objective: students will describe the monarchy system and the problems it had. what are the good and...
TRANSCRIPT
• Objective: Students will describe the Monarchy system and the problems it had.
• What are the good and bad things about being a child?
•
• What are the good and bad things about being a parent?
What was the situation in France?
The absolute monarchy of France had controlled one of the richest and most
powerful nations in Europe
How was life in France?
But, the majority of the people were not sharing in the wealth
They wanted a better way of life
How was the Enlightenment involved?
Enlightenment philosophers had talked about change and
making life more fair
Natural rights
Social contracts
Right to rebel to bring about change
What was going on in America?
The American colonists had use Enlightenment ideas during the American Revolution
The American Declaration of Independence, written in 1776, excited many people in France
Who was Marquis de Lafayette?
Some French even participated in the American Revolution… such as a young noble named
MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Volunteered to fight with Washington’s Continental Army
Became a Major General in the Continental Army
How did the King of France get involved?
Even the King of France got involved in the American Revolution…
KING LOUIS XVI
Sent 12,000 French soldiers
Sent 32,000 French sailors
How did new ideas reach France?
French volunteers returned home with thoughts REFORMING France
changing
Essential Question
What were the causes of the French Revolution?
Why were the French people upset?
The French people had many reasons to revolt
→ Unfair social divisions
→ Unequal tax burdens
→ Government debt
→ Financial crisis
How were social divisions unfair?
Cause #1: Unfair Social Divisions
Everybody in France belonged to one of the three ESTATES
Social classes
First Estate Second Estate Third Estate
Clergy Nobles Everyone else
.5% of the population
1.5% of the population
98% of the population
How was taxation unequal?
Cause #2: Unequal Tax Burdens
First Estate: 0%
Second Estate: 0%
Third Estate: 100%
Taxes Paid
The Third Estate had no voice in government, however it paid all of the nations taxes
Why was the government in debt?
Cause #3: Government Debts
The French monarchy was in debt for a number
of reasons:
► Royal spending on luxuries
► Costly wars (French and Indian War,
American Revolution)
► First and Second Estates refusal to pay
taxes
What had caused a financial crisis?
Cause #4: Financial Crisis
The growing French population increased the
demand for goods
Prices and the cost of living rose were on the
rise as well
How did King Louis XVI respond?In May 1789, King Louis XVI call a meeting of the
ESTATES-GENERAL
A lawmaking made up of representatives from all three estates
Each estate had 1 vote a piece – meaning the First and Second Estate could always outvote the Third Estate
What did the Third Estate want?
The Third Estate wanted more votes since they represented 98% of the
population
The King refused
What was the plan of the Third Estate?
The Third Estate declared itself the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY and intended to create a new government…
They began working on a new constitution….
revolution would soon begin…
How did the revolution start?
July 14, 1789 – A large crowd stormed the
BASTILLE
A hated French prison
The French Revolution had begun….
When King Louis XVI banned the National Assembly from meeting, Paris exploded in rebellion….
How was the government to be run?Aug. 26, 1789 – The National Assembly adopts the
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZENS
Written by Marquis de Lafayette (with advice from Thomas Jefferson)
This document stated:
• Government gets its power from the people – not the king
• Basic rights and freedoms of the people
What type of government was created?
1791 – The National Assembly declares France a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCY
Obviously, Louis XVI disagrees and rejects any limits to his power
In fear, Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette try to escape to Austria….. But they are caught and imprisoned
How did radicals come to power?
Other monarchs in Europe feared the spread of revolution and tried to help Louis XVI return to power…
While France is fighting against these other nations, a group of
RADICALS took control of France
They set up a new government known as the NATIONAL CONVENTION
People who want big changes QUICKLY
How did Europe reacted to the revolution?
January 1793 – King Louis XVI was beheaded on the GUILLOTINE
A new machine designed to quickly
execute people
The King’s execution outraged European leaders…
Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, and Prussia began a war with France to prevent revolution from spreading into their country
Who was Robespierre?The National Convention set up the
COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY to crush any opponents of the revolution
MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE Leader of the Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre resided over the
REIGN OF TERROR
What was the Reign of Terror?
During the REIGN OF TERROR, the following were killed:
King Louis XVI
Queen Marie Antoinette
40,000 people who were seen as disloyal to the revolution and
favored the return of a monarchy
The Reign of Terror ended when the National Convention executed Robespierre
What was the Directory?
Middle class leaders decided to set up a 5 person council, known as the DIRECTORY to run the country
…but it lacked support
How did the revolution end?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXsZbkt0yqo
1797 – General NAPOLEON BONAPARTE returns home to France after fighting the British in Egypt
His victories in battle had made him a
national hero
He used his popularity to lead a COUP D’ETAT and took control of the government for himself
… the revolution was over…
Essential Question
How did Napoleon change French society?
How did Napoleon control France?
Napoleon quickly strengthened his power by:
Appointed government officials
Controlled the army
Directed lawmaking
Oversaw foreign policy
What title did Napoleon take?In 1804, Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France
As Emperor, Napoleon planned on building an empire worthy of his title
What changes did he bring to France?
