  amount  of   the same kind and quality.

Art.  1980. Fixed, savings,  and current deposits of  money  in banks   and   similar   institutions   shall   be   governed   by   the provisions concerning simple loan.

Thus, we have ruled in a line of cases that a bank deposit is in the nature of  a simple loan or mutuum.42 More succinctly,   in Citibank,   N.A.   (Formerly   First   National   City   Bank)   v. Sabeniano, this Court ruled that a money market placement is a   simple   loan   or   mutuum.43 Further,   we   defined   a   money market in Cebu International Finance Corporation v. Court of Appeals, as follows:

[A] money market  is a market dealing  in standardized short-term credit instruments   (involving   large   amounts)   where lenders and borrowers do not deal directly with each other but through a middle man or dealer in open market. In a money market   transaction,   the   investor   is   a   lender  who   loans   his money to a borrower through a middleman or dealer.

In the case at bar, the money market transaction between the petitioner   and   the   private   respondent   is   in   the   nature   of   a loan.44

Lim Sio Wan, as creditor  of  the bank for  her money market placement,  is entitled to payment upon her request, or upon maturity of the placement, or until the bank is released from its obligation as debtor.  Until  any such event,   the obligation of Allied to Lim Sio Wan remains unextinguished.

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Art.  1231 of   the Civil  Code enumerates the  instances when obligations are considered extinguished, thus:

Art. 1231. Obligations are extinguished:

(1) By payment or performance;

(2) By the loss of the thing due;

(3) By the condonation or remission of the debt;

(4) By the confusion or merger of the rights of creditor and debtor;

(5) By compensation;

(6) By novation.

Other   causes   of   extinguishment   of   obligations,   such   as annulment, rescission, fulfillment of a resolutory condition, and prescription, are governed elsewhere in this Code. (Emphasis supplied.)

From the factual findings of the trial and appellate courts that Lim   Sio  Wan   did   not   authorize   the   release   of   her  money market placement to Santos and the bank had been negligent in so doing, there is no question that the obligation of Allied to pay Lim Sio Wan had not been extinguished. Art. 1240 of the Code  states   that   "payment   shall  be  made   to   the  person   in whose   favor   the   obligation   has   been   constituted,   or   his successor in interest, or any person authorized to receive it." As commented by Arturo Tolentino:

Payment  made   by   the   debtor   to   a   wrong   party   does   not extinguish the obligation as to the creditor, if there is no fault or negligence which can be imputed to the latter. Even when the debtor acted  in  utmost good  faith and by mistake as  to  the person of his creditor, or through error induced by the fraud of a   third   person,   the   payment   to   one  who   is   not   in   fact   his creditor, or authorized to receive such payment, is void, except as provided in Article 1241. Such payment does not prejudice the   creditor,   and   accrual   of   interest   is   not   suspended   by it.45 (Emphasis supplied.)

Since there was no effective payment of Lim Sio Wan’s money market placement, the bank still has an obligation to pay her at six   percent   (6%)   interest   from   March   16,   1984   until   the payment thereof.

We cannot, however, say outright that Allied is solely liable to Lim Sio Wan.

Allied claims that Metrobank is the proximate cause of the loss of   Lim   Sio   Wan’s   money.   It   points   out   that   Metrobank guaranteed all prior indorsements inscribed on the manager’s check,   and   without   Metrobank’s   guarantee,   the   present controversy would never have occurred. According to Allied:

Failure on the part of  the collecting bank to ensure that the proceeds of the check is paid to the proper party is, aside from being an efficient intervening cause, also the last negligent act, x  x  x  contributory   to   the  injury  caused  in   the present  case, which thereby leads to the conclusion that it  is the collecting bank,  Metrobank  that   is   the proximate cause of   the  alleged loss of the plaintiff in the instant case.46

We are not persuaded.

Proximate   cause   is   "that   cause,   which,   in   natural   and continuous  sequence,  unbroken  by   any  efficient   intervening cause, produces the injury and without which the result would not  have occurred."47 Thus,   there  is  an efficient  supervening event if the event breaks the sequence leading from the cause to the ultimate result. To determine the proximate cause of a controversy,   the   question   that  needs   to  be  asked  is:   If   the event did not happen, would the injury have resulted? If   the answer is NO, then the event is the proximate cause.

In the instant case, Allied avers that even if it had not issued the   check   payment,   the  money   represented   by   the   check would   still   be   lost   because   of   Metrobank’s   negligence   in indorsing the check without verifying the genuineness of  the indorsement thereon.

Section 66 in relation to Sec. 65 of the Negotiable Instruments Law provides:

Section 66. Liability of general indorser.—Every indorser who indorses   without   qualification,   warrants   to   all   subsequent holders in due course;

a) The matters and things mentioned in subdivisions (a), (b) and (c) of the next preceding section; and

b)   That   the   instrument   is   at   the   time   of   his indorsement valid and subsisting;

And in addition, he engages that on due presentment, it shall be accepted or paid, or both, as the case may be according to its   tenor,   and   that   if   it   be   dishonored,   and   the   necessary proceedings on dishonor be duly taken, he will pay the amount thereof to the holder, or to any subsequent indorser who may be compelled to pay it.

Section 65. Warranty where negotiation by delivery, so forth.—Every  person negotiating  an   instrument  by delivery  or  by a qualified indorsement, warrants:

a) That the instrument is genuine and in all respects what it purports to be;

b) That he has a good title of it;

c) That all prior parties had capacity to contract;

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d) That he has no knowledge of any fact which would impair   the   validity   of   the   instrument   or   render   it valueless.

But  when   the   negotiation   is   by   delivery   only,   the  warranty extends   in   favor   of   no   holder   other   than   the   immediate transferee.

The provisions of subdivision (c) of this section do not apply to persons negotiating public or corporation securities, other than bills and notes. (Emphasis supplied.)

The warranty "that the instrument is genuine and in all respects what it purports to be" covers all the defects in the instrument affecting the validity  thereof,  including a forged  indorsement. Thus, the last indorser will be liable for the amount indicated in the negotiable instrument even if a previous indorsement was forged. We held in a line of cases that "a collecting bank which indorses a check bearing a forged indorsement and presents it to   the   drawee   bank   guarantees   all   prior   indorsements, including the forged indorsement  itself,  and ultimately should be held liable therefor."48

However, this general rule is subject to exceptions. One such exception   is   when   the   issuance   of   the   check   itself   was attended   with   negligence.   Thus,   in   the   cases   cited   above where the collecting bank is generally held liable, in two of the cases where  the  checks were negligently   issued,   this  Court held the institution issuing the check just as liable as or more liable than the collecting bank.

In   isolated   cases  where   the   checks  were   deposited   in   an account other than that of the payees on the strength of forged indorsements, we held the collecting bank solely liable for the whole amount of the checks involved for having indorsed the same.  In Republic Bank v. Ebrada,49 the check was properly issued  by   the  Bureau  of  Treasury.  While   in  Banco  de  Oro Savings   and  Mortgage   Bank   (Banco   de  Oro)   v.   Equitable Banking  Corporation,50 Banco   de  Oro   admittedly   issued   the checks   in   the  name of   the  correct  payees.  And   in  Traders Royal  Bank  v.  Radio  Philippines  Network,   Inc.,51 the  checks were issued at the request of Radio Philippines Network, Inc. from Traders Royal Bank.1avvphi1

However, in Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Court of Appeals, we said that the drawee bank is liable for 60% of the amount on   the   face  of   the  negotiable   instrument  and   the  collecting bank is liable for 40%. We also noted the relative negligence exhibited by two banks, to wit:

Both banks were negligent in the selection and supervision of their   employees   resulting   in   the   encashment   of   the   forged checks by an impostor. Both banks were not able to overcome the presumption of negligence in the selection and supervision of   their   employees.   It   was   the   gross   negligence   of   the employees of both banks which resulted in the fraud and the subsequent   loss.   While   it   is   true   that   petitioner   BPI’s negligence may have been the proximate cause of the loss, 

respondent   CBC’s   negligence contributed equally   to   the success   of   the   impostor   in   encashing   the   proceeds  of   the forged checks. Under   these circumstances,  we apply  Article 2179 of the Civil Code to the effect that while respondent CBC may recover its losses, such losses are subject to mitigation by the   courts.   (See Phoenix   Construction   Inc.   v.   Intermediate Appellate Courts, 148 SCRA 353 [1987]).

Considering the comparative negligence of the two (2) banks, we rule that the demands of substantial justice are satisfied by allocating   the   loss   of   P2,413,215.16   and   the   costs   of   the arbitration proceeding in the amount of P7,250.00 and the cost of litigation on a 60-40 ratio.52

Similarly, we ruled in Associated Bank v. Court of Appeals that the issuing  institution and the collecting bank should equally share the  liability  for   the  loss of  amount represented by the checks concerned due to the negligence of both parties:

The Court   finds as  reasonable,   the  proportionate sharing of fifty percent-fifty percent (50%-50%). Due to the negligence of the   Province   of   Tarlac   in   releasing   the   checks   to   an unauthorized   person   (Fausto   Pangilinan),   in   allowing   the retired  hospital  cashier   to   receive   the  checks   for   the  payee hospital for a period close to three years and in not properly ascertaining  why   the   retired   hospital   cashier  was   collecting checks for the payee hospital in addition to the hospital’s real cashier, respondent Province contributed to the loss amounting to P203,300.00 and shall be liable to the PNB for fifty (50%) percent   thereof.   In   effect,   the   Province   of   Tarlac   can   only recover fifty percent (50%) of P203,300.00 from PNB.

The collecting bank, Associated Bank, shall be liable to PNB for   fifty   (50%)   percent   of   P203,300.00.   It   is   liable   on   its warranties as indorser of the checks which were deposited by Fausto Pangilinan, having guaranteed the genuineness of all prior   indorsements,   including   that  of   the  chief   of   the  payee hospital, Dr. Adena Canlas. Associated Bank was also remiss in   its   duty   to   ascertain   the   genuineness   of   the   payee’s indorsement.53

A reading of the facts of the two immediately preceding cases would reveal that the reason why the bank or institution which issued the check was held partially liable for the amount of the check was because of the negligence of these parties which resulted in the issuance of the checks.

In   the   instant   case,   the   trial   court   correctly   found   Allied negligent in issuing the manager’s check and in transmitting it to Santos without even a written authorization.54 In fact, Allied did   not   even   ask   for   the   certificate   evidencing   the  money market placement or call up Lim Sio Wan at her residence or office   to   confirm   her   instructions.   Both   actions   could   have prevented   the   whole   fraudulent   transaction   from   unfolding. Allied’s negligence must be considered as the proximate cause of the resulting loss.

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To   reiterate,   had  Allied  exercised   the  diligence  due   from a financial institution, the check would not have been issued and no loss of funds would have resulted. In fact, there would have been no issuance of indorsement had there been no check in the first place.

The   liability   of   Allied,   however,   is   concurrent   with   that   of Metrobank as the last indorser of the check. When Metrobank indorsed the check in compliance with the PCHC Rules and Regulations55 without   verifying   the   authenticity   of   Lim   Sio Wan’s  indorsement and when  it  accepted the check despite the fact that it was cross-checked payable to payee’s account only,56 its negligent and cavalier indorsement contributed to the easier release of Lim Sio Wan’s money and perpetuation of the fraud. Given the relative participation of Allied and Metrobank to the instant case, both banks cannot be adjudged as equally liable.  Hence,   the  60:40   ratio  of   the   liabilities  of  Allied  and Metrobank, as ruled by the CA, must be upheld.

FCC, having no participation  in  the negotiation of   the check and in the forgery of Lim Sio Wan’s indorsement, can raise the real defense of forgery as against both banks.57

As to Producers Bank, Allied Bank’s argument that Producers Bank must  be held  liable as employer of  Santos under  Art. 2180 of the Civil Code is erroneous. Art. 2180 pertains to the vicarious   liability   of   an   employer   for   quasi-delicts   that   an employee has committed. Such provision of law does not apply to civil liability arising from delict.

One also cannot apply the principle of subsidiary liability in Art. 103   of   the  Revised  Penal  Code   in   the   instant   case.   Such liability on the part of the employer for the civil aspect of the criminal act of the employee is based on the conviction of the employee for a crime. Here, there has been no conviction for any crime.

As to the claim that there was unjust enrichment on the part of Producers Bank, the same is correct. Allied correctly claims in its  petition   that  Producers  Bank  should   reimburse  Allied   for whatever judgment that may be rendered against it pursuant to Art. 22 of the Civil Code, which provides: "Every person who through an act of performance by another, or any other means, acquires   or   comes   into   possession   of   something   at   the expense of the latter without just cause or legal ground, shall return the same to him."1avvphi1

The  above  provision   of   law  was   clarified   in  Reyes   v.   Lim, where  we   ruled   that   "[t]here   is   unjust   enrichment   when   a person unjustly retains a benefit to the loss of another, or when a   person   retains  money  or  property   of   another   against   the fundamental   principles   of   justice,   equity   and   good conscience."58

In Tamio v. Ticson, we further clarified the principle of unjust enrichment, thus: "Under Article 22 of the Civil Code, there is unjust enrichment when (1) a person is unjustly benefited, and 

(2) such benefit is derived at the expense of or with damages to another."59

In the instant case, Lim Sio Wan’s money market placement in Allied   Bank  was   pre-terminated   and  withdrawn  without   her consent.   Moreover,   the   proceeds   of   the   placement   were deposited in Producers Bank’s account in Metrobank without any  justification.  In other words,  there  is no reason  that  the proceeds of Lim Sio Wans’ placement should be deposited in FCC’s   account   purportedly   as   payment   for   FCC’s   money market placement and interest in Producers Bank.lavvphil With such payment,  Producers  Bank’s   indebtedness  to  FCC was extinguished,   thereby   benefitting   the   former.   Clearly, Producers Bank was unjustly enriched at the expense of Lim Sio Wan. Based on the facts and circumstances of the case, Producers Bank should reimburse Allied and Metrobank for the amounts the two latter banks are ordered to pay Lim Sio Wan.

It cannot be validly claimed that FCC, and not Producers Bank, should be considered as having been unjustly enriched. It must be   remembered   that   FCC’s  money  market   placement   with Producers   Bank   was   already   due   and   demandable;   thus, Producers  Bank’s   payment   thereof   was   justified.   FCC  was entitled  to such payment. As earlier stated,  the fact   that the indorsement on the check was forged cannot be raised against FCC which was not a part in any stage of the negotiation of the check. FCC was not unjustly enriched.

From the facts of the instant case, we see that Santos could be the   architect   of   the   entire   controversy.  Unfortunately,   since summons had not been served on Santos, the courts have not acquired jurisdiction over her.60 We, therefore, cannot ascribe to her liability in the instant case.

Clearly,   Producers   Bank  must   be   held   liable   to   Allied   and Metrobank for the amount of the check plus 12% interest per annum,  moral   damages,   attorney’s   fees,   and   costs   of   suit which Allied and Metrobank are adjudged to pay Lim Sio Wan based on a proportion of 60:40.

WHEREFORE, the petition is PARTLY GRANTED. The March 18,   1998  CA  Decision   in  CA-G.R.  CV  No.   46290   and   the November 15, 1993 RTC Decision in Civil Case No. 6757 are AFFIRMED with MODIFICATION.

Thus,   the  CA Decision   is  AFFIRMED,   the   fallo  of  which   is reproduced, as follows:

WHEREFORE,   premises   considered,   the   decision   appealed from   is   MODIFIED.   Judgment   is   rendered   ordering   and sentencing defendant-appellant Allied Banking Corporation to pay sixty (60%) percent and defendant-appellee Metropolitan Bank   and   Trust   Company   forty   (40%)   of   the   amount   of P1,158,648.49 plus 12% interest per annum from March 16, 1984 until fully paid. The moral damages, attorney’s fees and costs  of  suit  adjudged shall   likewise  be  paid  by  defendant-appellant Allied Banking Corporation and defendant-appellee Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company in the same proportion 

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of 60-40. Except as thus modified, the decision appealed from is AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.

Additionally and by way of MODIFICATION, Producers Bank is hereby   ordered   to   pay   Allied   and   Metrobank   the aforementioned   amounts.   The   liabilities   of   the   parties   are concurrent and independent of each other.

SO ORDERED.

DELA CRUZ VS CONCEPCION

PERALTA, J.: 

Assailed in this petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court filed by petitioners spouses Miniano B. Dela  Cruz   and   Leta   L.  Dela  Cruz   against   respondent   Ana Marie Concepcion are the Court of Appeals (CA) Decision 1 dated March 31, 2005 and Resolution2 dated May 24, 2006 in CA-G.R. CV No. 83030. 

