Objectives:Today I will be able to:

Identify and name the functional groups in organic compounds

Explain the definition of an isomer Differentiate between cis and trans isomers

Informal assessment – monitoring student interactions and questions as they complete the practice

Formal assessment – analyzing student responses to the practice

Common Core ConnectionMake sense of problems and persevere in

solving themReason abstactly

Lesson SequenceEvaluate: Warm-upExplain: Isomers, Cis vs. TransExplore/Explain: Functional GroupsElaborate: WorksheetEvaluate: Exit Ticket

Warm UpDraw the structure and determine

what is wrong with the name

1 – ethyl -3-methyl-2-propylpentane

2-methyl-3,4-ethylnonane

2,2- dimethyl-2-pentene

ObjectivesToday I will be able to:

Identify and name the functional groups in organic compounds

Explain the definition of an isomerDifferentiate between cis and trans isomers

HomeworkCation/Anion Quiz sometime the week of

September 8-11Solubility Rule Quiz sometime the week of

September 15-19

AgendaWarm-upIsomers, Cis vs. TransFunctional GroupsPractice WorksheetExit Ticket

Complete the functional groups outline using your textbook. We will review as a class.

Complete the practice problems at your desk. We will review the answers as a class.

The Shapes of Organic MoleculesIn the VSEPR model, the bonds to a carbon

are comprised of four electron pairs:Single bonds: tetrahedralOne double bond: trigonal-planarTwo double bonds: linear

This helps to determine molecular shapes and how they will react with other molecules and how quickly

The Stabilities of Organic SubstancesTriple bonds are stronger than double bonds

which are stronger than single bonds; this results from decreasing bond length

Most reactions between oxygen and organic compounds are exothermic and stable at room temperature

Special stability is associated with the presence of aromatic rings due to the overlap of the pi orbitals of the carbon atoms that cause the electrons to delocalize (resonance structures)

Solubility and Acid/Base Properties of Organic SubstancesCarbon Carbon and Carbon Hydrogen bonds are

the most prevalent in these substancesOverall low polarity and soluble in nonpolar

solventsMolecules are soluble in water have polar groups

on the surface of the moleculeAcidic substances: carboxylic acids –COOHBasic substances: amines –NH2, -NHR, -NR2

Amino Acids: contain both the carboxylic acid and amino groups; amphoteric (acting as either an acid or base)

Introduction to HydrocarbonsAlkanes (Ethane) CH3 CH3

http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/a/ae/Ethane.png

AlkanesAn organic compound containing only single

bondsGeometry of each carbon atom is tetrahedral

with sp3 hybridization These are considered saturated hydrocarbon

http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ch4_hybridization.svg/178px-Ch4_hybridization.svg.png

AlkanesStraight chain hydrocarbons: carbons atoms

are joined in a single continuous chainBranched chain hydrocarbons: hydrocarbon

chains with four or more atoms can form branches rather than straight chains

Structural isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different bonding arrangements; also known as resonance structures

Nomenclature of Alkanes1. Find the longest carbon chain and use the

number of carbon atoms

http://image.tutorvista.com/content/organic-chemistry/alkanes-nomenclature.gif

Nomenclature of Alkanes2. Number the carbon atoms with the lowest

number at the closest substituent3. Name the substituent groups and if there is

more than one group list them in alphabetical order with the carbon number attached

Alkyl group: removing an H atom from an alkane to form a substituent group

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes are rings or cycles of alkanesThese are shown as simple polygons when

they are drawnRings with less than five atoms are

considered unstableMost cycloalkanes behave like unsaturated

hydrocarbons

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkanes/cyclos.gif

Alkane ReactionsAlkanes are relatively unreactive because of

their stable stateCombustion: basic reaction for use of fuels

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/onlcourse/chm110/labs/world3images/lab2b.GIF

AlkenesAn unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double

carbon carbon bond

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ethylene-2D.png

AlkeneThere are several isomers that exists for an

alkene when there are four or more carbon atoms

Geometric isomers: compounds that have the same molecular formula and the same groups bonded but different spatial arrangements; results from the carbon carbon double bond’s resistance to twisting

AlkynesAn unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a

triple carbon carbon bond These compounds are highly reactive

http://wikipremed.com/image_science_archive_th/030101_th/197600_800px-Acetylene-2D_68.jpg

Aromatic HydrocarbonsAre planar rings with a sigma and pi bondChart of common aromatic ring systems are

on page 977

http://www.chem.lsu.edu/lucid/courseinfo/chem1002/Image20.gif

Functional Groups: Alcohols and Ethers

A functional group is a site of reactivity in an organic molecule that controls how a molecule behaves and functions

See page 980 for reference to chart

AlcoholsAlcohols are hydrocarbon derivatives in

which one or more hydrocarbons of a parent hydrocarbon have been replaced by an –OH (hydroxyl group)

http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/f/m/aceticacid.jpg

EthersEthers are compounds in which two

hydrocarbon groups are bonded to one oxygen; can be formed from two molecules of alcohol by splitting out a molecule of water

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Dimethyl-ether-2D-flat.png

Compounds with a Carbonyl GroupA carbonyl group is a functional group that

contains a carbon oxygen double bondC = O

Aldehydes: have at least one hydrogen atom attached to the molecule

Ketones: Occurs at the interior of a carbon chain, therefore enclosed by carbon atoms

Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehyde

Ketone

http://www.chemistry-drills.com/icons/1.JPG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Ketone-general.png

Carboxylic AcidsThese acids contain the carboxyl functional

group (-COOH) and can be produced by the oxidation of alcohols

http://www.biology.lsu.edu/introbio/Link2/fatty%20acids.gif

EstersCarboxylic acid that undergo condensation

reaction with alcoholsHydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a

base is called saponification

http://www.wiredchemist.com/images/structure5.gif

Amines and AmidesAmines are organic bases and amides are the

products of a condensation reaction between an amine and a carboxylic acid

http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/r/s/tertiaryaminegroup.jpg