The changes Napoleon brought to France can be classified into 4
areas…
Legal
Social
Political
Economic
What legal changes took place?
Legal Changes Under Napoleon
NAPOLEONIC CODE – a new legal system based on the ideas of the
Enlightenment
Equal rights
Religious toleration
What social changes took place?
Social Changes Under Napoleon
State supported schools
Ended serfdom
Ended the estate system
What political changes took place?
Political Changes Under Napoleon
Government jobs based on merit – not birth or class
Reduced power of the Catholic Church
What economic changes took place?
Economic Changes Under Napoleon
→ Required ALL citizens to pay taxes
→ Set up a Bank of France
What is nationalism?
The armies of Napoleon spread NATIONALISM throughout Europe
Pride in one’s country
How big was Napoleon’s empire?In his quest to build an empire, Napoleon took
control of most of the continent of Europe
What ideas did Napoleon spread?
Within his empire, Napoleon introduced ideals from the French Revolution
Such as:
Legal equality for all citizens
Religious tolerance
Economic freedom
However, the spread of revolutionary ideals would also help bring Napoleon’s empire to an end…
Why did many dislike Napoleon?
People under Napoleon’s control resented…
Paying taxes to France
Serving in Napoleon’s army
and
What did many people still want?
These people felt more loyalty to their home countries than to the
French Empire
They wanted self-rule
What was Napoleon’s legacy?
Napoleon’s dream of empire ended with his capture in 1815
by British forces
Even though his empire failed…
Napoleon left the ideas of revolution
and nationalism with the people of Europe
Who had power in Latin America?For nearly 300 years, Spain and Portugal held control over many colonies in the Latin America
In the 1800s, that would begin to change as Latin Americans became inspired by the American and
French Revolutions…
What was society like in here?Spain and Portugal had forced a very strict
social order on their Latin American colonies
There were four distinct social classes in Latin American society:
→ PENINSULARES
→ CREOLES
→ MESTIZOS
→ MULATTOS
Who was at the top of society?
PENINSULARES
Colonial leaders
Born in Spain or Portugal (the Iberian Peninsula)
These people were at the top of government and society in Latin America
Who was next in social order?
CREOLES
Descendents of Portuguese or Spanish settlers born in
the colonies
The peninsulares looked down on the creoles, and the creoles resented it
Where did most people fall in class?
MESTIZOS
Largest group of people in most colonies
People of mixed Spanish and Latin American ancestry
These people tended to:
Work as servants and Laborers
Have very few rights and freedoms
Who was at the bottom of society?
MULATTOS
Lowest social class – along with Native Americans and enslaved Africans
People of mixed African and European descent
Number of mulattos varied from colony to colony
Were people okay with this?
All lower classes disliked being ruled by the Peninsulares…
But they had little power to challenge their rulers
How did change come?
However, as Napoleon fought his wars to create a French Empire…
Spain and Portugal were left weakened…
Latin Americans saw their chance to win their independence!
What was the situation in Haiti?
The first revolution in Latin America took place in Haiti
Haiti can be found on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea
What was produced in Haiti?
In Haiti, many enslaved workers produced sugar and coffee
More than 500,000 of the 560,000 people who lived in Haiti were either slaves or had
once been enslaved
Nearly 90% of the population
Who controlled Haiti?
Haiti was actually a French colony…
Most Latin American colonies were either ruled by Spain or Portugal
Why did a rebellion occur?
With France tied up with revolution and war…
The time was ripe for a
rebellion in Haiti
Who led the rebellion?
In the 1790s, enslaved Africans began rebelling against French rule
They were led by TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE
What did it accomplish?
French forces captured Louverture and he eventually died in prison…
The revolution lived on…
In 1804, Haiti announced its independence and became the first Latin American country to win its independence
What happened in Mexico?In Mexico, two Catholic priests led a revolt against Spain
MIGUEL HIDALGO JOSE MARIA MORELOS
What happened to the priests?
Both Hidalgo and Morelos were captured and executed….
But, the revolution lived on…
What was the result?
1821 – Mexico declares its independence from Spain
1823 – Mexico declares itself a republic
Soon…
Costa RicaEl SalvadorGuatemalaHonduras
and
Nicaragua would all announce their independence from Spanish rule as well
Who was San Martin?In 1810, JOSE DE SAN MARTIN freed Argentina from Spanish rule
He then continued on into Chile
Who was Simon Bolivar?Meanwhile, SIMON BOLIVAR was leading revolts in… EcuadorVenezuela Colombia
Did they ever work together?In Peru…
San Martin and Bolivar joined forces to crush the Spanish Army
What was the result?
By the end of 1824, nearly all of South America had successfully revolted and won independence These new nations
hoped to change their governments by building
democracies
Independence
1824
Were there any problems?
These new governments faced many challenges…
A large gap between rich and poor
Most power was held by a small group of landowners
For example:
What was the biggest issue?
One of the biggest problems were CAUDILLOS
Dictators who ruled by military force
Strong leaders came to power during this time and made it hard for democracy and
prosperity
In an attempt to maintain power, they did little to help the poor