The facts of the case are as follows:

On March 25,  1996,  petitioners  (as vendors)  entered  into a Contract to Sell with respondent (as vendee) involving a house and lot in Cypress St., Phase I, Town and Country Executive Village,   Antipolo   City   for   a   consideration   of   P2,000,000.00 subject to the following terms and conditions: 

a)   That   an   earnest   money   of   P100,000.00   shall   be   paid immediately;

b) That a full down payment of Four Hundred Thousand Pesos (P400,000.00) shall be paid on February 29, 1996;

c) That Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be paid on or before May 5, 1996; and 

d) That the balance of One Million Pesos (P1,000,000.00) shall be paid on installment with interest of Eighteen Percent (18%) per annum or 

One and a half percent (1-1/2 %) interest per month, based on the diminishing balance, compounded monthly, effective May 6, 1996. 

The  interest  shall   continue   to   run  until   the  whole  obligation shall have been fully paid. The whole One Million Pesos shall be paid within three years from May 6, 1996;

e)   That   the  agreed  monthly   amortization  of   Fifty   Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00), principal and interest  included, must be paid to the 

Vendors, without need of prior demand, on or before May 6, 1996, and every month thereafter. Failure to pay the monthly amortization on time, a penalty equal to Five Percent (5%) of the amount due shall be imposed, until the account is updated. In addition, a penalty of One Hundred Pesos per day shall be imposed until the account is updated;

f)   That   after   receipt   of   the   full   payment,   the  Vendors   shall execute   the  necessary  Absolute  Deed of  Sale   covering   the house and lot mentioned above x x x4

Respondent   made   the   following   payments,   to   wit:   (1) P500,000.00 by way of downpayment; (2) P500,000.00 on May 30, 1996; (3) P500,000.00 paid on January 22, 1997; and (4) P500,000.00 bounced check dated June 30,1997 which was subsequently replaced by another check of the same amount, dated July 7, 1997. Respondent was, therefore, able to pay a total of P2,000,000.00.5

Before respondent issued the P500,000.00 replacement check, she   told   petitioners   that   based   on   the   computation   of   her accountant  as  of   July  6,   1997,  her  unpaid  obligation  which includes interests and penalties was only P200,000.00.6

Petitioners agreed with respondent and said “if P200,000.00 is the correct balance, it is okay with us.”7

Meanwhile,   the   title   to   the   property   was   transferred   to respondent. 

Petitioners   later   reminded   respondent   to   pay   P209,000.00 within three months.8

They claimed that the said amount remained unpaid, despite the transfer of the title to the property to respondent. Several months   later,   petitioners  made   further   demands   stating   the supposed correct computation of respondent’s liabilities.9

  Despite   repeated  demands,  petitioners   failed   to  collect   the amounts they claimed from respondent. Hence, the Complaint for  Sum of  Money With Damages10  filed with   the Regional Trial Court (RTC)11of Antipolo, Rizal. The case was docketed as Civil Case No. 98-4716. 

In  her Answer  with  Compulsory Counterclaim,12  respondent claimed   that   her   unpaid   obligation   to   petitioners   is   only P200,000.00   as   earlier   confirmed   by   petitioners   and   not P487,384.15   as   later   alleged   in   the   complaint.  Respondent thus   prayed   for   the   dismissal   of   the   complaint.   By  way   of counterclaim,   respondent   prayed   for   the   payment   of  moral damages and attorney’s fees. During the presentation of the parties’   evidence,   in   addition   to   documents   showing   the statement   of   her   paid   obligations,respondent   presented   a receipt   purportedly   indicating   payment   of   the   remaining balance of P200,000.00 to Adoracion Losloso (Losloso) who allegedly received the same on behalf of petitioners.13

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 On March 8, 2004, the RTC rendered a Decision14 in favor of respondent, the dispositive portion of which reads: 

 WHEREFORE, premises considered, this case is hereby 

DISMISSED.   The   plaintiff   is   hereby   ordered   to   pay   the defendant’s counterclaim, amounting to wit: 

a) P300,000 as moral damages; and 

b) P100,000 plus P2,000 per court appearance as attorney’s fees. 

SO ORDERED.15

The   RTC   noted   that   the   evidence   formally   offered   by petitioners   have   not   actually   been  marked   as   none   of   the markings were recorded. Thus, it found no basis to grant their claims, especially since the amount claimed in the complaint is different from that testified  to. The court, on the other hand, granted respondent’s counterclaim.16

 On appeal, the CA affirmed the decision with modification by deleting the award of  moral damages and attorney’s  fees in favor   of   respondent.17   It   agreed   with   the   RTC   that   the evidence presented by petitioners cannot be given credence in determining the correct  liability of respondent.18 Considering that   the   purchase  price  had  been   fully  paid   by   respondent ahead   of   the   scheduled   date   agreed   upon   by   the   parties, petitioners   were   not   awarded   the   excessive   penalties   and interests.19 The CA thus maintained that respondent’s liability is   limited   to   P200,000.00   asclaimed   by   respondent   and originally   admitted   by   petitioners.20   This   amount,   however, had   already   been   paid   by   respondent   and   received   by petitioners’ representative.21 Finally, the CA pointed out that the RTC did not explain in its decision why moral damages and attorney’s fees were awarded. 

Considering   also   that   bad   faith   cannot   be   attributed   to petitioners   when   they   instituted   the   collection   suit,   the  CA deleted the grant of their counterclaims.22

Aggrieved, petitioners come before the Court in this petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court raising the following errors: 

I.   “THE   TRIAL   COURT   ERRED   IN   DISMISSING   THE COMPLAINT ON THE GROUND THAT PLAINTIFF FAILED TO FORMALLY OFFER THEIR EVIDENCE AS DEFENDANT JUDICIALLY   ADMITTED   IN   HER   ANSWER   WITH COMPULS[O]RY   COUNTERCLAIM   HER   OUTSTANDING OBLIGATION STILL DUE TO PLAINTIFFS AND NEED NO PROOF. 

II.   THE   TRIAL   COURT   ERRED   IN   DISMISSING   THE COMPLAINT FOR ALLEGED FAILURE OF PLAINTIFFS TO PRESENT   COMPUTATION   OF   THE   AMOUNT   BEING 

CLAIMED AS DEFENDANT JUDICIALLY ADMITTED HAVING RECEIVED THE DEMAND LETTER DATED OCTOBER 22, 1997 WITH COMPUTATION OF THE BALANCE DUE. 

III.   THE   TRIAL   COURT   ERRED   IN   DISMISSING   THE COMPLAINT  ON  THE  GROUND  THAT  THE  DEFENDANT FULLY PAID THE CLAIMS OF PLAINTIFFS BASED ON THE ALLEGED   RECEIPT   OF   PAYMENT   BY   ADORACION LOSLOSO FROM ANA MARIE CONCEPCION MAGLASANG WHICH   HAS   NOTHING   TO   DO  WITH   THE   JUDICIALLY ADMITTED OBLIGATION OF APPELLEE.”23

Invoking the rule on judicial admission, petitioners  insist  that respondent   admitted   in   her   Answer   with   Compulsory Counterclaim   that   she  had  paid  only   a   total   amount   of  P2 million   and   that   her   unpaid   obligation   amounts   to P200,000.00.24 They thus maintain that the RTC and the CA erred in concluding that said amount had already been paid by respondent. 

Petitioners add that respondent’s total liability as shown in the latter’s  statement  of   account  was  erroneously   computed  for failure   to   compound   the   monthly   interest   agreed   upon.25 Petitioners also claim that the RTC and the 

CA   erred   in   giving   credence   to   the   receipt   presented   by respondent   to   show   that   her  unpaid   obligation  had  already been paid having been allegedly given to a person who was not armed with authority to receive payment.26

The petition is without merit. 

It is undisputed that the parties entered into a contract to sell a house   and   lot   for   a   total   consideration   of   P2   million. Considering that the property was payable in installment, they likewise agreed on the payment of interest as well as penalty in case of default. It is likewise settled that respondent was able to   pay   the   total   purchase  price  of  P2  million  ahead  of   the agreed term. 

Afterwhich, they agreed on the remaining balance by way of interest and penalties which is P200,000.00. Considering that the term of payment was not strictly followed and the purchase price  had  already   been   fully   paid  by   respondent,   the   latter presented  to petitioners her  computation of  her   liabilities  for interests  and  penalties  which  was  agreed   to  by  petitioners. Petitioners also manifested their conformity to the statement of account prepared by respondent. 

In paragraph (9) of petitioners’ Complaint, they stated that:

9)  That  the Plaintiffs answered  the Defendant as  follows:  “if P200,000 is the correct balance, it is okay with us.” x x x.27

But   in   paragraph   (17)   thereof,   petitioners   claimed   that defendant’s outstanding liability as of November 6, 1997 was P487,384.15.28 Different amounts, however, were claimed in their demand letter and in their testimony in court. 

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With the foregoing factual antecedents, petitioners cannot be permitted   to   assert   a   different   computation   of   the   correct amount of respondent’s liability. 

It   is   noteworthy   that   in   answer   to   petitioners’   claim   of   her purported   unpaid   obligation,   respondent   admitted   in   her Answer with Compulsory 

Counterclaim   that   she   paid   a   total   amount   of   P2   million representing the purchase price of the subject house and lot. She   then   manifested   to   petitioners   and   conformed   to   by respondent that her only balance was P200,000.00. Nowhere in   her   Answer   did   she   allege   the   defense   of   payment. However, during the presentation of her evidence, respondent submitted  a   receipt   to  prove   that   she had  already  paid   the remaining balance. 

Both   the  RTC  and   the  CA   concluded   that   respondent   had already paid the remaining balance of P200,000.00. Petitioners now assail this, insisting that the court should have maintained the   judicial   admissions   of   respondent   in   her   Answer   with Compulsory   Counterclaim,   especially   as   to   their   agreed stipulations on interests and penalties as well as the existence of outstanding obligations. 

It   is,   thus,   necessary   to   discuss   the   effect   of   failure   of respondent to plead payment of its obligations.

Section 1, Rule 9 of the Rules of Court states that “defenses and objections not pleaded either in a motion to dismiss or in the answer are deemed waived.”  Hence,  respondent  should have been barred from raising the defense of payment of the unpaid P200,000.00. However, Section 5, 

Rule   10   of   the   Rules   of   Court   allows   the   amendment   to conform to or authorize presentation of evidence, to wit: 

Section 5. Amendment to conform to or authorize presentation of evidence. – When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried with the express or  implied consent of the parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had been raised in the pleadings.   Such   amendment   of   the   pleadings   as   may   be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence and to raise these issues may be made upon motion of any party at any time, even after judgment; but failure to amend does not affect   the   result   of   the   trial   of   these   issues.   If   evidence   is objected to at the trial on the ground that it  is not within the issues   made   by   the   pleadings,   the   court   may   allow   the pleadings to be amended and shall do so with liberality if the presentation   of   the   merits   of   the   action   and   the   ends   of substantial  justice will  be subserved thereby. The court may grant a continuance to enable the amendment to be made. 

  The   foregoing   provision   envisions   two   scenarios,   namely, when evidence  is   introduced  in  an   issue not  alleged  in   the pleadings   and   no   objection   was   interjected;   and   when evidence is offered on an issue not alleged in the pleadings but this time an objection was raised.29 When the issue is tried 

without the objection of the parties, it should be treated in all respects as if   it had been raised in the pleadings.30 On the other hand, when there is an objection, the evidence may be admitted where its admission will not prejudice him.31

Thus, while respondent judicially admitted in her Answer that she only  paid  P2 million  and  that  she still  owed petitioners P200,000.00, respondent claimed later and, in fact, submitted an evidence to show that she already paid the whole amount of her unpaid obligation. It   is noteworthy  that when respondent presented the evidence of payment, petitioners did not object thereto.  When  the receipt  was formally offered as evidence, petitioners did not manifest their objection to the admissibility of   said   document  on   the  ground   that   payment  was  not  an issue.   Apparently,   petitioners   only   denied   receipt   of   said payment   and   assailed   the   authority   of   Losloso   to   receive payment. Since there was an implied consent on the part of petitioners to try the issue of payment, even if no motion was filed and no amendment of the pleading has been ordered,32 the   RTC   cannot   be   faulted   for   admitting   respondent’s testimonial and documentary evidence to prove payment.33

As stressed by the Court in Royal Cargo Corporation v. DFS Sports Unlimited, Inc.,34 

The failure of a party to amend a pleading to conform to the evidence adduced during trial does not preclude adjudication by the court on the basis of such evidence which may embody new  issues not  raised  in  the pleadings. x x x Although,  the pleading  may   not   have   been   amended   to   conform   to   the evidence submitted during trial, judgment may nonetheless be rendered, not simply on the basis of the issues alleged but also on the issues discussed and the assertions of fact proved in the course of the trial. 

The court may treat the pleading as if it had been amended to conform  to   the  evidence,  although  it   had  not  been actually amended. x x x Clearly, a court may rule and render judgment on the basis of the evidence before it even though the relevant pleading had not  been  previously  amended,   so   long  as  no surprise or prejudice is thereby caused to the adverse party. Put a little differently, so long as the basic requirements of fair play   had   been  met,   as   where   the   litigants   were   given   full opportunity   to   support   their   respective   contentions   and   to object to or refute each other's evidence, the court may validly treat the pleadings as if they had been amended to conform to the evidence and proceed to adjudicate on the basis of all the evidence before it. (Emphasis supplied)35

To be sure, petitioners were given ample opportunity to refute the fact of and present evidence to prove payment. 

With   the evidence presented  by   the contending parties,   the more   important   question   to   resolve   is   whether   or   not respondent’s   obligation   had   already   been   extinguished   by payment. 

We rule in the affirmative as aptly held by the RTC and the CA. 

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Respondent’s   obligation   consists   of   payment   of   a   sum   of money. In order to extinguish said obligation, payment should be made to the proper person as set forth in Article 1240 of the Civil Code, to wit: 

Article 1240. Payment shall be made to the person in whose favor the obligation has been constituted, or his successor in interest,   or   any   person  authorized   to   receive   it.   (Emphasis supplied) 

 The Court explained in Cambroon v. City of Butuan, 36 cited in  Republic  v.  De Guzman,37  to  whom payment  should be made in order to extinguish an obligation: 

Payment made by the debtor to the person of the creditor or to one authorized by him or by the law to receive it extinguishes the obligation. 

When   payment   is  made   to   the  wrong   party,   however,   the obligation is not extinguished as to the creditor who is without fault or negligence even if the debtor acted in utmost good faith and by mistake as to the person of the creditor or through error induced by fraud of a third person.

In general, a payment in order to be effective to discharge an obligation, must be made to the proper person. Thus, payment must be made  to  the obligee himself  or   to  an agent having authority, express or implied, to receive the particular payment. Payment made to one having apparent authority to receive the money will, as a rule, be treated as though actual authority had been given for its receipt. Likewise, if payment is made to one who by law is authorized to act for the creditor, it

To be sure, petitioners were given ample opportunity to refute the fact of and present evidence to prove payment. 

With   the evidence presented  by   the contending parties,   the more   important   question   to   resolve   is   whether   or   not respondent’s   obligation   had   already   been   extinguished   by payment. 

We rule in the affirmative as aptly held by the RTC and the CA. 

Respondent’s   obligation   consists   of   payment   of   a   sum   of money. In order to extinguish said obligation, payment should be made to the proper person as set forth in Article 1240 of the Civil Code, to wit: 

Article 1240. Payment shall be made to the person in whose favor the obligation has been constituted, or his successor in interest, or any person authorized to receive it. (Emphasis supplied) 

The Court explained in Cambroon v. City of Butuan,36 cited in Republic v. De Guzman,37 to whom payment should be made in order to extinguish an obligation: 

Payment made by the debtor to the person of the creditor or to one authorized by him or by the law to receive it extinguishes the obligation. 

When   payment   is  made   to   the  wrong   party,   however,   the obligation is not extinguished as to the creditor who is without fault or negligence even if the debtor acted in utmost good faith and by mistake as to the person of the creditor or through error induced by fraud of a third person.

In general, a payment in order to be effective to discharge an obligation, must be made to the proper person. Thus, payment must be made  to  the obligee himself  or   to  an agent having authority, express or implied, to receive the particular payment. Payment made to one having apparent authority to receive the money will, as a rule, be treated as though actual authority had been given for its receipt. Likewise, if payment is made to one who by law is authorized to act for the creditor, it and the CA conclusion that payment had already been made and that  it extinguished respondent's obligations. 

WHEREFORE, premises considered,  the petition  is DENIED for lack of merit. The Court of Appeals Decision dated March 31, 2005 and I Resolution dated May 24, 2006 in CA-G.R. CV No. 83030, are AFFIRMED. 

SO ORDERED.

DATION IN PAYMENT

ESTANISLAO VS. EAST WEST BANKING

YNARES-SANTIAGO, J.:  

This  is a  petition  for  review of   the Decision[1] of   the 

Court   of  Appeals  dated  April   13,  2007   in  CA-G.R.  CV  No. 

