objective priority species breeding strategies research ... · objective priority species breeding...
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SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofValuableValuable BroadleavedBroadleaved Tree SpeciesTree Species
ObjectiveObjective
PriorityPriority SpeciesSpecies
BreedingBreeding StrategiesStrategies
Research Research ToolsTools
SelectionSelection CriteriaCriteria
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofValuableValuable BroadleavedBroadleaved Tree SpeciesTree Species
ObjectiveObjective
PriorityPriorityPriority SpeciesSpeciesSpecies
BreedingBreedingBreeding StrategiesStrategiesStrategies
Research Research Research ToolsToolsTools
SelectionSelectionSelection CriteriaCriteriaCriteria
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofValuableValuable BroadleavedBroadleaved Tree SpeciesTree Species
ObjectiveObjectiveProducingProducing high high qualityquality forestforest reproductivereproductive materialmaterial throughthrough creationcreation and and / / oror selectionselection of of geneticallygenetically superior superior basicbasic materialmaterial withwith respect respect forfor the the maintenancemaintenance of a of a sufficientlysufficiently broadbroad geneticgenetic basisbasis
OrOr…….is .is therethere anyany otherother objectiveobjective forfor a a forestforest tree tree breederbreeder ??????
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofValuableValuable BroadleavedBroadleaved Tree SpeciesTree Species
ObjectiveObjectiveObjective
PriorityPriority SpeciesSpecies
BreedingBreedingBreeding StrategiesStrategiesStrategies
Research Research Research ToolsToolsTools
SelectionSelectionSelection CriteriaCriteriaCriteria
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofValuableValuable BroadleavedBroadleaved Tree SpeciesTree Species
PriorityPriority tree speciestree speciesCriteriaCriteria
EconomicEconomic importanceimportance ((timbertimber productionproduction))ImplementationImplementation of of EUEU--directievdirectiev 1999/105/EC1999/105/ECDEMAND FRM >>SUPPLY FRMDEMAND FRM >>SUPPLY FRM
And And …… doingdoing ““a bit of a bit of everythingeverything”” unevitablyunevitably leadsleads toto““doingdoing somethingsomething prettypretty close close toto nothingnothing””
Wild Cherry (Prunus avium L.)
Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.)
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofValuableValuable BroadleavedBroadleaved Tree SpeciesTree Species
PriorityPriority tree speciestree species
Wild Cherry (Prunus avium L.)
Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.)
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofValuableValuable BroadleavedBroadleaved Tree SpeciesTree Species
PriorityPriority tree speciestree species
Very high prices (standing timber)
Aesthetically highly appreciated wood furniture industry
− Heavy assortments (DBH ~ 60 cm) 250 € / m³− Top quality 600 € / m³
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Economic importance
Demand Supplymanagement plans of state and private forestsrequests for afforrestation grants for prtivate forests96.000 plants in 2004 = 50 kg seeds
Plants (x 1000) used forafforestation and stand-conversion in 2004
253
95
82413521
319 Inland oak
Wild cherry
Common ash
Beech
Black alder
Sycamore
Other
Plants used for afforestation and stand-conversion from 2001 till 2004
0102030405060708090
2001 2002 2003 2004
Plan
ts (x
100
0)
State forest Public forest Private forest Total
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Demand Supply
Until 1 January 2003: “optional” tree species− Certificate of provenance non - compulsory− Certificate required for granting subsidies for afforestation− Sufficient supply of FRM, yet … quality ??
Since 1 January 2003: implementation of 1999/105/EC− Wild cherry provenances to be certified− High genetic quality and silvicultural value of FRM has to be
warranted
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
SUPPLY
Indigenous basic materialSeed orchard “Mommedeel”
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Indigenous basic materialSeed orchard “Mommedeel”
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
− Forest of Meerdaal (Bierbeek)
− ° 1988− 0.85 ha− 65 clones originating from 2 native populations
(Solre-Saint-Géry & Anor)
− certfied in 2002 (B1502 AG)
−− unsufficientunsufficient productiveproductive capacitycapacity (~ 20 kg)(~ 20 kg)
−− sporadicsporadic seedseed yearsyears mastjaren mastjaren (1999 (1999 –– 2003)2003)
−− recente recente diedie--backback phenomenaphenomena ((incompatibilityincompatibility rootstock rootstock –– graftgraft))
Seed Stand “Vrebos”
− “high” sales price purchase of foreign provenances− introgression from sweet cherry cultivars suspected
− Kortenberg− 0.28 ha− certified in 2002 (B1005 AG)
− unsufficient productive capacity (~ 15 kg)
− sporadic seed years (2002)
− not cost-effective: cost price = 4 x sales price
Indigenous basic material
− genetic diversity ??
