objectives and... · 2020-05-14 · diagnosis and troubleshooting of automotive electrical,...

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Systems, Fifth Edition By James D. Halderman

© 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

OBJECTIVES

After studying Chapter 38, the reader will be able to: 1. Prepare for ASE computerized engine controls

diagnosis (A8) certification test content area “E.” 2. List the steps of the diagnostic process. 3. Describe the simple preliminary tests that should

be performed at the start of the diagnostic process. 4. List six items to check as part of a thorough visual

inspection.



OBJECTIVES

5. Explain the troubleshooting procedures to follow if a diagnostic trouble code has been set.

6. Explain the troubleshooting procedures to follow if no diagnostic trouble code has been set.

7. Discuss the type of scan tools that are used to assess vehicle components.

8. Describe the methods that can be used to reprogram (reflash) a vehicle computer.



THE EIGHT-STEP DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE

• It is important that all automotive service technicians know how to diagnose and troubleshoot engine computer systems.

• The diagnostic process is a strategy that eliminates known-good components or systems in order to find the root cause of automotive engine performance problems. – All vehicle manufacturers recommend a diagnostic

procedure, and the plan suggested in this chapter combines most of the features of these plans plus additional steps developed over years of real-world problem solving.




• Verify the Problem (Concern) • Perform a Thorough Visual Inspection and Basic Tests

– Check for obvious problems (basics, basics, basics). – Check everything that does and does not work. – Look for evidence of previous repairs. – Check oil level and condition. – Check coolant level and condition. – Use the paper test – Ensure adequate fuel level. – Check the battery voltage. – Check the spark using a spark tester. – Check the fuel pump pressure




• Retrieve the Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) • Check for Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs) • Look Carefully at Scan Tool Data • Narrow the Problem to a System or Cylinder • Repair the Problem and Determine the Root

Cause • Verify the Repair and Clear Any Stored DTCs




FIGURE 38-1 A funnel is one way to visualize the diagnostic process. The purpose is to narrow the possible causes of a concern until the root cause is determined and corrected.

FIGURE 38-2 Step #1 is to verify the customer concern or problem. If the problem cannot be verified, then the repair cannot be verified.




FIGURE 38-3 A form that the customer should fill out if there is a driveablilty concern to help the service technician more quickly find the root cause.




FIGURE 38-4 This is what was found when removing an air filter from a vehicle that had a lack-of-power concern. Obviously the nuts were deposited by squirrels or some other animal, blocking a lot of the airflow into the engine.




FIGURE 38-5 Using a bright light makes seeing where the smoke is coming from easier. In this case, smoke was added to the intake manifold with the inlet blocked with a yellow plastic cap and smoke was seen escaping past a gasket at the idle air control.




FIGURE 38-6 A spark tester connected to a spark plug wire or coil output. A typical spark tester will only fire if at least 25,000 volts is available from the coil, making a spark tester a very useful tool. Do not use one that just lights when a spark is present, because they do not require more than about 2,000 volts to light.




FIGURE 38-7 Step #3 in the diagnostic process is to retrieve any stored diagnostic trouble codes.




FIGURE 38-8 After checking for stored diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), the wise technician checks service information for any technical service bulletins that may relate to the vehicle being serviced.




FIGURE 38-9 Looking carefully at the scan tool data is very helpful in locating the source of a problem.

FIGURE 38-10 Step #8 is very important. Be sure that the customer’s concern has been corrected.



SCAN TOOLS

• Scan tools are the workhorse for any diagnostic work on all vehicles.

• Scan tools can be divided into two basic groups: – Factory scan tools. – Aftermarket scan tools



SCAN TOOLS

FIGURE 38-11 A TECH 2 scan tool is the factory scan tool used on General Motors vehicles.

FIGURE 38-12 Some scan tools use pocket PCs which make it very convenient to use.



RETRIEVAL OF DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION

• To retrieve diagnostic information from the PCM, use the following steps: – Locate and gain access to the data link connector (DLC). – Connect the scan tool to the DLC and establish

communication. – Follow the on-screen instructions of the scan tool to

correctly identify the vehicle. – Observe the scan data, as well as any diagnostic trouble

codes. – Follow vehicle manufacturer’s instructions if any DTCs

are stored. If no DTCs are stored, compare all sensor values with a factory acceptable range chart to see if any sensor values are out-of-range.



TROUBLESHOOTING USING DIAGNOSTIC TROUBLE CODES • Pinning down causes of the actual problem can be

accomplished by trying to set the opposite code. – For example, if a code indicates an open throttle position

(TP) sensor (high resistance), clear the code and create a shorted (low-resistance) condition.

• This can be accomplished by using a jumper wire and connecting the signal terminal to the 5-volt reference terminal.