87114   which   reversed   and   set   aside   the   Decision   of 

the Regional Trial Court of Antipolo City,   Branch   73   in   Civil 

Case   No.   00-5731.  The   appellate   court   entered   a   new 

judgment   ordering   petitioners   spouses   Estanislao   to   pay 

respondent   East   West   Banking   Corporation   P4,275,919.65 

plus   interest   and   attorney’s   fees.  Also   assailed   is   the 

Resolution[2] dated   June   25,   2007   denying   the   motion   for 

reconsideration.

 

The facts are as follows:

 

On July 24, 1997, petitioners obtained a loan from the 

respondent   in  the amount  of  P3,925,000.00 evidenced by a 

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promissory note and secured by two deeds of chattel mortgage 

dated  July  10,  1997:  one covering   two  dump  trucks  and  a 

bulldozer   to  secure   the   loan amount  of  P2,375,000.00,  and 

another covering bulldozer and a wheel loader to secure the 

loan   amount   of   P1,550,000.00.  Petitioners   defaulted   in   the 

amortizations   and   the   entire   obligation   became   due   and 

demandable.

 

On April  10,  2000,   respondent  bank  filed a suit   for 

replevin with damages, praying that the equipment covered by 

the first deed of chattel mortgage be seized and delivered to 

it.  In   the   alternative,   respondent   prayed   that   petitioners   be 

ordered   to   pay   the   outstanding   principal   amount   of 

P3,846,127.73 with 19.5% interest per annum reckoned from 

judicial   demand   until   fully   paid,   exemplary   damages   of 

P50,000.00,   attorney’s   fees   equivalent   to   20%   of   the   total 

amount due, other expenses and costs of suit.

 

The   case  was   filed   in   the  Regional   Trial   Court   of 

Antipolo and raffled to Branch 73 thereof.

 

Subsequently,   respondent  moved  for  suspension  of 

the proceedings on account of an earnest attempt to arrive at 

an amicable settlement of the case.  The trial court suspended 

the proceedings, and during the course of negotiations, a deed 

of   assignment[3] dated  August   16,   2000  was  drafted   by   the 

respondent, which provides in part, that:

 x x x the ASSIGNOR is indebted to

the ASSIGNEE in the aggregate sum of SEVEN MILLION THREE HUNDRED FIVE THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED FIFTY NINE PESOS and FIFTY TWO CENTAVOS (P7,305,459.52), Philippine currency, inclusive of accrued interests and penalties as of August 16, 2000, and in full payment thereof, the ASSIGNOR does hereby ASSIGN, TRANSFER and CONVEY unto the ASSIGNEE those motor vehicles, with   all   their   tools   and   accessories,  more particularly described as follows:

 Make               :  Isuzu Dump Truck                                    x x xMake               :  Isuzu Dump Truck

                                    x x xMake               :  x   x   x   Caterpillar 

Bulldozer x x x That   the ASSIGNEE hereby

accepts the assignment in full payment of the above-mentioned debt x   x x.  (Emphasis supplied)

 

Petitioners   affixed   their   signatures   on   the   deed   of 

assignment. However, for some unknown reason, respondent 

bank’s duly authorized representative failed to sign the deed.

 

On October 6, 2000 and March 8, 2001, respectively, 

petitioners   completed   the   delivery   of   the   heavy   equipment 

mentioned in the deed of assignment – two dump trucks and a 

bulldozer – to respondent, which accepted the same without 

protest or objection.

 

However,   on   June   20,   2001,   respondent   filed   a 

manifestation and motion to admit an amended complaint for 

the seizure and delivery of two more heavy equipment – the 

bulldozer  and  wheel   loader  –  which  are   covered  under   the 

second deed of chattel mortgage.  Respondent claimed that its 

representative inadvertently failed to include the second deed 

of   chattel  mortgage  among   the   documents   forwarded   to   its 

counsel   when   the   original   complaint   was   being 

drafted.  Respondent   likewise   claimed   that   petitioners   were 

given  a   chance   to   submit   a   refinancing  scheme  that  would 

allow them to keep the remaining two heavy equipment, but 

they failed to come up with such a scheme despite repeated 

promises to do so.

 

Respondent’s amended complaint for replevin alleged 

that petitioners’ outstanding indebtedness as of June 14, 2001 

stood at  P4,275,919.61  which   is  more  or   less  equal   to   the 

aggregate  value  of   the  additional   units  of   heavy  equipment 

sought to be recovered.  It also prayed that, in the event the 

two heavy  equipment  could  not  be   replevied,  petitioners  be 

ordered   to   pay   the   outstanding   sum  of  P3,846,127.73  with 

19.5% interest per annum reckoned from January 24, 1998, 

compound   interest,   exemplary   damages   of   P50,000.00, 22

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attorney’s   fees  equivalent   to   20% of   the   total   amount   due, 

other expenses and costs of suit.

 

Petitioners   sought   to   dismiss   the   amended 

complaint.  They alleged that their previous payments on loan 

amortizations,   the   execution   of   the   deed   of   assignment   on 

August 16, 2000, and respondent’s acceptance of  the  three 

units  of  heavy equipment,  had  the effect  of   full  payment  or 

satisfaction of their total outstanding obligation which is a bar 

on respondent bank from recovering any more amounts from 

them.  By way of counterclaim, petitioners sought the award of 

nominal   damages   in   the   amount   of   P500,000.00,   moral 

damages in the amount of P500,000.00, exemplary damages 

in   the   amount   of   P500,000.00,   attorney’s   fees,   litigation 

expenses, interest and costs.

 

On  March   14,   2006,   the   trial   court   dismissed   the 

amended complaint for lack of merit.  It held that the deed of 

assignment   and   the   petitioners’   delivery   of   the   heavy 

equipment   effectively   extinguished   petitioners’   total   loan 

obligation.   It   also   held   that   respondent  was  estopped   from 

further collecting from the petitioners when it accepted, without 

any protest, delivery of the three units of heavy equipment as 

full   and   complete   satisfaction   of   the   petitioners’   total   loan 

obligation.  Respondent   likewise   failed   to   timely   rectify   its 

alleged   mistake   in   the   original   complaint   and   deed   of 

assignment, taking almost a year to act.

 

Respondent bank appealed to the Court of Appeals, 

which reversed the trial court’s decision, the dispositive portion 

of which reads:

 WHEREFORE,   premises 

considered,   the   present   appeal   is   hereby GRANTED. The Decision  dated March  14, 2006 of the Regional Trial Court of Antipolo City, Branch 73 in Civil Case No. 00-5731 is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE. A new judgment   is   hereby   entered   ordering   the defendants-appellees   to   pay,   jointly   and severally,   plaintiff-appellant   East   West Banking   Corporation   the   sum   of   FOUR MILLION TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY FIVE 

THOUSAND   NINE   HUNDRED   NINETEEN and 69/100  (P4,275,919.69)  per  Statement of  Account  as of  June 14, 2001 (Exh.  “E”, Records,   p.328)   with   interest   at   12%   per annum from June 15, 2001 until full payment thereof.   Defendants-appellees   are   likewise ordered   to   pay   the   plaintiff-appellant attorney’s fees in the sum equivalent to ten per cent (10%) of the total amount due.

 No pronouncement as to costs. SO ORDERED.[4]

 

The reversal of the lower court’s decision hinges on: 

(1)  the appellate court’s finding that  the deed of assignment 

cannot   bind   the   respondent   because   it   did   not   sign   the 

same.  The appellate court ruled that the assignment contract 

was never perfected although it was prepared and drafted by 

the respondent; (2) respondent was not estopped by its own 

declarations   in   the   deed   of   assignment,   because   such 

declarations were  the  result  of   “ignorance  founded upon an 

innocent   mistake”   and   “plain   oversight”   on   the   part   of 

respondent’s staff   in  the bank’s  loan operations department, 

who  failed  to   forward  the complete  documents pertaining  to 

petitioners’ account to the bank’s legal department, such that 

when   the   original   complaint   for   replevin  was   prepared,   the 

second deed of chattel mortgage covering two other pieces of 

heavy  equipment  was  inadvertently  excluded;   (3)  petitioners 

are   aware   that   there  were   five   pieces   of   heavy   equipment 

under chattel mortgage for an outstanding balance of over P7 

million;  and  (4)   the  appellate court   held   that  even after   the 

delivery   of   the   heavy   equipment   covered   by   the   deed   of 

assignment,   the   petitioners   continued   to   negotiate  with   the 

respondent on a possible refinancing scheme that will enable 

them to retain the two other units of heavy equipment still in 

their possession and which are the subject of the second deed 

of chattel mortgage.

 

Petitioners argue that: a) the appellate court erred in 

ordering the payment of the principal obligation in a replevin 

suit which it  erroneously treated as a collection case; b) the 

deed of assignment is binding between the parties although it 

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was not signed by the respondent, constituting as it did an offer 

which they validly accepted; and c) the respondent is estopped 

from collecting or  foreclosing on  the second deed of  chattel 

mortgage.

 

On  the  other  hand,   respondent  argues   that:  a)   the 

deed   of   assignment   produced   no   legal   effect   between   the 

parties for failure of the respondent to sign the same; b) the 

deed was founded on a mistake on its part because it honestly 

believed that only one chattel mortgage had been constituted 

to secure the petitioners’ obligation; c) the non-inclusion of the 

second deed of chattel mortgage in the original complaint was 

a case of “plain oversight” on the part of the loan operations 

unit of  respondent bank, which failed to  forward to  the  legal 

department   the   complete   documents   pertaining   to   the 

petitioners’   loan   account;   d)   the   continued   negotiations   in 

August 2001 between the parties, after  delivery of   the three 

units   of   heavy   equipment,   proves   that   petitioners 

acknowledged their continuing obligations to respondent under 

the second deed of mortgage; and, e) the deed of assignment 

did not have the effect of novating the original loan obligation.

 

The   issue   for   resolution   is:  Did   the   deed   of 

assignment – which expressly provides that the transfer and 

conveyance   to   respondent   of   the   three   units   of   heavy 

equipment,   and   its   acceptance   thereof,   shall   be in full payment of the petitioners’ total outstanding obligation to the latter – operate to extinguish petitioners’ debt to respondent, 

such that the replevin suit could no longer prosper?

 

We find merit in the petition.

 

The   appellate   court   erroneously   denominated   the 

replevin suit as a collection case.  A reading of the original and 

amended complaints show that what the respondent initiated 

was a pure replevin suit, and not a collection case.  Recovery 

of   the   heavy   equipment  was   the   principal   aim   of   the   suit; 

payment   of   the   total   obligation   was   merely   an   alternative 

prayer which respondent sought in the event manual delivery 

of the heavy equipment could no longer be made.

 

Replevin,   broadly   understood,   is   both   a   form   of 

principal remedy and a provisional relief.  It may refer either to 

the   action   itself,   i.e.,   to   regain   the   possession   of   personal 

chattels being wrongfully detained from the plaintiff by another, 

or   to  the provisional   remedy that would allow  the plaintiff   to 

retain   the  thing during  the pendency of   the action and hold 

it pendente lite.[5]

 

The deed of assignment was a perfected agreement 

which extinguished petitioners’  total outstanding obligation to 

the respondent. The deed explicitly provides that the assignor 

(petitioners), “in full payment” of its obligation in the amount of P7,305,459.52,   shall   deliver   the   three   units   of   heavy equipment   to   the   assignee   (respondent),   which   “accepts the assignment in full payment of the above-mentioned debt.” This could only mean that should petitioners complete the delivery of the three units of heavy equipment covered by 

the deed, respondent’s credit would have been satisfied in full, and   petitioners’   aggregate   indebtedness   of   P7,305,459.52 

would then be considered to have been paid in full as well. 

The   nature   of   the   assignment   was   a   dation   in 

payment,   whereby   property   is   alienated   to   the   creditor   in 

satisfaction of a debt in money. Such transaction is governed 

by   the   law   on   sales.[6]  Even   if   we   were   to   consider   the 

agreement as a compromise agreement, there was no need for 

respondent’s signature on the same, because with the delivery 

of   the   heavy   equipment   which   the   latter   accepted,   the 

agreement was consummated. Respondent’s approval may be 

inferred   from   its   unqualified   acceptance   of   the   heavy 

equipment.

 

Consent to contracts is manifested by the meeting of 

the offer and the acceptance of the thing and the cause which 

are to constitute the contract; the offer must be certain and the 

acceptance absolute.[7]  The acceptance of  an offer  must  be 

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made known to the offeror, and unless the offeror knows of the 

acceptance, there is no meeting of the minds of the parties, no 

real   concurrence   of   offer   and   acceptance.[8]  Upon   due 

acceptance, the contract is perfected, and from that moment 

the parties are bound not only to the fulfillment of what has 

been  expressly   stipulated  but  also   to  all   the  consequences 

which, according to their nature, may be in keeping with good 

faith, usage and law.[9]

 

With its years of banking experience, resources and 

manpower,  respondent bank is presumed to be familiar with 

the implications of entering into the deed of assignment, whose 

terms are categorical  and  left  nothing for   interpretation.  The 

alleged  non-inclusion   in   the   deed  of   certain   units  of   heavy 

equipment due to inadvertence, plain oversight or mistake, is 

tantamount to inexcusable manifest negligence, which should 

not invalidate the juridical tie that was created.[10]  Respondent 

is presumed to have maintained a high level of meticulousness 

in   its   dealings  with   petitioners.  The   business   of   a   bank   is 

affected with public interest; thus, it makes a sworn profession 

of   diligence   and   meticulousness   in   giving   irreproachable 

service.[11]

 

Besides,   respondent’s  protestations  of  mistake  and 

plain oversight are self-serving.  The evidence show that from 

August 16, 2000 (date of the deed of assignment) up to March 

8, 2001 (the date of delivery of the last unit of heavy equipment 

covered   under   the   deed),   respondent   did   not   raise   any 

objections   nor   make   any   move   to   question,   invalidate   or 

rescind the deed of assignment.  It was not until June 20, 2001 

that respondent raised the issue of its alleged mistake by filing 

an amended complaint for replevin involving different chattels, 

although founded on the same principal obligation.

 

The   legal   presumption   is  always  on   the   validity   of 

contracts.[12]  In order to judge the intention of the contracting 

parties, their contemporaneous and subsequent acts shall be 

principally considered.[13]  When respondent accepted delivery 

of   all   three   units   of   heavy   equipment   under   the   deed   of 

assignment,   there  could  be  no  doubt   that   it   intended  to  be 

bound under the agreement.

 

Since   the   agreement   was   consummated   by   the 

delivery on March 8, 2001 of the last unit of heavy equipment 

under the deed, petitioners are deemed to have been released 

from all their obligations to respondent.

 

Since there is no more credit to collect, no principal 

obligation to speak of, then there is no more second deed of 

chattel mortgage that may subsist.  A chattel mortgage cannot 

exist as an independent contract since its consideration is the 

same as that of the principal contract. Being a mere accessory 

contract,  its validity would depend on the validity of the loan 

secured  by   it.[14]  This  being  so,   the  amended  complaint   for 

replevin should be dismissed, because the chattel  mortgage 

agreement   upon   which   it   is   based   had   been   rendered 

ineffectual.

 

WHEREFORE, the   petition   is GRANTED.  The Decision of the Court of Appeals dated April 13, 2007 in CA-

G.R. CV No. 87114 and its Resolution dated June 25, 2007 are 

hereby SET ASIDE.  The   March   14,   2006   decision   of   the Regional Trial Court of Antipolo, Branch 73, which dismisses 

Civil Case No. 00-5731, is hereby REINSTATED. 

SO ORDERED.

ONG VS. ROBAN LENDING

CARPIO MORALES, J.:On different  dates   from July  14,  1999 to March  20, 

2000,   petitioner-spouses   Wilfredo   N.   Ong   and   Edna 

Sheila Paguio-Ong obtained   several   loans   from   Roban 

Lending   Corporation   (respondent)   in   the   total   amount 

of P4,000,000.00.  These loans were secured by a real estate 

mortgage   on   petitioners’   parcels   of   land   located   in 

Binauganan, Tarlac City and covered by TCT No. 297840.[1] 

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On February   12,   2001,   petitioners   and   respondent 

executed   an   Amendment   to   Amended   Real   Estate 

Mortgage[2] consolidating   their   loans   inclusive   of   charges 

thereon   which   totaled P5,916,117.50.  On   even   date,   the 

parties   executed   a  Dacion   in  Payment  Agreement[3]wherein 

petitioners   assigned   the   properties   covered   by   TCT   No. 