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Seed Stand “Vrebos” – Genetic diversity ??
Indigenous basic material
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
− diversity assessed with 13 SSR
− 321 individuals− 189 different genotypes− 28 clonal clusters consisting of 49.9 % of the individuals− trees per cluster: 2 42 − area of cluster: 0.10 302.35 m²− distance between tree: 0.10 36.98 m− heterozygosity
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
0 50 100 150 200x
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0 50 100 150 200x
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SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Seed Stand “Vrebos”Indigenous basic material
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
− to be investigated• age structure of stand• parenthood analysis• cross-compatibility of genotypes
phenological compatibility (flowering period)gametophytic (in)compatibility (SI-system)
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
ObjectiveObjectiveObjective
PriorityPriorityPriority SpeciesSpeciesSpecies
Breeding Strategies
Research Research Research ToolsToolsTools
SelectionSelectionSelection CriteriaCriteriaCriteria
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
BreedingBreeding StrategyStrategyBreedingBreeding isisDoingDoing youryour bestbestSelectionSelection the bestthe bestAndAnd……HopingHoping forfor the bestthe best
However
Provenance trials List of Recommended Provenances
Selection of Seed Stands
Creation of Seed Orchards
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
ObjectiveObjectiveObjective
PriorityPriorityPriority SpeciesSpeciesSpecies
BreedingBreedingBreeding StrategiesStrategiesStrategies
Research Tools
SelectionSelectionSelection CriteriaCriteriaCriteria
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
ResearhResearh ToolsTools
Field trials (clonal - progeny - provenance trails)
Quantitative genetics relevance of selection criteria
Fytopathological research (resistance breeding)
Molecular support
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
ObjectiveObjectiveObjective
PriorityPriorityPriority SpeciesSpeciesSpecies
BreedingBreedingBreeding StrategiesStrategiesStrategies
Research Research Research ToolsToolsTools
Selection Criteria
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
BREEDING = SELECTINGBREEDING = SELECTING
SELECTING = CRITERIASELECTING = CRITERIA
Vigour
Morphology
Phenology
Wood Quality
Disease resistance
Genetic diversity
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
StrategyStrategy 1 1 –– Provenance Researchestablishment of 1 provenance trial in 2002
collaboration INBO & CRNBF (B) – LOBF (D) – Alterra (NL)
small-scale: 11 provenances (B:4 – NL:3 – D:4)
identification of provenances at the seed stand and seed orchard level
COST E42: forum for exchange of FRM (cf. RAP) ??
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
StrategyStrategy 2 2 –– Seed Stands
few perspectives for selection of aditional “natural” seedstands
alternative strategy: “creation” of seed stands
Certified Basic Material Selected plus trees
Seed harvest
Selection seedlingsin nursery
Non-certifief BM
Experimentalplantation
Seed harvest
Selectionplus treesSeed orchard
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Mommedeel
Creation of a new generation clonal seed orchard− higher productive capacity− higher genetic quality of off-spring (FRM)
Three major research topics− selection of mother trees− spatial design− spatial isolation
Practical realisation
StrategyStrategy 3 3 –– Seed Orchards
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– Selection of mother treesSource = basic collection of van 159 genotypes
114 genotypes selected 11 populations (1976 – 1986)
Selection matureplus trees
Vegetativepropagation
Selection seedlingsin nursery
Seed harvestplus trees
Experimentalplantations
Selection juvenileclones
6 multi clonal plantations
Location Planting Nbr. Areaclones (ha)
Herne 1983 38 0.27 Grimminge I 1979 7 0.12 Grimminge II 1980 4 0.42 Grimminge III 1986 98 0.19 Moustier 1984 48 0.55 Mommedeel 1988 65 0.85
45 genotypes selected in 16 populations (1998 – 1999)
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SelectionSelection of of mothermother treestreesSelectie strategy (1/3)
Identification of identical genotypes (AFLP & 13 SSR)168 selected plus trees 159 different genotypes
Criteria:− vigour (tree height)
− form (stem straightness, branching habit, apical dominance)
− phenologie (flushing, bud set, flowering)
− disease resistance (bacterial canker, anthracnosis)
Clonal trials− in vitro propagation of all genotypes− establishment of 8 experimantal plots ( 5.4 ha )− estamition of heritability h²G of selection criteria