TROUBLESHOOTING USING DIAGNOSTIC TROUBLE CODES • Methods for Clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes



FLASH CODE RETRIEVAL ON OBD-I GENERAL MOTORS VEHICLES • The GM system uses a “check engine” or “check

engine soon” MIL to notify the driver of possible system failure. Under the dash (on most GM vehicles) is a data link connector (DLC) previously called an assembly line communications link (ALCL) or assembly line diagnostic link (ALDL). – Most General Motors diagnostic trouble codes can be

retrieved by using a metal tool and contacting terminals A and B of the 12-pin DLC



FLASH CODE RETRIEVAL ON OBD-I GENERAL MOTORS VEHICLES

FIGURE 38-13 To retrieve flash codes from an OBD-I General Motors vehicle, connect terminals A and B with the ignition on–engine off. The M terminal is used to retrieve data from the sensors to a scan tool.



RETRIEVING FORD DIAGNOSTIC CODES

• The best tool to use during troubleshooting of a Ford vehicle is a self-test automatic readout (STAR) tester, new generation STAR (NGS), WDS (Worldwide Diagnostic System), or another scan tool with Ford capabilities. – If a STAR tester or scan tool is not available, a needle

(analog) type of voltmeter can be used for all OBD-I (prior to 1996) systems.




FIGURE 38-14 A Ford OBD-I self-test connector. The location of this connector can vary with model and year of vehicle.




• Key On–Engine Off Test (On-Demand Codes or Hard Faults) – Separator Pulse

• Continuous Memory Codes (Soft Codes) • Key On–Engine Running (KOER) Test • Steering,Brake, and Overdrive Switch Test

– Dynamic Response Check



PUT A WIRE IN THE ATTIC AND A LIGHT IN THE BASEMENT!

FIGURE 38-15 To retrieve Ford DTCs using a test light and a jumper wire, turn the ignition switch on (engine off) and make the connections shown. The test light will blink out the diagnostic trouble codes.



FLASH CODE RETRIEVAL ON CHRYSLER VEHICLES • To put the computer into the self-diagnostic mode,

the ignition switch must be turned on and off twice within a 5-second period (on-off-on-off-on).

• The computer will flash a series of fault codes. • Older Chrysler brand products flash the “check

engine” lamp on the dash.



OBD-II DIAGNOSIS

• Starting with the 1996 model year, all vehicles sold in the United States must use the same type of 16-pin data link connector (DLC) and must monitor emission-related components.

• Retrieving OBD-II Codes



OBD-II DIAGNOSIS

FIGURE 38-16 A typical OBD-II data link connector (DLC). The location varies with make and model and may even be covered, but a tool is not needed to gain access. Check service information for the exact location if needed.



OBD-II ACTIVE TESTS

• OBD-II Drive Cycle • Types of OBD-II Codes

– Type A Codes. – Type B Codes. – Type C and D Codes.

• OBD-II Freeze-Frame • Diagnosing Intermittent Malfunctions



SERVICE/FLASH PROGRAMMING

• Remote Programming • Direct Programming • Off-Board Programming




FIGURE 38-17 The first step in the reprogramming procedure is to determine the current software installed using a scan tool. Not all scan tools can be used. In most cases using the factory scan tool is needed for reprogramming unless the scan tool is equipped to handle reprogramming.




FIGURE 38-18 Follow the on-screen instructions.




FIGURE 38-19 An Internet connection is usually needed to perform updates although some vehicle manufacturers use CDs which are updated regularly at a cost to the shop.




FIGURE 38-20 Connecting cables and a computer to perform offboard programming.



J2534 REPROGRAMMING

• Legislation has mandated that vehicle manufacturers meet the SAE J2534 standards for all emissions-related systems on all new vehicles starting with model year 2004.

• This standard enables independent service repair operators to program or reprogram emissions-related ECMs from a wide variety of vehicle manufacturers with a single tool.



J2534 REPROGRAMMING

FIGURE 38-21 The J2534 pass-through reprogramming system does not need a scan tool to reflash the PCM on most 2004 and newer vehicles.



J2534 REPROGRAMMING

FIGURE 38-22 A typical J2534 universal reprogrammer that uses the J2534 standards.



MANUFACTURER’S DIAGNOSTIC ROUTINES

• Each vehicle manufacturer has established their own diagnostic routines and they should be followed. Most include the following steps: – Retrieve diagnostic trouble codes. – Check for all technical service bulletins that could be related to the

stored DTC. – If there are multiple DTCs, the diagnostic routine may include

checking different components or systems instead of when only one DTC was stored.

– Perform system checks. – Perform a road test matching the parameters recorded in the freeze-

frame to check that the repair has corrected the malfunction. – Repeat the road test to cause the MIL to be extinguished.



COMPLETING SYSTEM REPAIRS

• After the repair has been successfully completed, the vehicle should be driven under similar conditions that caused the original concern.

• Verify that the problem has been corrected. • To perform this test drive, it is helpful to have a copy

of the freezeframe parameters that were present when the DTC was set.

• By driving under similar conditions, the PCM may perform a test of the system and automatically extinguish the MIL.