297840  to   respondent   in  settlement  of   their   total  obligation, 

and a Memorandum of Agreement[4] reading:  

 That the FIRST PARTY [Roban 

Lending Corporation]  and  the SECOND PARTY   [the   petitioners]   agreed   to consolidate   and   restructure   all aforementioned loans, which have been all   past   due   and   delinquent   since April 19,   2000,   and   outstanding   obligations totaling   P5,916,117.50. The   SECOND PARTY   hereby   sign   [sic]   another promissory   note   in   the   amount   of P5,916,117.50 (a copy of which is hereto attached and forms xxx an integral part of this document), with a promise to pay the FIRST PARTY in full within one year from   the   date  of   the  consolidation   and restructuring,   otherwise   the   SECOND PARTY agree to have their “DACION IN PAYMENT” agreement, which they have executed and signed today in favor of the FIRST PARTY be enforced[.][5]

   

In April 2002 (the day is illegible), petitioners filed a 

Complaint,[6] docketed   as   Civil   Case   No.   9322,   before   the 

Regional Trial  Court   (RTC) of  Tarlac City,   for  declaration of 

mortgage contract as abandoned, annulment of deeds, illegal 

exaction,   unjust   enrichment,   accounting,   and   damages, 

alleging that the Memorandum of Agreement and the Dacion in 

Payment executed are void for being pactum commissorium.[7] 

 

Petitioners alleged  that  the  loans extended  to  them 

from July 14, 1999 to March 20, 2000 were founded on several 

uniform promissory  notes,  which  provided  for  3.5% monthly 

interest rates, 5% penalty per month on the total amount due 

and demandable,  and a  further sum of  25% attorney’s   fees 

thereon,[8]  and  in  addition,  respondent  exacted certain  sums 

denominated   as   “EVAT/AR.”[9]  Petitioners   decried   these 

additional charges as “illegal, iniquitous, unconscionable, and 

revolting to the conscience as they hardly allow any borrower 

any chance of survival in case of default.”[10] 

 

Petitioners   further   alleged   that   they   had  previously 

made payments on  their   loan accounts,  but  because of   the 

illegal exactions thereon, the total balance appears not to have 

moved at all, hence, accounting was in order.[11]

 

Petitioners thus prayed for judgment: 

a)                Declaring   the Real Estate   Mortgage   Contract   and   its amendments x x x as null and void and without  legal force and effect for having been renounced, abandoned, and given up;

 b)               Declaring   the 

“Memorandum   of   Agreement”   xxx   and “Dacion   in  Payment”  x  x  x  as null  and void for being pactum commissorium;

 c)                Declaring   the 

interests,   penalties,   Evat   [sic]   and attorney’s fees assessed and loaded into the   loan   accounts   of   the   plaintiffs  with defendant   as   unjust,   iniquitous, unconscionable and illegal and therefore, stricken out or set aside;

 d)               Ordering   an 

accounting on plaintiffs’ loan accounts to determine the true and correct balances on their obligation against legal charges only; and

 e)                Ordering defendant 

to [pay] to the plaintiffs: -- e.1  Moral   damages  in an   amount   not   less than  P100,000.00   and exemplary damages of P50,000.00; e.2  Attorney’s   fees   in the   amount   of P50,000.00   plus P1,000.00   appearance fee per hearing; and 

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e.3   The   cost   of   suit.[12]as well as other just and equitable reliefs.

          In   its   Answer   with   Counterclaim,[13] respondent 

maintained   the   legality   of   its   transactions   with   petitioners, 

alleging that:

 x x x x If the voluntary execution of the 

Memorandum of Agreement and Dacion in Payment Agreement novated the Real Estate  Mortgage   then   the   allegation   of Pactum   Commissorium   has   no   more legal leg to stand on;

  The   Dacion   in   Payment 

Agreement   is   lawful   and   valid   as   it   is recognized x x x under Art. 1245 of the Civil Code as a special form of payment whereby   the   debtor-Plaintiffs   alienates their property to the creditor-Defendant in satisfaction of their monetary obligation;

 The   accumulated   interest   and 

other charges which were computed for more   than   two   (2)   years   would   stand reasonable   and   valid   taking   into consideration   [that]   the   principal   loan is P4,000,000   and   if   indeed   it   became beyond   the   Plaintiffs’   capacity   to   pay then  the  fault   is  attributed  to   them and not the Defendant[.][14]

 

After pre-trial, the initial hearing of the case, originally 

set on December 11, 2002, was  reset several   times due to, 

among   other   things,   the   parties’   efforts   to   settle   the   case 

amicably.[15] 

 

During the scheduled initial hearing of May 7, 2003, 

the RTC issued the following order:

 Considering   that   the   plaintiff 

Wilfredo Ong is not around on the ground that he is in Manila and he is attending to a very sick relative, without objection on the part of  the defendant’s counsel,   the initial hearing of this case is reset to June 18, 2003 at 10:00 o’clock in the morning.

 

Just in case [plaintiff’s counsel] Atty.   Concepcion   cannot   present   his witness in the person of Mr. Wilfredo Ong in   the   next   scheduled   hearing,   the counsel  manifested   that   he  will   submit the   case   for   summary   judgment.[16] (Underscoring supplied)

 

It   appears   that   the June   18,   2003 setting   was 

eventually   rescheduled   to February   11,   2004 at   which   both 

counsels  were   present[17] and   the  RTC   issued   the   following 

order: 

The counsel[s]  agreed  to   reset this   case   on April   14,   2004,   at 10:00 o’clock in   the   morning.  However,   the counsels   are   directed   to be   ready  with their  memorand[a] together   with   all   the exhibits   or   evidence   needed to   support their   respective   positions  which   should be   the   basis   for   the   judgment   on   the pleadings      if   the parties  fail   to  settle   the case in the next scheduled setting.

 x   x   x   x[18]  (Underscoring 

supplied)  

At   the   scheduled April   14,   2004 hearing,   both 

counsels appeared but only the counsel of respondent filed a 

memorandum.[19] 

By Decision of April 21, 2004, Branch 64 of the Tarlac 

City RTC, finding on the basis of the pleadings that there was 

no pactum commissorium, dismissed the complaint.[20] 

On appeal,[21] the Court of Appeals[22] noted that 

x x x [W]hile the trial court in its decision   stated   that   it   was   rendering judgment on the pleadings, x x x what it actually   rendered   was   a   summary judgment.  A  judgment on the pleadings is proper when the answer fails to tender an   issue,   or   otherwise   admits   the material   allegations   of   the   adverse party’s   pleading.  However, a   judgment on   the  pleadings  would  not  have  been proper   in   this   case   as   the   answer tendered an issue, i.e. the validity of the MOA  and  DPA.  On   the   other   hand,   a summary judgment may be rendered by the   court   if   the   pleadings,   supporting affidavits,   and   other   documents   show 

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that,   except   as   to   the   amount   of damages, there is no genuine issue as to any material fact.[23] 

  

Nevertheless, finding the error in nomenclature “to be 

mere semantics with no bearing on the merits of   the case”,[24] the Court  of  Appeals upheld  the RTC decision  that  there 

was no pactum commissorium.[25]

 

Their   Motion   for   Reconsideration[26] having   been 

denied,[27] petitioners   filed   the   instant  Petition   for  Review on 

Certiorari,[28] faulting the Court of Appeals for having committed 

a clear and reversible error

 I.                    . . . WHEN IT FAILED AND 

REFUSED   TO   APPLY PROCEDURAL   REQUISITES WHICH   WOULD   WARRANT THE SETTING ASIDE OF THE SUMMARY   JUDGMENT   IN VIOLATION OF APPELLANTS’ RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS;

 II.                 .   .   .  WHEN  IT  FAILED TO 

CONSIDER   THAT   TRIAL   IN THIS   CASE   IS   NECESSARY BECAUSE   THE   FACTS   ARE VERY MUCH IN DISPUTE;

 III.               .   .   .  WHEN IT FAILED AND 

REFUSED   TO   HOLD   THAT THE   MEMORANDUM   OF AGREEMENT (MOA) AND THE DACION   EN   PAGO AGREEMENT   (DPA)   WERE DESIGNED  TO  CIRCUMVENT THE   LAW   AGAINST PACTUM COMMISSORIUM; and

 IV.            .   .   .   WHEN   IT   FAILED   TO 

CONSIDER   THAT   THE MEMORANDUM   OF AGREEMENT (MOA) AND THE DACION EN PAGO (DPA) ARE NULL AND VOID FOR BEING CONTRARY   TO   LAW   AND PUBLIC POLICY.[29]

  

The petition is meritorious. 

Both parties admit the execution and contents of the 

Memorandum  of   Agreement   and  Dacion   in   Payment.  They 

differ,  however,  on whether both contracts constitute pactum commissorium or dacion en pago. 

 

This Court finds that the Memorandum of Agreement 

and   Dacion   in   Payment   constitute pactum commissorium, 

which is prohibited under Article 2088 of the Civil Code which 

provides: 

The creditor cannot appropriate the   things   given   by   way   of   pledge   or mortgage,   or   dispose   of   them.  Any stipulation   to   the   contrary   is   null   and void.”

 

The   elements   of pactum commissorium, which 

enables the mortgagee to acquire ownership of the mortgaged 

property   without   the   need   of   any   foreclosure   proceedings,[30] are:  (1)  there should be a property mortgaged by way of 

security   for   the  payment  of   the  principal  obligation,  and  (2) 

there should be a stipulation for automatic appropriation by the 

creditor of the thing mortgaged in case of non-payment of the 

principal obligation within the stipulated period.[31]

 

In  the case at bar,  the Memorandum of Agreement 

and   the   Dacion   in   Payment   contain   no   provisions   for 

foreclosure   proceedings   nor   redemption.  Under   the 

Memorandum of Agreement,   the failure by  the petitioners  to 

pay their debt within the one-year period gives respondent the 

right   to   enforce   the   Dacion   in   Payment   transferring   to   it 

ownership   of   the   properties   covered   by   TCT   No.   297840. 

Respondent, in effect, automatically acquires ownership of the 

properties upon petitioners’ failure to pay their debt within the 

stipulated period.

 

Respondent argues that the law recognizes dacion en pago as   a   special   form   of   payment   whereby   the   debtor 

alienates property to the creditor in satisfaction of a monetary 

obligation.[32]  This   does   not   persuade.  In   a   true dacion en

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pago,   the   assignment   of   the   property   extinguishes   the 

monetary   debt.[33]  In   the   case   at   bar,   the   alienation   of   the 

properties was by way of security, and not by way of satisfying 

the   debt.[34]  The   Dacion   in   Payment   did   not   extinguish 

petitioners’  obligation  to   respondent.  On  the  contrary,  under 

the Memorandum of Agreement executed on the same day as 

the   Dacion   in   Payment,   petitioners   had   to   execute   a 

promissory   note   for P5,916,117.50  which   they  were   to   pay 

within one year.[35]

 

Respondent   cites Solid Homes, Inc. v. Court of Appeals[36] where   this   Court   upheld   a   Memorandum   of 

Agreement/Dacion en Pago.[37]  That case did not  involve the issue of pactum commissorium.[38]

 

That   the   questioned   contracts   were   freely   and 

voluntarily  executed   by   petitioners  and   respondent   is  of   no 

moment, pactumcommissorium being void for being prohibited 

by law.[39] 

Respecting   the   charges   on   the   loans,   courts  may 

reduce interest rates, penalty charges, and attorney’s fees if 

they are iniquitous or unconscionable.[40]

 

This  Court,  based on existing  jurisprudence,[41] finds 

the   monthly   interest   rate   of   3.5%,   or   42%   per   annum 

unconscionable and thus reduces it to 12% per annum.   This 

Court finds too the penalty fee at the monthly rate of 5% (60% 

per   annum)   of   the   total   amount   due   and   demandable   – 

principal plus interest, with interest not paid when due added to 

and becoming part of the principal and likewise bearing interest 

at   the  same  rate,   compounded  monthly[42] –  unconscionable 

and reduces it to a yearly rate of 12% of the amount due, to be 

computed  from  the   time of  demand.[43]  This  Court   finds   the 

attorney’s fees of 25% of the principal, interests and interests 

thereon,   and   the   penalty   fees   unconscionable,   and   thus 

reduces  the  attorney’s   fees   to  25% of   the  principal  amount 

only.[44]

 

The   prayer   for   accounting   in   petitioners’   complaint 

requires presentation of evidence, they claiming to have made 

partial payments on their  loans, vis a vis respondent’s denial thereof.[45]   A remand of the case is thus in order.

 

Prescinding from the above disquisition, the trial court 

and   the  Court  of  Appeals  erred   in  holding   that  a  summary 

judgment  is proper. A summary judgment is permitted only  if 

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and a moving 

party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.[46] A summary 

judgment is proper if, while the pleadings on their face appear 

to   raise   issues,   the   affidavits,   depositions,   and   admissions 

presented by the moving party show that such issues are not 

genuine.[47] A   genuine   issue,   as   opposed   to   a   fictitious   or 

contrived one, is an issue of fact that requires the presentation 

of   evidence.[48] As   mentioned   above,   petitioners’   prayer   for 

accounting requires the presentation of evidence on the issue 

of partial payment. 

 

But neither is a judgment on the pleadings proper.  A 

judgment  on   the  pleadings  may be  rendered only  when an 

answer fails to tender an issue or otherwise admits the material 

allegations of the adverse party’s pleadings.[49]  In the case at 

bar,   respondent’s   Answer   with   Counterclaim   disputed 

petitioners’  claims  that   the  Memorandum of  Agreement  and 

Dation in Payment are illegal and that the extra charges on the 

loans   are   unconscionable.[50]  Respondent   disputed   too 

petitioners’ allegation of bad faith.[51]

 

WHEREFORE,   the   challenged   Court   of   Appeals Decision   is REVERSED and SET ASIDE.  The  Memorandum of   Agreement   and   the   Dacion in   Payment   executed   by 

petitioner- spouses Wilfredo N. Ong and Edna Sheila Paguio-

Ong and respondent Roban Lending Corporation on February 

12,   2001 are   declared   NULL   AND   VOID   for   being pactum commissorium. 

  

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In line with the foregoing findings, the following terms 

of   the   loan contracts  between  the  parties  are MODIFIED as follows:

 

1.                 The   monthly   interest   rate   of   3.5%,   or 

42% per annum,   is   reduced   to   12% per annum;

2.                 The  monthly   penalty   fee   of   5%   of   the 

total   amount   due   and   demandable   is 

reduced to 12%  per annum, to be computed 

from the time of demand; and

3.                 The attorney’s fees are reduced to 25% 

of the principal amount only.

Civil  Case  No.  9322  is REMANDED to   the  court  of origin only for the purpose of receiving evidence on petitioners’ 

prayer for accounting.  SO ORDERED.

TYPINCO VS. LIM

CARPIO MORALES, J.:          Sometime between December 1996 and February 1997, 

respondents-spouses   Lina   Wong   Lim   (Lina)   and   Johnson 

Sychingho   (Johnson)   borrowed   from   petitioner   Joseph 

Typingco (Typingco) the sum of US$600,000 which was later 

restructured, payable on or before December 31, 1997, under 

a promissory note executed by the spouses and co-signed by 

their   children-co-respondents   Jerry   Sychingho   (Jerry)   and 

Jackson Sychingho (Jackson) as sureties.[1]  

 

          Following   their   default   in   payment,   Lina,   Jerry,   and 

Jackson conveyed on January 29, 1998 to Typingco via dacion en pago their house and lot  in Greenhills, San Juan (subject property),  covered by Transfer  Certificate of  Title   (TCT)  No. 

6259-R (the title) of the Register of Deeds of San Juan, in the 

name of Lina and her sons, after first paying respondent Far 

East   Bank   and   Trust  Company   (FEBTC)   the   balance   of   a 

promissory note to clear the title of  a Real Estate Mortgage 

annotated thereon in favor of FEBTC.[2]     

 

          Typingco’s   repeated   demands   for   the   delivery   of   the 

owner’s duplicate copy of   the title,   the  last  of which was by 

letter of March 2, 1998,[3]  having remained unheeded, he filed 

a complaint for specific performance and recovery of the title 

against   respondents[4]Sychinghos   and   FEBTC   before   the 

Quezon City Regional Trial Court (RTC).

 

Respondents Sychinghos averred in the main that it 

was  FEBTC  that  was  unlawfully  withholding  delivery  of   the 

owner’s duplicate copy of the title despite full payment of the 

mortgage loan[5] with it.

 

          FEBTC, which was absorbed after a merger by Bank of 

the Philippine Islands (BPI), contended that spouses Lina and 

Johnson   had   unsettled   obligations   as   sureties   for   JSY 

International  Philippines,   Inc.   and   J&J  Brothers  Corporation 

under   Comprehensive   Surety   Agreements   which   they   had 

executed   authorizing  FEBTC  to   retain   and  proceed  against 

their   properties   in   its   possession;   that   the   Real   Estate 

Mortgage annotated on the title was a continuing security for 

their present and future obligations; and that Typingco was not 

a buyer in good faith, he having failed to conduct further inquiry 

on the status of the  subject property given that the mortgage 

in its favor was annotated on the title.[6]     

          At   the   pre-trial,   the   parties   clarified   that the   subject 

matter   of   the   case  was   only   1/3 inchoate portion of the subject property [7]  or that pertaining to Lina as co-owner (as the 2/3 belongs to her sons Jerry and Jackson), she being a 

signatory to the Real Estate Mortgage, along with her sons, as 

well as to the Comprehensive Surety Agreements, along with 

her husband, both documents in favor of FEBTC.

