objectives species diversity at scales above local regional effects on local sd equilibrium theory +...
TRANSCRIPT
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OBJECTIVES
• Species Diversity at scales above local
• Regional effects on local SD
• Equilibrium theory + Island Biog. Theory
• Regional SD
• Latitudinal SD
• Continental SD
• Global SD
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What explains great variation in species richness over the earth?
Figure 1
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Multiple scales of species diversity
• Local
• Regional
• Latitudinal
• Continental
• Global
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Many factors influence regional and localspecies richness.
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Local diversity as f (regional diversity).
Figure 2
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Comparing diversities of communities in similar habitats in different regions can reveal regional effects.
Figure 3
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Saturation of local communities hypothesis: test how local and regional diversity relate.
Figure 2Figure 4
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Variation in local species diversity depends on regional diversity.
***Are these local communities saturated?
Figure 5
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Equilibrium theories: diversity reflects a balance between processes that add vs. remove species.• ***What processes add species?• speciation• immigration
• What processes subtract species?• extinction• emigration
• Differences in diversity between communities reflect differences in relative rates of these processes.
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*** What is the pattern? What two equilibrium factors may explain it?
Figure 6
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Equilibrium theory of island biogeography:# species = balance of immigration on a regional scale vs. extinction on local scale.
Figure 7
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Islands closer to the mainland support more species because of higher immigration rates.
Figure 8
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Larger islands support more species because of lower extinction rates.
Figure 9
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Which hypotheses are illustrated in Figure (a) + (b)?
Figure 10
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*** Do experimental results support ETIB?
Figure 11
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Applications of Island Biogeography Theory to:
• Terrestrial systems
• mountain tops as islands
• fragmented remnants as islands
• Design of nature reserves
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Regional-scale patterns of diversity also reflect:
• Habitat heterogeneity
• Suitability of physical conditions
• Isolation from centers of diversity
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***What are three patterns in regional species diversity? What factor accounts for each pattern?
Figure 12
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How do patterns of species richness differ among taxa? Why?
Figure 13
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***What are major changes among regions from Tertiary to present? What accounts for them?What are majordifferences today?
Figure 14
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***Why did climate change during the Ice Age contribute to Europe’s low species richness?
Figure 15
Figure 15
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What is relationship between tolerance of low temperature / rainfall and extinction?
Figure 16
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Multiple scales of species diversity
• Local
• Regional
• Latitudinal
• Continental
• Global
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***What is latitudinal gradient in woody species diversity? What explains it?
Figure 17
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Hypotheses to explain latitudinal gradient in species diversity…
• Time and stability
• Heterogeneity in space and time
• (Vegetation and food complexity)
• Herbivore and pathogen pressure
• Competition/niches
• Disturbance
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Multiple scales of species diversity
• Local
• Regional
• Latitudinal
• Continental
• Global
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How do history + biogeography + climate change influence species diversity?
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History of life is gauged by geologic time scale.
Cretaceous 150mya
Cambrian 600mya --> Permian 286mya
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Equilibrium theory in continental communities: balance between speciation and extinction on regional scale
Figure 21
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Has diversification been faster in tropicsthan temperate area?
Figure 22
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***Has diversity been constant? What is role of extinction vs. additions?
Figure 18
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Did species richness increase through time?To what did richness correspond?All species turned over during this time period.
Figure 19
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Catastrophes --> what are consequences - short- and long-term?
***Asteroidimpact-->extinctionsof what?
Figure 20
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Multiple scales of species diversity
• Local
• Regional
• Latitudinal
• Continental
• Global
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Continental drift --> positions of continents change over geologic time.Climate changes too --> influences geography of evolution
Figure 23
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Continental drift changed routes of dispersal via separation + joining.
Figure 24
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Wallace: Major zoogeographic regionsreflect long-term evolutionary isolation.
Figure 25
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Exchanges of biotas after joining of continents: e.g. The Panama land bridge
Figure 26
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***How explain same body form in multiple continents?
Convergence ordivergence?
Figure 27
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Climate change influences distributions oforganisms. How does the historical extent of climate zones help to explain global patterns ofspecies richness?
Figure 28
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Where does more diversification occur?Why? How does this relate to more speciesnear 0 than at higher latitudes?
Figure 29
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Climate change in N.A. shifted species diversity; Miocene drier with grasslands.
FigFigure 30
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Oak trees shifted their distributions afterend of most recent glacial period.
Figure 31
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How does ‘dispersal limitation’ explain differences in post-glacial expansion?A,b = small; c,d = large seeded species
Figure 32
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How doesclimatic historydeterminespeciesdistributions +communitycomposition?
Figure 33