PROCEDURES FOR RESETTING THE PCM

• The PCM can be reset or cleared of previously set DTCs and freeze-frame data in the following ways: – Driving the Vehicle. – Clear DTCs Using a Scan Tool. – Battery Disconnect.



ROAD TEST (DRIVE TRACE)

• Use the freeze-frame data and test-drive the vehicle so that the vehicle is driven to match the conditions displayed on the freezeframe.

• If the battery has been disconnected, then the vehicle may have to be driven under conditions that allow the PCM to conduct monitor tests – Universal Drive Cycle



EUROPEAN BOSCH DIAGNOSIS

• Diagnosing a European brand vehicle, such as a Volkswagen, Audi, Mercedes, or BMW, can be a challenge.

• One of the challenges is that global (generic) scan tools, while capable of supplying the specified data, do not allow access to many diagnostic trouble codes that might be set and stored.

• Using factory-level scan tools, such as VAG-COM, launch X431, or Baum iscan, results in some terms that are not familiar such as: – Address word. – Function – Display group

• Using Function 04



SUMMARY 1. Funnel diagnostics—Visual approach to a diagnostic procedure:

– Verify the problem (concern) – Perform a thorough visual inspection and basic tests – Retrieve the diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) – Check for technical service bulletins (TSBs) – Look carefully at scan tool data – Narrow the problem to a system or cylinder – Repair the problem and determine the root cause – Verify the repair and check for any stored DTCs

2. Care should be taken to not induce high voltage or current around any computer or computer-controlled circuit or sensor.

3. A thorough visual inspection is important during the diagnosis and troubleshooting of any engine performance problem or electrical malfunction.

4. If the MIL is on, retrieve the DTC and follow the manufacturer’s recommended procedure to find the root cause of the problem.

5. OBD-II vehicles use a 16-pin DLC and common DTCs.



REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Explain the procedure to follow when diagnosing a vehicle without any stored DTCs using a scan tool.

2. Discuss what the PCM does during a drive cycle to test emission-related components.

3. Explain the difference between a type A and type B OBD-II diagnostic trouble code.

4. List three things that should be checked as part of a thorough visual inspection.

5. List the eight-step funnel diagnostic procedure. 6. Explain why a bulletin search should be performed after

stored DTCs are retrieved. 7. List the three methods that can be used to reprogram a

PCM.



CHAPTER QUIZ

1. Technician A says that the first step in the diagnostic process is to verify the problem (concern). Technician B says the second step is to perform a thorough visual inspection. Which technician is correct? a) Technician A only b) Technician B only c) Both Technicians A and B d) Neither Technician A nor B



CHAPTER QUIZ

2. Which item is not important to know before starting the diagnosis of an engine performance problem? a) List of previous repairs b) The brand of engine oil used c) The type of gasoline used d) The temperature of the engine when the problem occurs



CHAPTER QUIZ

3. A paper test can be used to check for a possible problem with _____. a) The ignition system (bad spark plug wire) b) A faulty injector on a multiport engine c) A burned valve d) All of the above



CHAPTER QUIZ

4. Which step should be performed last when diagnosing an engine performance problem? a) Checking for any stored diagnostic trouble codes b) Checking for any technical service bulletins (TSBs) c) Performing a thorough visual inspection d) Verify the repair



CHAPTER QUIZ

5. Technician A says that if the opposite DTC can be set, the problem is the component itself. Technician B says if the opposite DTC cannot be set, the problem is with the wiring or grounds. Which technician is correct? a) Technician A only b) Technician B only c) Both Technicians A and B d) Neither Technician A nor B



CHAPTER QUIZ

6. The preferred method to clear diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) is to _____. a) Disconnect the negative battery cable for 10 seconds b) Use a scan tool c) Remove the computer (PCM) power feed fuse d) Cycle the ignition key on and off 40 times



CHAPTER QUIZ

7. Which is the factory scan tool for Chrysler brand vehicles equipped with CAN? a) Star Scan b) Tech 2 c) NGS d) Master Tech



CHAPTER QUIZ

8. Technician A says that reprogramming a PCM using the J2534 system requires a factory scan tool. Technician B says that reprogramming a PCM using the J2534 system required Internet access. Which technician is correct? a) Technician A only b) Technician B only c) Both Technicians A and B d) Neither Technician A nor B



CHAPTER QUIZ

9. Technician A says that knowing if there are any stored diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) may be helpful when checking for related technical service bulletins (TSBs). Technician B says that only a factory scan tool should be used to retrieve DTCs. Which technician is correct? a) Technician A only b) Technician B only c) Both Technicians A and B d) Neither Technician A nor B



CHAPTER QUIZ

10. Which method can be used to reprogram a PCM? a) Remote b) Direct c) Off-board d) All of the above



END

objectives and... · 2020-05-14 · diagnosis and troubleshooting of automotive electrical,...

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