 

By Decision of  March 14,  2003,[8] Branch 82 of   the 

Quezon   City   RTC   dismissed   the   complaint,   holding   that 

Typingco was bound by the Real Estate Mortgage in favor of 

FEBTC not only because the same was duly annotated on the 

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title, but   also   because   he   failed   to   verify   the   status   of   the subject property despite his awareness of the said mortgage.

 

Typingco’s   Motion   for   Reconsideration   having   been 

denied by Order dated May 23, 2003,[9] he appealed[10] to the 

Court  of  Appeals.  The appellate court  dismissed Typingco’s 

appeal by Decision of September 13, 2007,[11] it sustaining for 

the most part the position of BPI. 

 

Typingco’s  Motion   for  Reconsideration  having  been 

denied by Resolution dated January 10, 2008,[12] he (hereafter 

petitioner) filed the present Petition for Review on Certiorari.

 

          Petitioner   argues   that   the   copy   of   the   Real   Estate 

Mortgage submitted by BPI (Exhibit “10”) is inadmissible, the 

witness who identified it having no personal knowledge of its 

existence and due execution, hence, should not be considered 

annotated on  the  title;  and  that  there was no evidence  that 

respondents   Sychinghos   had   other   unpaid   obligations   with 

FEBTC for which the title should continue to stand as security.[13] 

 

          By   Manifestation   of   June   12,   2008,   individual 

respondents informed the Court of Johnson’s passing during 

the proceedings in the trial court and their waiving of the filing 

of a Comment to the present petition, given that their position 

before the trial and appellate courts[14] is now also petitioner’s.

 

BPI, on the other hand, maintains its position before 

the trial court, adding that the due execution and authenticity of 

Exhibit “10,” a notarized instrument, need not be proved unlike 

that of a private writing.[15]  

 

The petition is impressed with merit.

 

Dacion en pago is   the  delivery  and  transmission of ownership of another thing by the debtor to the creditor as an 

accepted   equivalent   of   performance   of   an   obligation.  It 

partakes of the nature of a contract of sale, where the thing 

offered by the debtor  is  the object of  the contract, while  the 

debt is the consideration or purchase price.[16]

 

The   pivotal   issue   is   thus   whether   respondent 

Sychinghos had the right to sell or convey title to the subject 

property at the time of thedacion en pago. The Court finds in the affirmative.

 

There   having   been   no   previous   foreclosure   of   the 

Real   Estate   Mortgage   on the   subject   property,   respondent 

Sychinghos’   ownership   thereof   remained   intact.  Indeed,   a 

mortgage does not affect the ownership of the property as it is 

nothing  more   than  a   lien   thereon   serving   as   security   for   a 

debt.  The mortgagee does not acquire title to the mortgaged 

real estate unless he purchases it at a public auction, and it is 

not redeemed within the period provided for by the Rules of 

Court.[17]  This   applies a fortiori to   the   present   case 

where only 1/3,   not   the 

whole,of the subject property was actually encumbered to FEBTC.

 

With respect to whatever amount Lina and her sons 

may still owe BPI (then FEBTC), the Court finds that this is not 

a   concern   of   petitioner   as   he   is   not   a   party   to   the   loan 

documents   covering   it.  Since   petitioner agreed   to   the   full 

extinguishment   of   respondents   spouses’   then   outstanding 

obligation in view of the unconditional conveyance to him of the 

subject property,[18] there is a perfected and enforceabledacion en pago.  He should thus enjoy full entitlement to the subject property.

 

The question of whether the subject property stands 

as a continuing security for any outstanding obligations of Lina 

and her sons to BPI (then FEBTC) should not detain the Court 

any further.  Surrender of the certificate of title will not impair 

any   existing   mortgage   on   the   subject   property.  It   is   an 

elementary principle   in  civil   law  that  a   real  estate mortgage 

subsists   notwithstanding   changes   in   ownership,   and   all 

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subsequent   purchasers   of   the   property   must   respect   the 

mortgage.[19] 

 

Finally,   while   the   remedy   of   petitioner   is   to   file   a 

petition   in  court,   following Presidential  Decree No.  1529,   to 

compel   then   FEBTC   (now   BPI)   to   surrender   the owner’s 

duplicate copy of the title to the Register of Deeds of San Juan 

to facilitate the issuance of a new title in his name,[20] the Court 

deems   his   action   for specific   performance 

and recovery of the title as   substantial   compliance   with   the 

prescribed procedure.  To require him to institute a new action 

seeking   essentially   the   same   relief  would   be   to   encourage 

endless litigations and multiplicity of suits – an end abhorrent 

to the proper administration of justice.  

 

WHEREFORE, the challenged Decision of the Court of   Appeals   is REVERSED and SET ASIDE.  Bank   of   the Philippine Islands, to which Far East Bank and Trust Company 

was  merged,   is   ordered   to   surrender   the owner’s   duplicate 

copy of TCT No. 6259-R to the Register of Deeds of San Juan, 

Metro Manila in order to process the issuance of a new title 

over   the  subject  property   in   the name of  petitioner,  Joseph 

Typingco.

 

          SO ORDERED.

TAN SHUY VS. MAULAWIN

SERENO, J.:

Before   the   Court   is   a   Petition   for   Review on Certiorari filed   under   Rule   45   of   the   Rules   of   Court, assailing   the   31   July   2009  Decision   and        13  November 2009 Resolution of the Court of Appeals (CA).[1]

Facts

          Petitioner   Tan   Shuy   is   engaged   in   the   business   of buying   copra   and   corn   in   the   Fourth   District   of   Quezon Province. According to Vicente Tan (Vicente), son of petitioner, whenever they would buy copra or corn from crop sellers, they would prepare and issue a pesada in their favor. A pesada is a 

document containing details of   the transaction,   including  the date of sale, the weight of the crop delivered, the trucking cost, and  the net price of   the crop. He  then explained that when a pesada contained the annotation “pd” on the total amount of the   purchase   price,   it   meant   that   the   crop   delivered   had already been paid for by petitioner.[2]

Guillermo  Maulawin   (Guillermo),   respondent   in   this case,   is   a   farmer-businessman  engaged   in   the   buying   and selling of copra and corn. On 10 July 1997, Tan Shuy extended a   loan   to   Guillermo   in   the   amount   of  ₱420,000.   In consideration thereof,  Guillermo obligated himself   to pay the loan   and   to   sell lucad or   copra   to   petitioner.   Below   is   a reproduction of the contract:[3]

 

No 2567        Lopez, Quezon    July 10, 1997

            Tinanggap   ko   kay   G.   TAN   SHUY   ang halagang …………………………………………………………….  (P420,000.00) salaping Filipino. Inaako ko na isusulit sa kanya ang aking LUCAD       at babayaran ko ang nasabing   halaga.   Kung   hindi   ako   makasulit   ng LUCAD   o   makabayad   bago   sumapit   ang ……………………., 19 …… maaari niya akong ibigay sa  may   kapangyarihan.  Kung  ang  pagsisingilan   ay makakarating   sa   Juzgado   ay   sinasagutan   ko ang       lahat ng kaniyang gugol.

P………………………................

[Sgd. by respondent]…………………………………….Lagda

 

Most   of   the   transactions   involving   Tan   Shuy   and Guillermo   were   coursed   through   Elena   Tan,   daughter   of petitioner. She served as cashier in the business of Tan Shuy, who primarily prepared and issued the pesada. In case of her absence, Vicente would issue the pesada. He also helped his father in buying copra and granting loans to customers (copra sellers).  According   to  Vicente,   part   of   their   agreement  with Guillermo was that they would put the annotation “sulong” on the pesada when partial payment for the loan was made.

Petitioner   alleged   that   despite   repeated   demands, Guillermo remitted only ₱23,000 in August 1998 and ₱5,500 in 

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October   1998,   or   a   total   of  ₱28,500.[4] He   claimed   that respondent  had an  outstanding  balance of  ₱391,500.  Thus, convinced that Guillermo no longer had the intention to pay the loan,   petitioner   brought   the   controversy   to   the Lupon Tagapamayapa. When no settlement was reached, petitioner filed a Complaint before the Regional Trial Court (RTC).

Respondent Guillermo countered that he had already paid the subject loan in full. According to him, he continuously delivered and sold copra to petitioner from April 1998 to April 1999. Respondent said they had an oral arrangement that the net proceeds thereof shall be applied as installment payments for   the   loan.   He   alleged   that   his   deliveries   amounted   to ₱420,537.68 worth of copra. To bolster his claim, he presented copies  of pesadas issued by Elena and Vicente.  He pointed out that the pesadas did not contain the notation “pd,” which meant   that  actual  payment  of   the  net  proceeds   from copra deliveries was not  given to  him, but  was  instead applied as loan payment. He averred that Tan Shuy filed a case against him,  because petitioner  got  mad at  him  for  selling copra  to other copra buyers.

On 27 July 2007,   the  trial  court   issued a Decision, ruling that the net proceeds from Guillermo’s copra deliveries – represented   in   thepesadas,  which  did  not  bear   the  notation “pd” – should be applied as installment payments for the loan. It   gave   weight   and   credence   to   thepesadas,   as   their   due execution   and   authenticity   was   established   by   Elena   and Vicente,   children   of   petitioner.[5] However,   the   court   did   not credit   the   net   proceeds   from   12 pesadas,   as   they   were deliveries   for   corn   and   not   copra.   According   to   the   RTC, Guillermo himself testified that it was the net proceeds from the copra   deliveries   that   were   to   be   applied   as   installment payments for the loan. Thus, it ruled that the total amount of ₱41,585.25, which corresponded to the net proceeds from corn deliveries,   should   be   deducted   from   the   amount   of ₱420,537.68 claimed by Guillermo to be the total value of his copra   deliveries.   Accordingly,   the   trial   court   found   that respondent had not made a full payment for the loan, as the total   creditable   copra   deliveries   merely   amounted   to ₱378,952.43, leaving a balance of ₱41,047.57 in his loan.[6]

On 31 July 2009, the CA issued its assailed Decision, which affirmed the finding of the trial court. According to the appellate   court,   petitioner   could   have   easily   belied   the existence of the pesadas and the purpose for which they were offered   in   evidence   by   presenting   his   daughter   Elena   as witness; however, he failed to do so. Thus, it gave credence to the testimony of respondent Guillermo in that the net proceeds from the copra deliveries were applied as installment payments for   the   loan.[7] On   13   November   2009,   the   CA   issued   its assailed   Resolution,   which   denied   the   Motion   for Reconsideration of petitioner.

Petitioner   now   assails   before   this   Court   the aforementioned   Decision   and   Resolution   of   the   CA   and presents the following issues:

Issues

1.                 Whether   the pesadas require   authentication before they can be admitted in evidence, and

2.                 Whether   the   delivery   of   copra   amounted   to installment   payments   for   the   loan   obtained   by respondents from petitioner.

Discussion

As   regards   the   first   issue,   petitioner   asserts   that the pesadas should not have been admitted in evidence, since they were private documents that were not duly authenticated.[8] He   further   contends   that   the pesadas were   fabricated   in order   to  show that  the goods delivered were copra and not corn. Finally, he argues that five of the pesadas mentioned in the Formal Offer of Evidence of respondent were not actually offered.[9]

With   regard   to   the   second   issue,  petitioner   argues that   respondent  undertook  two separate obligations –  (1)   to pay   for   the   loan  in  cash and (2)   to  sell   the   latter’s lucad or copra.   Since   their   written   agreement   did   not   specifically provide   for   the   application   of   the   net   proceeds   from   the deliveries  of  copra   for   the   loan,  petitioner  contends   that  he cannot be compelled to accept copra as payment for the loan. He emphasizes  that  the pesadas did  not  specifically  indicate 

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that   the  net  proceeds  from  the copra  deliveries  were   to  be used as installment payments for the loan. He also claims that respondent’s copra deliveries were duly paid for in cash, and that the pesadas were in fact documentary receipts for those payments.

We  reiterate  our   ruling   in   a   line   of   cases   that   the jurisdiction of  this Court,  in cases brought before  it   from the CA, is limited to reviewing or revising errors of law.[10] Factual findings of courts, when adopted and confirmed by the CA, are final and conclusive on this Court except if unsupported by the evidence on record.[11] There is a question of fact when doubt arises as to the truth or falsehood of facts; or when there is a need to calibrate the whole evidence, considering mainly the credibility of  the witnesses and the probative weight thereof, the   existence   and   relevancy   of   specific   surrounding circumstances, as well as their relation to one another and to the whole, and the probability of the situation.[12]

Here, a finding of fact is required in the ascertainment of the due execution and authenticity of the pesadas, as well as the determination of  the true  intention behind the parties’ oral agreement on the application of the net proceeds from the copra deliveries as installment payments  for the loan.[13] This function was already exercised by the trial court and affirmed by the CA. Below is a reproduction of the relevant portion of the trial court’s Decision:

x x x The defendant further averred that if in the receipts or “pesadas” issued by the plaintiff to those who delivered copras to them   there   is   a   notation   “pd”   on   the   total amount  of  purchase price of   the copras,   it means that said amount was actually paid or given by the plaintiff  or  his daughter Elena Tan  Shuy   to   the   seller   of   the   copras.   To prove   his   averments   the   defendant presented   as  evidence   two   (2)   receipts   or pesadas  issued by the plaintiff   to a certain “Cariño”   (Exhibits   “1”  and  “2”  –  defendant) showing   the   notation   “pd”   on   the   total amount of the purchase price for the copras. Such   claim   of   the   defendant   was   further bolstered   by   the   testimony   of   Apolinario Cariño   which   affirmed   that   he   also   sell copras   to   the   plaintiff   Tan   Shuy.  He   also added that he incurred indebtedness to the plaintiff  and  whenever  he  delivered  copras the amount of the copras sold were applied 

as payments  to  his  loan.  The witness also pointed out that the plaintiff did not give any official   receipts   to   those   who   transact business   with   him   (plaintiff). This Court gave weight and credence to the documents receipts (pesadas) (Exhibits “3” to “64”) offered as evidence by the defendant which does not bear the notation “pd” or paid on the total amount of the purchase price of copras appearing therein. Although said “pesadas” were private instrument their execution and authenticity were established by the plaintiff’s daughter Elena Tan and sometimes by plaintiff’s son Vicente Tan.      x x x.[14] (Emphasis supplied)

In affirming the finding of the RTC, the CA reasoned thus:

            In   his   last   assigned   error, plaintiff-appellant herein impugns the conclusion arrived at by the trial court, particularly with respect to the giving of evidentiary value to Exhs. “3” to “64” by the latter in order   to   prove   the   claim   of   defendant-appellee Guillermo that he had fully paid the subject loan already.

The   foregoing   deserves   scant consideration.

Here, plaintiff-appellant could have easily belied the existence of Exhs. “3” to “64”, the pesadas or receipts, and the purposes for which they were offered in evidence by simply presenting his daughter, Elena Tan Shuy, but no effort to do so was actually done by the former given that scenario.[15] (Emphasis supplied)

We found no clear showing that the trial court and the CA committed reversible errors of law in giving credence and according  weight   to   the pesadas presented   by   respondents. According to Rule 132, Section 20 of the Rules of Court, there are two ways of proving the due execution and authenticity of a private document, to wit:

 SEC. 20. Proof of private document.  – 

Before   any   private   document   offered   as authentic   is   received   in   evidence,   its   due execution  and authenticity  must  be  proved either:

 

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(a)    By  anyone  who   saw  the document   executed or written; or 

(b)   By   evidence   of   the genuineness   of   the   signature   or handwriting of the maker. 

