Unit 6 Class Notes

Introduction

Learningrelatively permanent behavior change due to experience

Learning breeds hope.something learned should have staying powerknow learning occurred b/c behavior changedresults from direct or indirect experience 4Unit 6 OverviewHow Do We Learn?objective 1Classical Conditioningobjectives 2-7Operant Conditioningobjectives 8-13Learning by Observationobjectives 14-157-9% of testTEST: TUESDAY NOV. 25thFRQ #3How Do We Learn?

Objective 1: What are some basic forms of learning?habituationloss our sensitivity to an oft repeated stimulus; once habituation occurs, we will have reduced sensitivity to the stimulus even if it changesadaptationwhen we get used to a continuous, unchanging stimulus as long as unchanging we will not notice it. When it changes, our sensitivity to it returns2. associative learning-classical conditioning: anticipate events-operant conditioning: repeat acts that have been rewarded/ stop acts that are punished-observational learning : learning through others experience

Jaws theme 5Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Objective 2: What is classical conditioning?

Classical conditioninglearn to link 2+ stimuli & anticipated eventsIvan Pavlov (1849-1936)John B. Watson (1913)Behaviorism

Objective 3:How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus

Ivan PavlovBackgroundExperimental procedure

Pavlovs Experiments

Parts of Classical ConditioningUnconditioned stimulus (US)Unconditioned response (UR)Conditioned stimulus (CS)Conditioned response (CR)

Pavlovs Experiments

Pavlovs Experiments

Pavlovs Experiments

Pavlovs Experiments

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Objective 4: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization & discriminationAcquisitionThe initial stage of association between NS & USNS presented -1 sec BEFORE CSHigher-order conditioninga CS is paired w/ a new NS = a 2nd (weaker) CS

Association can influence attitudesPavlovs ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous RecoveryExtinctionThe lessening of a CR due to no longer pairing the US and CS

Spontaneous recoveryOnly happens after extinction has occurred

Pavlovs ExperimentsGeneralizationGeneralizationstimuli similar to CS elicit same responsehappens quite automaticallyadaptive

Pavlovs ExperimentsDiscriminationDiscriminationlearned ability to distinguish between CS and other irrelevant stimuliresults from overtraining

US=CS=CR=UR=NS=The aroma of cookies baking makes your mouth water. mouth watermouth watertaste of cookiessmell of cookies+smell of cookiesunlearnedunconditionednaturalhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvECough & tickle start at 30 secs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDMConditioning Dwight

Objective 5: (p. 223)Do cognition and biological constraints affect classical conditioning

Rescorla & Wagner believed that the predictability of the CS determined whether classical conditioning occurred. Predictability (expectancy) is a cognitive process requiring thought to occurMartin SeligmanLearned HelplessnessJohn GarciaBiological constraintsBiologically prepared to learn certain responses that help us adapt

color red

taste aversionsecondary disgustCognition (perception, thoughts, etc) dismissed by Pavlov and Watson30Pavlovs LegacyWhy should we care about dogs drooling?

Classical conditioning applies to other organisms

Showed how to study a topic scientificallyPavlovs LegacyApplications of Classical ConditioningJohn Watson and Baby Albert

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyELittle Albert