Any other  private  document  need only be identified as that which it is claimed to be. (21a)

As  reproduced above,   the  trial  court   found  that  the due   execution   and   authenticity   of   the pesadas were “established   by   the   plaintiff’s   daughter   Elena   Tan   and sometimes by plaintiff’s son Vicente Tan.”[16] The RTC said:

On cross-examination,   [Vicente] reiterated that he and her [sic] sister Elena Tan who acted as their cashier are helping their father in their business of buying copras and mais.  That  witness  agreed  that   in   the business of buying copra and mais of their father, if a seller is selling copra, a pesada is being issued by his sister. The pesada that she is preparing consists of  the date when the copra is being sold to the seller. Being familiar with  the penmanship of Elena Tan, the   witness   was   shown   a   sample   of   the pesada issued by his sister Elena Tan. x x x

x   x   x                            x   x x                            x x x

x   x   x.   He   clarified   that   in   the “pesada” (Exh. “1”)  prepared by Elena and also in Exh “2”, there appears on the lower right  hand portion of   the  said  pesadas  the letter   “pd”,   the  meaning of  which  is   to   the effect that the seller of the copra has already been   paid   during   that   day. He also confirmed the penmanship and handwriting of his sister Ate Elena who acted as a cashier in the pesada being shown to him. He was even made to compare the xerox copies of the pesadas with the original copies presented to him and affirmed that they are faithful reproduction of the originals.[17] (Emphasis supplied)

In   any   event,   petitioner   is   already   estopped   from questioning the due execution and authenticity of the pesadas. As found by the CA, Tan Shuy “could have easily belied the existence of x x x the pesadas or receipts, and the purposes 

for which they were offered in evidence by simply presenting his   daughter,  Elena  Tan  Shuy,   but   no   effort   to   do   so  was actually   done   by   the   former   given   that   scenario.” The pesadashaving been admitted in evidence, with petitioner failing  to  timely object  thereto,   these documents are already deemed sufficient proof of   the  facts contained  therein.[18] We hereby uphold the factual findings of the RTC, as affirmed by the   CA,   in   that   the pesadas served   as   proof   that   the   net proceeds from the copra deliveries were used as installment payments for the debts of respondents.[19]

Indeed, pursuant to Article 1232 of the Civil Code, an obligation is extinguished by payment or performance. There is payment when there is delivery of money or performance of an obligation.[20] Article   1245   of   the   Civil   Code   provides   for   a special mode of payment called dation in payment (dación en pago). There is dation in payment when property is alienated to the  creditor   in   satisfaction   of   a  debt   in  money.[21] Here,   the debtor   delivers   and   transmits   to   the   creditor   the   former’s ownership   over   a   thing   as   an   accepted   equivalent   of   the payment   or   performance   of   an   outstanding   debt.[22] In   such cases, Article 1245 provides that the law on sales shall apply, since the undertaking really partakes – in one sense – of the nature of sale; that is, the creditor is really buying the thing or property of the debtor, the payment for which is to be charged against   the   debtor’s   obligation.[23] Dation   in   payment extinguishes  the obligation  to   the extent of   the value of   the thing delivered, either as agreed upon by the parties or as may be   proved,   unless   the   parties   by   agreement   –   express   or implied, or by their silence – consider the thing as equivalent to the   obligation,   in   which   case   the   obligation   is   totally extinguished.[24]

The trial court found thus:

x   x   x   [T]he preponderance of evidence is on the side of the defendant. x x x  The defendant explained that for the receipts (pesadas) from April 1998 to April 1999 he only gets the payments for trucking while the total amount which represent the total purchase price for the copras that he delivered to the plaintiff were all given to Elena Tan Shuy as installments for the loan he owed to

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plaintiff. The defendant further averred that if in the receipts or “pesadas” issued by the plaintiff   to   those   who   delivered   copras   to them   there   is   a   notation   “pd”   on   the   total amount  of  purchase price of   the copras,   it means that said amount was actually paid or given by the plaintiff  or  his daughter Elena Tan  Shuy   to   the   seller   of   the   copras.   To prove   his   averments   the   defendant presented   as  evidence   two   (2)   receipts   or pesadas  issued by the plaintiff   to a certain “Cariño”   (Exhibits   “1”  and  “2”  –  defendant) showing   the   notation   “pd”   on   the   total amount   of   the   purchase   price   for   the copras. Such claim of the defendant was further bolstered by the testimony of Apolinario Cariño which affirmed that he also sell [sic] copras to the plaintiff Tan Shuy. He also added that he incurred indebtedness to the plaintiff and whenever he delivered copras the amount of the copras sold were applied as payments to his loan. The   witness   also pointed out that the plaintiff did not give any official   receipts   to   those   who   transact business with him (plaintiff). x x x

Be   that   it  may,   this  Court   cannot however subscribe to  the averments of  the defendant that he has fully paid the amount of his loan to the plaintiff from the proceeds of the copras he delivered to the plaintiff as shown in the “pesadas” (Exhibits “3” to “64”). Defendant  claimed  that  based  on   the  said “pesadas” he has paid  the  total  amount  of P420,537.68   to   the   plaintiff.  However,   this Court   keenly   noted   that some of the “pesadas” offered in evidence by the defendant were not for copras that he delivered to the plaintiff but for “mais” (corn). The said  pesadas  for  mais  or  corn were the following, to wit:

x   x   x                            x   x x                            x x x

To   the  mind  of   this  Court the aforestated amount (P41,585.25) which the above listed pesadas show as payment for mais or corn delivered by the defendant to the plaintiff cannot be claimed by the defendant to have been applied also as payment to his loan with   the   plaintiff because he does not testify on such fact. He even   stressed   during   his   testimony   that   it was  the proceeds  from the copras  that  he delivered to the plaintiff which will be applied as payments to his loan. x x x Thus, equity dictates that the total amount of P41,585.25

which corresponds to the payment for “mais” (corn) delivered by the plaintiff shall be deducted from the total amount of P420,537.68 which according to the defendant based on the pesadas (Exhibits “3” to “64”) that he presented as evidence, is the total amount of the payment that he made for his loan to the plaintiff.x x x

x   x   x                            x   x x                            x x x

Clearly   from   the   foregoing,   since   the   total amount of defendant’s loan to the plaintiff is P420,000.00   and   the evidence on record shows that the actual amount of payment made by the defendant from the proceeds of the copras he delivered to the plaintiff is P378,952.43, the defendant is still indebted to the plaintiff in the amount of P41,047.53 (sic)   (P420,000.00-P378,952.43).[25] (Emphasis supplied)

In affirming this finding of fact by the trial court,  the CA cited the above-quoted portion of the RTC’s Decision and stated the following:

            In   fact,  as borne by the  records on hand,   herein   defendant-appellee Guillermo was able to describe and spell  out   the  contents  of  Exhs.   “3”   to   “64” which   were   then   prepared   by Elena Tan Shuy or sometimes by witness Vicente Tan. Herein   defendant-appellee Guillermo professed  that   since   the release of the subject loan was subject to the condition that he shall sell his copras to the plaintiff-appellant, the former did not already receive   any   money   for   the   copras   he delivered to the latter starting April 1998 to April   1999.   Hence,   this   Court   can   only express its approval to the apt observation of the trial court on this matter[.]

x   x   x                            x   x x                            x x x

Notwithstanding   the   above, however,   this  Court fully agrees with the pronouncement of the trial court that not all amounts indicated in Exhs. “3” to “64” should be applied as payments to the subject loan since several of which clearly indicated “mais” deliveries on the part of defendant-appellee Guillermo instead of “copras”[.][26] (Emphasis supplied)

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The subsequent arrangement between Tan Shuy and Guillermo   can   thus   be   considered  as   one   in   the   nature   of dation   in   payment.   There   was   partial   payment   every   time Guillermo delivered copra to petitioner, chose not to collect the net proceeds of his copra deliveries, and instead applied the collectible as installment payments for his loan from Tan Shuy. We therefore uphold the findings of the trial court, as affirmed by   the   CA,   that   the   net   proceeds   from  Guillermo’s   copra deliveries amounted to ₱378,952.43. With this partial payment, respondent remains liable for the balance totaling ₱41,047.57.[27]

WHEREFORE the  Petition   is DENIED.   The  31   July 2009 Decision and 13 November 2009 Resolution of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 90070 are hereby AFFIRMED.

 SO ORDERED.

1250 EXTRAORDINARY INFLATION/DEFLATION

EQUITABLE PCI VS. NG SHEUNG NGOR

 

This petition for review on certiorari[1] seeks to set aside 

the decision[2] of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 

83112 and its resolution[3] denying reconsideration.  

On October 7, 2001, respondents Ng Sheung Ngor,

[4] Ken Appliance Division,   Inc.  and Benjamin E. Go filed an 

action   for   annulment   and/or   reformation   of   documents   and 

contracts[5] against  petitioner  Equitable  PCI  Bank   (Equitable) 

and its employees, Aimee Yu and Bejan Lionel Apas,  in the 

Regional   Trial   Court   (RTC),   Branch   16   of   Cebu   City.

[6]  They claimed   that  Equitable   induced   them   to   avail   of   its 

peso   and   dollar   credit   facilities   by   offering   low   interest 

rates[7] so they accepted Equitable's proposal and signed the 

bank's   pre-printed   promissory   notes   on   various   dates 

beginning   1996.   They,   however,   were   unaware   that   the 

documents   contained   identical   escalation   clauses   granting 

Equitable   authority   to   increase   interest   rates   without   their 

consent.[8] 

          Equitable,   in   its   answer,   asserted   that   respondents 

knowingly accepted all the terms and conditions contained in 

the   promissory  notes.[9] In   fact,   they   continuously   availed   of 

and benefited from Equitable's credit facilities for five years.[10] 

          After trial, the RTC upheld the validity of the promissory 

notes.   It   found   that,   in   2001   alone,   Equitable   restructured 

respondents' loans amounting to US$228,200 and P1,000,000.

[11] The trial  court,  however,   invalidated the escalation clause 

contained therein because it violated the principle of mutuality 

of contracts.[12] Nevertheless, it took judicial notice of the steep 

depreciation of   the peso during  the  intervening period[13] and 

declared   the   existence   of   extraordinary   deflation.

[14] Consequently, the RTC ordered the use of the 1996 dollar 

exchange rate  in computing respondents' dollar-denominated 

loans.[15] Lastly,   because   the   business   reputation   of 

respondents was   (allegedly)   severely   damaged   when 

Equitable froze their accounts,[16] the trial court awarded moral 

and exemplary damages to them.[17] 

          The  dispositive  portion   of   the  February   5,   2004  RTC 

decision[18] provided:WHEREFORE, premises   considered, judgment is hereby rendered: 

A)    Ordering   [Equitable]   to   reinstate and   return   the   amount   of [respondents']   deposit   placed   on hold status;

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B)     Ordering   [Equitable]   to   pay [respondents]   the   sum   of P12 [m]illion [p]esos as moral damages;

 C)    Ordering   [Equitable]   to   pay 

[respondents]   the   sum   of P10 [m]illion   [p]esos   as   exemplary damages;

 D)    Ordering defendants Aimee Yu and 

Bejan   [Lionel]   Apas   to   pay [respondents], jointly and severally, the sum of [t]wo [m]illion [p]esos as moral and exemplary damages;

 E)     Ordering [Equitable, Aimee Yu and 

Bejan   Lionel   Apas],   jointly   and severally,   to   pay   [respondents'] attorney's   fees   in   the   sum of P300,000;   litigation  expenses  in the sum of P50,000 and the cost of suit;

 F)     Directing plaintiffs Ng Sheung Ngor 

and   Ken   Marketing   to   pay [Equitable]   the   unpaid   principal obligation for the peso loan as well as   the   unpaid   obligation   for   the dollar denominated loan;

 G)    Directing plaintiff Ng Sheung Ngor 

and   Ken   Marketing   to   pay [Equitable] interest as follows:

 1)      12% per annum for the peso 

loans; 

2)      8% per  annum for   the dollar loans.   The   basis   for   the payment of the dollar obligation is   the   conversion   rate   of P26.50 per dollar availed of at the   time   of   incurring   of   the obligation   in   accordance   with Article  1250 of   the Civil  Code of the Philippines;

 H)    Dismissing   [Equitable's] 

counterclaim except the payment of the   aforestated   unpaid   principal loan obligations and interest.

             SO ORDERED.[19] 

  

          Equitable and respondents filed their respective notices 

of appeal.[20]

 

          In   the March 1,  2004 order  of   the RTC, both notices 

were denied due course because Equitable and respondents 

“failed to submit proof that they paid their respective appeal 

fees.”[21] 

WHEREFORE, premises considered,   the   appeal   interposed   by defendants from the Decision in the above-entitled   case   is DENIED due  course. As of February 27, 2004, the Decision dated February 5, 2004, is considered final and executory in so far as [Equitable, Aimee Yu and Bejan Lionel Apas] are concerned.[22] (emphasis supplied) 

 

          Equitable moved for the reconsideration of the March 1, 

2004 order of the RTC[23] on the ground that it did in fact pay 

the appeal fees.  Respondents, on the other hand, prayed for 

the issuance of a writ of execution.[24]           

          On   March   24,   2004,   the   RTC   issued   an   omnibus 

order  denying Equitable's motion for reconsideration for  lack 

of merit[25] and ordered the issuance of a writ  of execution in 

favor   of   respondents.[26]  According   to   the   RTC,   because 

respondents did   not   move   for   the   reconsideration   of   the 

previous order (denying due course to the parties’ notices of 

appeal),[27] the  February   5,   2004  decision   became   final   and 

executory as to both parties and a writ  of  execution against 

Equitable was in order.[28] 

          A  writ  of   execution  was   thereafter   issued[29] and   three 

real properties of Equitable were levied upon.[30]   

          On March 26, 2004, Equitable filed a petition for relief in 

the RTC from the March 1, 2004 order.[31] It, however, withdrew 

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that petition on March 30, 2004[32] and instead filed a petition 

for certiorari with an application for an injunction in the CA to 

enjoin the implementation and execution of the March 24, 2004 

omnibus order.[33]  

          On   June   16,   2004,   the   CA   granted   Equitable's 

application for injunction. A writ of preliminary injunction was 

correspondingly issued.[34] 

          Notwithstanding the writ  of  injunction, the properties of 

Equitable previously levied upon were sold in a public auction 

on July  1,  2004. Respondents were the highest bidders and 

certificates of sale were issued to them.[35]  

          On August 10, 2004, Equitable moved to annul the July 

1, 2004 auction sale and to cite the sheriffs who conducted the 

sale in contempt for proceeding with the auction despite the 

injunction order of the CA.[36]  

          On October 28, 2005, the CA dismissed the petition for 

certiorari.[37] It   found   Equitable   guilty   of   forum   shopping 

because   the   bank   filed   its   petition   for   certiorari   in   the  CA 

several  hours before withdrawing  its  petition  for   relief   in   the 

RTC.[38] Moreover,   Equitable   failed   to   disclose,   both   in   the 

statement   of   material   dates   and   certificate   of   non-forum 

shopping (attached to its petition for certiorari in the CA), that it 

had a pending petition for relief in the RTC.[39]         

         Equitable moved for reconsideration[40] but it was denied.

[41] Thus, this petition. 

          Equitable asserts that it was not guilty of forum shopping 

because   the   petition   for   relief  was  withdrawn   on   the same

day the petition for certiorari was filed.[42]  It likewise avers that 

its   petition   for   certiorari   was  meritorious   because   the  RTC 

committed grave abuse of discretion in issuing the March 24, 

2004   omnibus   order   which   was   based   on   an   erroneous 

assumption.  The March  1,  2004 order  denying  its  notice of 

appeal for non payment of appeal fees was erroneous because 

it   had   in   fact   paid   the   required   fees.[43] Thus,   the  RTC,   by 

issuing   its   March   24,   2004   omnibus   order,   effectively 

prevented   Equitable   from   appealing   the   patently 

wrong February 5, 2004 decision.[44] 

          This petition is meritorious.

EQUITABLE WAS NOT GUILTY OF FORUM SHOPPING

 

          Forum   shopping   exists   when   two   or   more   actions 

involving   the   same   transactions,   essential   facts   and 

circumstances   are   filed   and   those   actions   raise   identical 

issues,   subject  matter   and   causes   of   action.[45] The   test   is 

whether,   in   two or  more  pending cases,   there   is   identity  of 

parties, rights or causes of actions and reliefs.[46]  

          Equitable's petition for relief in the RTC and its petition 

for certiorari in the CA did not have identical causes of action. 

The petition for relief from the denial of its notice of appeal was 

based on the RTC’s judgment or final order preventing it from 

taking   an   appeal  by   “fraud,  accident,  mistake  or  excusable 

negligence.”[47] On the other hand,  its petition for certiorari   in 

the CA, a special civil action, sought to correct the grave abuse 

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of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction committed by the 

RTC.[48] 

In a petition for relief, the judgment or final order is 

rendered by a court with competent jurisdiction. In a petition for 

certiorari, the order is rendered by a court without or in excess 

of its jurisdiction. 

          Moreover, Equitable substantially complied with the rule 

on non-forum shopping when it moved to withdraw its petition 

for relief in the RTC on the same day (in fact just four hours 

and forty minutes after) it filed the petition for certiorari in the 

CA. Even if Equitable failed to disclose that it had a pending 

petition for relief in the RTC, it rectified what was doubtlessly a 

careless oversight by withdrawing the petition for relief just a 

few hours after it filed its petition for certiorari in the CA ― a 

clear indication that it had no intention of maintaining the two 

actions at the same time.

THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION IN ISSUING ITS MARCH 1, 2004 AND MARCH 24, 2004 ORDERS

         

Section 1, Rule 65 of the Rules of Court provides: Section   1. Petition for Certiorari. When any tribunal, board or officer exercising judicial or quasi-judicial function has acted without or in excess of its or his jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction,   and there is no appeal, nor any plain, speedy or adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law,   a   person aggrieved thereby may file a verified petition in   the  proper   court,   alleging   the   facts  with certainty   and   praying   that   judgment   be rendered   annulling   or   modifying   the proceedings   of   such   tribunal,   board   or 

officer,   and  granting  such   incidental   reliefs as law and justice may require.             The petition shall be accompanied by a certified true copy of the judgment, order or resolution   subject   thereof,   copies   of   all pleadings   and   documents   relevant   and pertinent thereto, and a sworn certificate of non-forum shopping as provided in the third paragraph of Section 3, Rule 46. 

 

There   are   two   substantial   requirements   in   a   petition   for 

certiorari. These are: 

1.      that the tribunal, board or officer exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions   acted   without   or   in excess of his or  its  jurisdiction or with   grave   abuse   of   discretion amounting   to   lack   or   excess   of jurisdiction; and

 2.      that   there   is   no   appeal   or   any 

plain,   speedy   and   adequate remedy  in   the  ordinary  course of law.

  

          For a petition for certiorari premised on grave abuse of 

discretion   to   prosper,   petitioner  must   show   that   the   public 

respondent patently and grossly abused his discretion and that 

abuse amounted  to  an  evasion  of  positive duty  or  a  virtual 

refusal   to perform a duty enjoined by  law or  to act  at  all   in 

contemplation of law, as where the power was exercised in an 

arbitrary and despotic manner by reason of passion or hostility.

[49]

 

          The  March   1,   2004   order   denied   due   course   to   the 

notices of appeal of both Equitable and respondents. However, 

it declared that the February 5, 2004 decision was final and

executory only with respect to Equitable.[50]  As expected, 

the March 24, 2004 omnibus order denied Equitable's motion 

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for   reconsideration   and  granted   respondents' motion   for   the 

issuance of a writ of execution.[51]   

The March 1, 2004 and March 24, 2004 orders of the 

RTC were obviously intended to prevent Equitable, et al. from 

appealing  the February 5,  2004 decision. Not  only  that.  The 

execution of the decision was undertaken with indecent haste, 

effectively obviating or  defeating Equitable's  right  to avail  of 

possible legal remedies. No matter how we look at it, the RTC 

committed grave abuse of discretion in rendering those orders. 

          With regard  to  whether  Equitable had a plain,  speedy 

and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law, we hold 

that there was none. The RTC denied due course to its notice 

of appeal in the March 1, 2004 order. It affirmed that denial in 

the March 24, 2004 omnibus order. Hence, there was no way 

Equitable could have possibly appealed the February 5, 2004 

decision.[52]   

          Although  Equitable   filed   a   petition   for   relief   from   the 

March 24, 2004 order, that petition was not a plain, speedy and 

adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law.[53]   A petition 

for relief under Rule 38 is an equitable remedy allowed only in 

exceptional circumstances or where there is no other available 

or adequate remedy.[54] 

          Thus,   we   grant   Equitable's   petition   for   certiorari   and 

consequently give due course to its appeal.

EQUITABLE RAISED PURE QUESTIONS OF LAW IN ITS

PETITION FOR REVIEW

The   jurisdiction   of   this   Court   in   Rule   45   petitions   is 

limited to questions of law.[55] There is a question of law “when 

the doubt  or  controversy concerns  the correct  application of 

law or jurisprudence to a certain set of facts; or when the issue 

does not call for the probative value of the evidence presented, 

the truth or falsehood of facts being admitted.”[56]  

          Equitable does not assail the factual findings of the trial 

court.   Its   arguments   essentially   focus   on   the   nullity   of   the 

RTC’s February 5, 2004 decision. Equitable points out that that 

decision   was   patently   erroneous, specially the exorbitant

award of damages,  as  it  was  inconsistent with existing  law 

and jurisprudence.[57]   

THE PROMISSORY NOTES WERE VALID          

The RTC upheld the validity of the promissory notes 

despite   respondents’   assertion   that   those   documents   were 

contracts of adhesion.     

          A contract of adhesion is a contract whereby almost all 

of its provisions are drafted by one party.[58] The participation of 

the   other   party   is   limited   to   affixing   his   signature   or   his 

“adhesion”   to   the   contract.[59] For   this   reason,   contracts   of 

adhesion are strictly construed against the party who drafted it.

[60]

 

          It   is erroneous, however, to conclude that contracts of 

adhesion   are   invalid per se. They   are,   on   the   contrary,   as 

binding as ordinary contracts. A party is in reality free to accept 

or reject it. A contract of adhesion becomes void only when the 

dominant party takes advantage of the weakness of the other 

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party,   completely   depriving   the   latter   of   the   opportunity   to 

bargain on equal footing.[61]

          That was not the case here. As the trial court noted, if 

the terms and conditions offered by Equitable had been truly 

prejudicial   to   respondents,   they would have walked out  and 

negotiated with another bank at the first available instance. But 

they did not. Instead, they continuously availed of Equitable's 

credit facilities for five long years. 

          While the RTC categorically found that respondents had 

outstanding   dollar-   and   peso-denominated   loans   with 

Equitable, it, however, failed to ascertain the total amount due 

(principal,   interest   and   penalties,   if   any)   as   of   July   9, 

2001.  The   trial   court   did   not   explain   how   it   arrived   at   the 

amounts   of   US$228,200   and P1,000,000.[62] In Metro Manila

Transit Corporation v. D.M. Consunji,[63] we reiterated that this 

Court is not a trier of facts and it shall pass upon them only for 

compelling reasons which unfortunately are not present in this 

case.[64]Hence, we ordered the partial remand of the case for 

the   sole   purpose   of   determining   the   amount   of   actual 

damages.[65] 

ESCALATION CLAUSE VIOLATED THE PRINCIPLE OF

MUTUALITY OF CONTRACTS

Escalation clauses are  not  void per se.  However,  one 

“which   grants   the   creditor   an   unbridled   right   to   adjust   the 

interest independently and upwardly, completely depriving the 

debtor of the right to assent to an important modification in the 

agreement” is void. Clauses of that nature violate the principle 

of  mutuality   of   contracts.[66] Article   1308[67] of   the  Civil  Code 

holds   that  a  contract  must  bind  both contracting  parties;   its 

validity or compliance cannot be left to the will of one of them.

[68]  

          For this reason, we have consistently held that a valid 

escalation clause provides: 

1.                  that the rate of interest will only be   increased   if   the   applicable maximum   rate   of   interest   is increased   by   law   or   by   the Monetary Board; and

 2.                  that   the   stipulated   rate   of 

interest   will   be   reduced   if the  applicable   maximum   rate   of interest is reduced by law or by the Monetary   Board   (de-escalation clause).[69]  

  

            The   RTC   found   that   Equitable's   promissory   notes 

uniformly stated: If  subject promissory note  is extended,  the interest   for  subsequent extensions shall  be at such rate as shall be determined by the bank.[70] 

Equitable  dictated   the   interest   rates   if   the   term  (or 

period for repayment) of the loan was extended. Respondents 

had  no  choice  but   to  accept   them.  This  was  a   violation  of 

Article   1308   of   the   Civil   Code.   Furthermore,   the   assailed 

escalation clause did not contain the necessary provisions for 

validity, that is, it neither provided that the rate of interest would 

be increased only if allowed by law or the Monetary Board, nor 

allowed   de-escalation.   For   these   reasons,   the   escalation 

clause was void. 

          With   regard   to   the   proper   rate   of   interest,   in New

Sampaguita Builders v. Philippine National Bank[71] we   held 42

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that, because the escalation clause was annulled, the principal 

amount of the loan was subject to the original or stipulated rate 

of interest. Upon maturity, the amount due was subject to legal 

interest at the rate of 12% per annum.[72]         

          Consequently,   respondents   should   pay   Equitable   the 

interest rates of 12.66% p.a. for their dollar-denominated loans 

and 20% p.a. for their peso-denominated loans from January 

10, 2001 to July 9, 2001. Thereafter, Equitable was entitled to 

legal interest of 12% p.a. on all amounts due. THERE WAS NO EXTRAORDINARY DEFLATION. 

          Extraordinary  inflation exists when there is an unusual 

decrease in the purchasing power of currency (that is, beyond 

the  common  fluctuation   in   the  value  of   currency)  and  such 

decrease could not be reasonably foreseen or was manifestly 

beyond   the  contemplation  of   the  parties   at   the   time  of   the 

obligation. Extraordinary deflation, on the other hand, involves 

an inverse situation.[73]          

          Article 1250 of the Civil Code provides:  Article   1250.   In   case   an   extraordinary inflation   or   deflation   of   the   currency stipulated   should   intervene,   the   value   of the   currency   at   the   time   of   the establishment of the obligation shall be the basis   of   payment,   unless   there   is   an agreement to the contrary.  

For extraordinary  inflation (or  deflation)  to affect an 

obligation, the following requisites must be proven:1.      that   there   was   an   official 

declaration   of   extraordinary inflation   or   deflation   from   the Bangko   Sentral   ng   Pilipinas (BSP);[74]

 2.      that   the   obligation   was 

contractual in nature;[75] and 

3.      that the parties expressly agreed to   consider   the   effects   of   the extraordinary inflation or deflation.[76]    

  

          Despite   the   devaluation   of   the   peso,   the  BSP   never 

declared   a   situation   of   extraordinary   inflation.  Moreover, 

although the obligation in this instance arose out of a contract, 

the   parties   did   not   agree   to   recognize   the   effects   of 

extraordinary   inflation   (or   deflation).[77] The   RTC   never 

mentioned   that   there   was   a   such   stipulation   either   in   the 

promissory note or   loan agreement.  Therefore,   respondents 

should   pay   their   dollar-denominated   loans  at   the  exchange 

rate fixed by the BSP on the date of maturity.[78]  THE AWARD OF MORAL AND EXEMPLARY DAMAGES LACKED BASIS

          Moral   damages   are   in   the   category   of   an   award 

designed to compensate the claimant for actual injury suffered, 

not to impose a penalty to the wrongdoer.[79] To be entitled to 

moral damages, a claimant must prove:  

1.      That   he   or   she   suffered besmirched   reputation,   or physical,  mental   or  psychological suffering   sustained   by   the claimant;

 2.      That  the defendant committed a 

wrongful act or omission; 

3.      That the wrongful act or omission was   the   proximate   cause   of   the damages the claimant sustained;

 4.      The case is predicated on any of 

the   instances   expressed   or envisioned   by  Article   2219[80] and 2220[81]. [82]

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In culpa contractual or   breach   of   contract,   moral 

damages   are   recoverable   only   if   the   defendant   acted 

fraudulently   or   in   bad   faith   or   in   wanton   disregard   of   his 

contractual   obligations.[83] The   breach   must   be   wanton, 

reckless, malicious or in bad faith, and oppressive or abusive.

[84]

         

          The RTC found that respondents did not pay Equitable 

the interest due on February 9, 2001 (or any month thereafter 

prior to the maturity of the loan)[85] or the amount due (principal 

plus interest) due on July 9, 2001.[86] Consequently, Equitable 

applied respondents' deposits to their loans upon maturity. 

          The relationship between a bank and its depositor is that 

of creditor and debtor.[87] For this reason, a bank has the right 

to   set-off   the   deposits   in   its   hands   for   the   payment   of   a 

depositor's indebtedness.[88] 

          Respondents   indeed defaulted  on  their  obligation.  For 

this reason, Equitable had the option to exercise its legal right 

to set-off or compensation. However, the RTC mistakenly (or, 

as it now appears, deliberately) concluded that Equitable acted 

“fraudulently   or   in   bad   faith   or   in  wanton   disregard”   of   its 

contractual   obligations   despite   the   absence   of   proof.   The 

undeniable   fact   was   that,   whatever   damage   respondents 

sustained was purely the consequence of their failure to

pay their loans. There was therefore absolutely no basis for 

the award of moral damages to them. 

          Neither was there reason to award exemplary damages. 

Since respondents were not entitled to moral damages, neither 

should   they   be   awarded   exemplary   damages.[89] And   if 

respondents   were   not   entitled   to   moral   and   exemplary 

damages, neither could they be awarded attorney's fees and 

litigation expenses.[90] 

          ACCORDINGLY, the petition is hereby GRANTED. 

          The October  28, 2005 decision and February 3,  2006 

resolution of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 83112 

are herebyREVERSED and SET ASIDE. 

          The March 24, 2004 omnibus order of the Regional Trial 

Court, Branch 16, Cebu City in Civil Case No. CEB-26983 is 

herebyANNULLED for   being   rendered  with   grave   abuse   of 

discretion   amounting   to   lack   or   excess   of   jurisdiction.   All 

proceedings undertaken pursuant thereto are likewise declared 

null and void. 

          The March 1,  2004 order of   the Regional Trial  Court, 

Branch   16   of   Cebu   City   in   Civil   Case   No.   CEB-26983   is 

hereby SET ASIDE.  The appeal of  petitioners Equitable PCI 

Bank, Aimee Yu and Bejan Lionel Apas is therefore given due 

course. 

 The  February  5,   2004  decision  of   the  Regional  Trial 

Court, Branch 16 of Cebu City in Civil Case No. CEB-26983 is 

accordingly SET ASIDE. New judgment is hereby entered:

1.                 ordering   respondents  Ng  Sheung  Ngor, 

doing business under the name and style of 

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“Ken   Marketing,”   Ken   Appliance   Division, 

Inc.   and Benjamin  E.  Go   to  pay  petitioner 

Equitable PCI Bank the principal amount of 

their dollar- and peso-denominated loans;

2.                 ordering   respondents  Ng Sheung  Ngor, 

doing business under the name and style of 

“Ken   Marketing,”   Ken   Appliance   Division, 

Inc.   and Benjamin  E.  Go   to  pay  petitioner 

Equitable PCI Bank interest at:

a)                 12.66%   p.a. with   respect   to 

their dollar-denominated loans from 

January 10, 2001 to July 9, 2001;

b)                20% p.a. with   respect   to   their 

peso-denominated   loans from 

January 10, 2001 to July 9, 2001;[91]

c)                 pursuant to our ruling in Eastern

Shipping Lines v. Court of Appeals,

[92] the total amount due on July 9, 

2001   shall   earn   legal   interest   at 

12% p.a. from   the   time   petitioner 

Equitable   PCI   Bank   demanded 

payment,   whether   judicially   or 

extra-judicially; and

d)                after this Decision becomes final 

and executory,   the  applicable   rate 

shall   be   12% p.a. until   full 

satisfaction;

3.                 all   other   claims   and   counterclaims   are 

dismissed.

          As a starting point, the Regional Trial Court, Branch 16 

of  Cebu City  shall   compute   the  exact  amounts  due  on   the 

respective   dollar-denominated   and  peso-denominated   loans, 

as of  July  9,  2001,  of   respondents Ng Sheung Ngor,  doing 

business under  the name and style of “Ken Marketing,” Ken 

Appliance Division and Benjamin E. Go.

SO ORDERED.

ALMEDA VS BATHALA MARKETING NACHURA, J.:

This is a Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45   of   the  Rules   of  Court,   of   the  Decision[1] of   the  Court   of 

Appeals (CA), dated September 3, 2001,  in CA-G.R. CV No. 

67784,   and   its   Resolution[2] dated November   19,   2001.  The 

assailed Decision affirmed with modification the Decision[3] of 

the   Regional   Trial   Court   (RTC), Makati City,   Branch   136, 

dated May 9, 2000 in Civil Case No. 98-411.

          Sometime in May 1997, respondent Bathala Marketing 

Industries, Inc., as lessee, represented by its president Ramon 

H. Garcia,   renewed  its Contract  of  Lease[4] with Ponciano L. 

Almeda (Ponciano), as lessor, husband of petitioner Eufemia 

and   father   of  petitioner   Romel   Almeda.  Under   the   said 

contract,  Ponciano agreed  to   lease a portion of   the Almeda 

Compound, located at 2208 Pasong Tamo Street, Makati City, 

consisting   of   7,348.25   square  meters,   for   a  monthly   rental 

of P1,107,348.69, for a term of four (4) years from May 1, 1997 

unless sooner  terminated as provided  in   the contract.[5]  The 

contract of  lease contained the following pertinent provisions 

which gave rise to the instant case:

             SIXTH –   It   is  expressly  understood by   the   parties   hereto   that   the   rental   rate stipulated   is  based  on   the  present   rate   of assessment on the property, and that in case the   assessment   should   hereafter   be increased or any new tax, charge or burden be   imposed   by   authorities   on   the   lot   and building   where   the   leased   premises   are located, LESSEE shall pay, when the rental 

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herein provided becomes due, the additional rental or charge corresponding to the portion hereby leased; provided, however, that in the event that the present assessment or tax on said  property  should  be   reduced,  LESSEE shall be entitled to reduction in the stipulated rental,   likewise   in  proportion   to   the  portion leased by him;             SEVENTH – In case an extraordinary inflation   or   devaluation   of   Philippine Currency   should   supervene,   the   value   of Philippine   peso   at   the   time   of   the establishment of the obligation shall  be the basis of payment;[6]

                       

During   the   effectivity   of   the   contract,   Ponciano 

died.  Thereafter,   respondent   dealt   with   petitioners.  In   a 

letter[7] dated December   29,   1997,   petitioners   advised 

respondent   that   the   former   shall   assess   and   collect   Value 

Added   Tax   (VAT)   on   its   monthly   rentals.  In   response, 

respondent contended that VAT may not be imposed as the 

rentals fixed in the contract of lease were supposed to include 

the VAT therein, considering that their contract was executed 

on May 1, 1997 when the VAT law had long been in effect.[8] 

 

On January  26,  1998,   respondent   received  another 

letter   from  petitioners   informing   the   former   that   its  monthly 

rental should be increased by 73% pursuant to condition No. 7 

of the contract and Article 1250 of the Civil Code. Respondent 

opposed petitioners’ demand and  insisted that  there was no 

extraordinary inflation to warrant the application of Article 1250 

in light of the pronouncement of this Court in various cases.[9]  

 

Respondent   refused   to   pay   the  VAT   and  adjusted 

rentals as demanded by petitioners but continued to pay the 

stipulated amount set forth in their contract.

 

On February 18, 1998, respondent instituted an action 

for  declaratory  relief   for  purposes of  determining  the correct 

interpretation of condition Nos. 6 and 7 of the lease contract to 

prevent damage and prejudice.[10]  The case was docketed as 

Civil Case No. 98-411 before the RTC of Makati. 

 

On March 10, 1998, petitioners in turn filed an action 

for ejectment, rescission and damages against respondent for 

failure of the latter to vacate the premises after the demand 

made   by   the   former.[11]  Before   respondent   could   file   an 

answer,   petitioners   filed   a   Notice   of   Dismissal.[12]  They 

subsequently refiled the complaint before the Metropolitan Trial 

Court of Makati; the case was raffled to Branch 139 and was 

docketed as Civil Case No. 53596.

 

Petitioners   later   moved   for   the   dismissal   of   the 

declaratory   relief   case   for   being   an   improper   remedy 

considering   that   respondent   was   already   in   breach   of   the 

obligation and that the case would not end the litigation and 

settle the rights of the parties.  The trial court, however, was 

not persuaded, and consequently, denied the motion.

 

After   trial  on   the  merits,  on May 9,  2000,   the  RTC 

ruled   in   favor   of   respondent   and   against   petitioners.  The 

pertinent portion of the decision reads:

 WHEREFORE,   premises 

considered, this Court renders judgment on the case as follows:

 1) declaring that plaintiff is not liable 

for the payment of Value-Added Tax (VAT) of 10% of the rent for [the] use of the leased premises;

 2) declaring that plaintiff is not liable 

for   the   payment   of   any   rental   adjustment, there   being   no   [extraordinary]   inflation   or devaluation,   as   provided   in   the   Seventh Condition of the lease contract, to justify the same;

 3)   holding   defendants   liable   to 

plaintiff   for   the   total   amount of P1,119,102.19, said amount representing payments erroneously  made by  plaintiff  as VAT charges and rental adjustment for the months   of   January,   February   and   March, 1999; and

 4)   holding   defendants   liable   to 

plaintiff   for   the   amount   of P1,107,348.69, said   amount   representing   the   balance   of plaintiff’s rental deposit still with defendants.

 

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SO ORDERED.[13]         

        

          The trial court denied petitioners their right to pass on to 

respondent the burden of paying the VAT since it was not a 

new tax that would call for the application of the sixth clause of 

the contract.  The court,  likewise, denied their right to collect 

the demanded increase in rental, there being no extraordinary 

inflation or devaluation as provided for in the seventh clause of 

the contract.  Because of the payment made by respondent of 

the   rental   adjustment   demanded   by   petitioners,   the   court 

ordered   the   restitution   by   the   latter   to   the   former   of   the 

amounts paid, notwithstanding the well-established rule that in 

an   action   for   declaratory   relief,   other   than  a   declaration   of 

rights and obligations, affirmative reliefs are not sought by or 

awarded to the parties.

          Petitioners elevated the aforesaid case to the Court of 

Appeals   which   affirmed   with   modification   the   RTC 

decision.  The fallo reads: 

            WHEREFORE, premises considered, the present appeal  is DISMISSED and the appealed decision in Civil Case No. 98-411 is hereby AFFIRMED with MODIFICATION in that the order for the return of the balance of   the   rental   deposits  and of   the  amounts representing   the   10%   VAT   and   rental adjustment, is hereby DELETED.             No pronouncement as to costs.             SO ORDERED.[14]   

 

          The appellate court agreed with the conclusions of law 

and the application of the decisional rules on the matter made 

by the RTC. However, it found that the trial court exceeded its 

jurisdiction   in   granting   affirmative   relief   to   the   respondent, 

particularly the restitution of its excess payment.

 

          Petitioners   now   come   before   this   Court   raising   the 

following issues:

 I.WHETHER   OR   NOT   ARTICLE   1250   OF THE NEW CIVIL CODE IS APPLICABLE TO THE CASE AT BAR.

 II.WHETHER   OR   NOT   THE   DOCTRINE ENUNCIATED   IN   FILIPINO   PIPE   AND FOUNDRY   CORP.   VS.   NAWASA   CASE, 161  SCRA 32  AND COMPANION CASES ARE (sic) APPLICABLE IN THE CASE AT BAR. III.WHETHER  OR  NOT   IN   NOT  APPLYING THE   DOCTRINE   IN   THE   CASE OF DEL ROSARIO VS.   THE   SHELL COMPANY   OF   THEPHILIPPINES,   164 SCRA 562, THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS   SERIOUSLY   ERRED   ON   A QUESTION OF LAW. IV.WHETHER OR NOT THE FINDING OF THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS THAT RESPONDENT   IS  NOT   LIABLE   TO  PAY THE   10%   VALUE   ADDED   TAX   IS   IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MANDATE OF RA 7716.

V.WHETHER   OR   NOT   DECLARATORY RELIEF   IS   PROPER   SINCE   PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE WAS IN BREACH WHEN THE PETITION   FOR   DECLARATORY   RELIEF WAS FILED BEFORE THE TRIAL COURT.

          

In fine, the issues for our resolution are as follows: 1) 

whether the action for declaratory relief is proper; 2) whether 

respondent is liable to pay 10% VAT pursuant to Republic Act 

(RA)   7716;   and   3)  whether   the   amount   of   rentals   due   the 

petitioners   should   be   adjusted   by   reason   of   extraordinary 

inflation or devaluation.

 

Declaratory   relief   is   defined   as   an   action   by   any 

person   interested   in   a   deed,   will,   contract   or   other   written 

instrument,   executive   order   or   resolution,   to   determine   any 

question of construction or validity arising from the instrument, 

executive order or regulation, or statute, and for a declaration 

of his rights and duties thereunder.  The only issue that may be 

raised   in   such  a   petition   is   the   question   of   construction   or 

validity of provisions in an  instrument or statute.  Corollary  is 

the general rule that such an action must be justified, as no 

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other   adequate   relief   or   remedy   is   available   under   the 

circumstances. [15] 

 

Decisional law enumerates the requisites of an action 

for declaratory relief,  as follows: 1) the subject matter of  the 

controversy  must   be   a   deed,   will,   contract   or   other  written 

instrument, statute, executive order or regulation, or ordinance; 

2)   the  terms of  said documents and  the validity   thereof  are 

doubtful and require judicial construction; 3) there must have 

been no breach of the documents in question; 4) there must be 

an actual justiciable controversy or the “ripening seeds” of one 

between persons  whose  interests  are  adverse;  5)   the   issue 

must be ripe for judicial determination; and 6) adequate relief is 

not available through other means or other forms of action or 

proceeding.[16] 

It   is   beyond   cavil   that   the   foregoing   requisites   are 

present  in the instant case, except that petitioners  insist  that 

respondent  was  already   in  breach of   the  contract  when  the 

petition was filed.

 

          We do not agree.

         

          After petitioners demanded payment of adjusted rentals 

and in the months that followed, respondent complied with the 

terms  and   conditions   set   forth   in   their   contract   of   lease  by 

paying   the   rentals   stipulated   therein.  Respondent   religiously 

fulfilled its obligations to petitioners even during the pendency 

of   the   present   suit.  There   is   no   showing   that   respondent 

committed an act constituting a breach of the subject contract 

of lease.  Thus, respondent is not barred from instituting before 

the trial court the petition for declaratory relief. 

 

          Petitioners claim  that   the  instant  petition  is  not  proper 

because   a   separate   action   for   rescission,   ejectment   and 

damages had been commenced before another court; thus, the 

construction   of   the  subject   contractual   provisions   should  be 

ventilated in the same forum.

 

          We are not convinced.

 

          It is true that in Panganiban v. Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation[17] we  held   that   the   petition   for   declaratory   relief 

should be dismissed  in view of   the pendency of  a separate 

action   for   unlawful   detainer.  However,  we   cannot  apply   the 

same ruling  to   the  instant  case. In Panganiban,   the  unlawful detainer   case  had  already   been   resolved  by   the   trial   court 

before the dismissal of the declaratory relief case; and it was 

petitioner   in   that   case   who   insisted   that   the   action   for 

declaratory   relief   be   preferred   over   the   action   for   unlawful 

detainer.  Conversely, in the case at bench, the trial court had 

not   yet   resolved   the   rescission/ejectment   case   during   the 

pendency   of   the   declaratory   relief   petition. In   fact,   the   trial 

court, where the rescission case was on appeal, itself initiated 

the suspension of   the proceedings pending  the  resolution of 

the action for declaratory relief.

 

          We   are   not   unmindful   of   the   doctrine   enunciated 

in Teodoro, Jr. v. Mirasol[18] where the declaratory relief action was dismissed because the issue therein could be threshed out 

in the unlawful detainer suit.  Yet, again, in that case, there was 

already  a  breach of  contract  at   the  time of   the   filing  of   the 

declaratory   relief   petition.  This   dissimilar   factual   milieu 

proscribes the Court from applying Teodoro to the instant case. 

          Given  all   these  attendant   circumstances,   the  Court   is 

disposed   to   entertain   the   instant   declaratory   relief   action 

instead of dismissing  it,  notwithstanding the pendency of the 

ejectment/rescission case before the trial court.  The resolution 

of the present petition would write finisto the parties’ dispute, as it  would   settle   once   and   for   all   the   question   of   the   proper 

interpretation of the two contractual stipulations subject of this 

controversy.

 

          Now, on the substantive law issues. 

 

Petitioners repeatedly made a demand on respondent 

for   the  payment  of  VAT and   for   rental  adjustment  allegedly 

brought about  by extraordinary  inflation or devaluation.  Both 

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the   trial   court   and   the   appellate   court   found   no   merit   in 

petitioners’   claim.  We   see   no   reason   to   depart   from   such 

findings.

 

          As to the liability of respondent for the payment of VAT, 

we   cite   with   approval   the   ratiocination   of   the   appellate 

court, viz.: 

            Clearly, the person primarily liable for the payment of VAT is the lessor who may choose to pass it on to the lessee or absorb the   same. Beginning January   1,   1996,   the lease of real property in the ordinary course of   business,   whether   for   commercial   or residential   use,   when   the   gross   annual receipts   exceed P500,000.00,   is   subject   to 10%   VAT.  Notwithstanding   the  mandatory payment of the 10% VAT by the lessor, the actual  shifting of  the said  tax burden upon the lessee is clearly optional on the part of the   lessor,   under   the   terms   of   the statute.  The   word   “may”   in   the   statute, generally   speaking,   denotes   that   it   is directory in nature.  It is generally permissive only   and   operates   to   confer   discretion.  In this case, despite the applicability of the rule under Sec. 99 of the NIRC, as amended by R.A. 7716, granting the lessor the option to pass   on   to   the   lessee   the   10%   VAT,   to existing contracts of lease as of January 1, 1996,   the   original   lessor,   Ponciano   L. Almeda did not charge the lessee-appellee the 10% VAT nor provided for its additional imposition when they renewed the contract of   lease   in   May   1997.  More   significantly, said   lessor   did  not   actually   collect   a   10% VAT   on   the  monthly   rental   due   from   the lessee-appellee after the   execution   of   the May 1997 contract of  lease. The  inevitable implication is that the lessor intended not to avail of the option granted him by law to shift the 10% VAT upon the lessee-appellee. x x x.[19]    

 

In short, petitioners are estopped from shifting to respondent 

the burden of paying the VAT. 

 

Petitioners’   reliance   on   the   sixth   condition   of   the 

contract   is,   likewise,  unavailing.  This  provision clearly  states 

that respondent can only be held liable for new taxes imposed after the effectivity of the contract of lease, that is, after May 

1997, and only if they pertain to the lot and the building where 

the   leased premises are   located.  Considering  that  RA 7716 

took effect in 1994, the VAT cannot be considered as a “new 

tax”  in May 1997, as  to  fall  within  the coverage of  the sixth 

stipulation. 

 

          Neither   can   petitioners   legitimately   demand   rental 

adjustment because of extraordinary inflation or devaluation. 

 

Petitioners contend that Article 1250 of the Civil Code 

does not apply   to  this  case because  the contract  stipulation 

speaks of extraordinary inflation or devaluation while the Code 

speaks of extraordinary inflation or deflation.  They insist that 

the doctrine pronounced in Del Rosario v. The Shell Company, Phils. Limited[20] should apply. 

 

          Essential to contract construction is the ascertainment of 

the intention of the contracting parties, and such determination 

must take into account the contemporaneous and subsequent 

acts of the parties.  This intention, once ascertained, is deemed 

an integral part of the contract.[21]

 

          While, indeed, condition No. 7 of the contract speaks of 

“extraordinary inflation or devaluation” as compared to Article 

1250’s “extraordinary inflation or deflation,” we find that when 

the   parties   used   the   term   “devaluation,”   they   really   did   not 

intend to depart from Article 1250 of the Civil Code.  Condition 

No. 7 of the contract should, thus, be read in harmony with the 

Civil Code provision.

 

          That this  is  the intention of  the parties is evident from 

petitioners’   letter[22] dated   January   26,   1998,   where,   in 

demanding   rental   adjustment   ostensibly   based  on   condition 

No. 7, petitioners made explicit reference to Article 1250 of the 

Civil   Code,   even   quoting   the   law   verbatim.  Thus,   the 

application   of Del Rosario is   not   warranted.  Rather, 

jurisprudential rules on the application of Article 1250 should be 

considered.

 

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          Article 1250 of the Civil Code states:            In   case an  extraordinary   inflation  or deflation   of   the   currency   stipulated   should supervene, the value of  the currency at the time  of   the   establishment   of   the   obligation shall be the basis of payment, unless there is an agreement to the contrary. 

 

          Inflation   has   been   defined   as   the   sharp   increase   of 

money or credit, or both, without a corresponding increase in 

business   transaction. There   is   inflation   when   there   is   an 

increase in the volume of money and credit relative to available 

goods,   resulting   in   a   substantial   and   continuing   rise   in   the 

general  price   level.[23]  In  a number  of  cases,   this  Court  had 

provided   a   discourse   on   what   constitutes   extraordinary 

inflation, thus: 

             [E]xtraordinary   inflation   exists  when there   is   a   decrease   or   increase   in   the purchasing power of the Philippine currency which   is   unusual   or   beyond   the   common fluctuation in the value of said currency, and such   increase  or   decrease   could   not   have been reasonably foreseen or was manifestly beyond  the  contemplation  of   the  parties   at the   time   of   the   establishment   of   the obligation.[24]

         

          The factual circumstances obtaining in the present case 

do not make out a case of extraordinary inflation or devaluation 

as   would   justify   the   application   of   Article   1250   of   the  Civil 

Code.  We would like to stress that the erosion of the value of 

the Philippine peso in the past three or four decades, starting in 

the mid-sixties, is characteristic of most currencies.  And while 

the   Court   may   take   judicial   notice   of   the   decline   in   the 

purchasing power of the Philippine currency in that span of time, 

such downward trend of the peso cannot be considered as the 

extraordinary phenomenon contemplated by Article 1250 of the 

Civil  Code.  Furthermore, absent an official pronouncement or 

declaration   by   competent   authorities   of   the   existence   of 

extraordinary   inflation   during   a   given   period,   the   effects   of 

extraordinary inflation are not to be applied. [25]

 

          WHEREFORE,   premises   considered,   the   petition 

is DENIED.  The Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No.  67784,dated September  3,  2001,  and  its  Resolution 

dated November 19, 2001, are AFFIRMED.         

SO ORDERED.

 

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