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Afstammingstesten− seed collection in multiclonal plantations half-sib progeny− establishment of 13 experimental plantations ( 11.3 ha )− estimation of heritability h²A of selection criteria− assessment of General Combining Ability (GCA) for each trait
for each genotype
n m i n m iGCA i = ( Σ Σ Tij ) / ( Σ m i ) - ( Σ Ti j ) / m ii=1 j=1 i=1 j=1
with m i = nbr. of seedlings within the hal-sib progeny of genotype in = number of genotypes
Selectie strategie (2/3)A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SelectionSelection of of mothermother treestrees
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Construction of a selection-index Isn
Is = Σ ( h²A * GCA ) ii = 1
with n = number of traits assessed
Selection of genotypes with Is – value > median
Selectie strategie (3/3)
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SelectionSelection of of mothermother treestrees
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Patch-like pollination pattern in wild cherry populations ?test-case: seed orchard Mommedeelparenthood analysis− selection of 16 equally distributed mother trees− ad random selection of 30 seedlings in the half-sib offspring of
each mother tree− identification of fathers using 13 SSRs and the SI-genotype
leave a scent mark on flowers they visitforage on small clusters of trees
Wild cherry = entomophilous
Pollen vector = bumble bees (Bombus spp.)
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Locus No. Alleles Size range HO HE DP PceGA34 13 129 - 165 0.89 0.86 0.95 Ps09F08 6 139 - 159 0.67 0.69 0.88 EMPA014 8 216 - 230 0.59 0.55 0.77 EMPaS01 4 222 - 238 0.75 0.63 0.72 EMPaS10 6 151 - 183 0.94 0.74 0.83 EMPaS11 4 73 - 106 0.69 0.54 0.63 EMPaS12 5 122 - 148 0.75 0.70 0.83 EMPaS14 3 196 - 210 0.75 0.66 0.75 EMPaS02 5 133 - 145 0.81 0.75 0.87 EMPaS06 5 200 - 218 0.69 0.71 0.81 EMPA004 4 180 - 188 0.79 0.71 0.79 EMPA005 4 237 - 253 0.50 0.52 0.71 EMPA015 7 216 - 239 0.71 0.76 0.88 EMPA018 5 94 - 106 0.57 0.60 0.79 SI 19 1,00 0,96
Multiplex AMultiplex B
Internal pollenflux38 % of father within the seed orchard
75 % of pollen donors within a distance of 10 m frommother tree (= 2 x planting distance)
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45
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Distance from mother tree (m)
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Spatial arrangement of mother trees in futur seed orchard: neighbouring trees should
be cross-compatible
• phenologically: overlap of flowering period• gametophytically: different SI-genotype
produce an offspring superior compared to any otherrandom father / mother combination (high SCA)
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
Phenological compatibility
observation of flowering period
• crown divided in 4 strata
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
• observation of share of fully opened flowers per stratum everytwo days from 02/04/2005 10/052005
• 16560 observations !
Phenological compatibility
observation of flowering period
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
0
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0 48 120 168 216 312 384 504 720 888
Time since first observation (hours)
Shar
e of
fully
ope
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flow
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(%)
Phenological compatibility
however…• fully opened flowers only receptive for 38 hours• viability of pollen in pollen bags of bumble bees = 12 hrs
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
0
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0 48 96 144 192 240 288 336 384 432 480 528 576 624 672 720 768 816 864 912
T ime since f irst o bservat io n (ho urs)
Phenological compatibility
no significant difference between ramets of one genotype
observations of 2002 and 2004 are concordant
no influence of exposure and location of tree withinthe seed orchard
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
N
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Phenological compatibility
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1721 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 4142 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 6162 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 8283 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393
Sx Sy
S-locus
Gametophytic self-incompatibilitygenetic basis: S – allelesS – locus = polymorph: 13 S - alleles in cv’ s + 6 in wild cherry
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
S1S2 S1S2 S1S2
S3 S4 S3 S1 S1 S2
Compatible Semi-Compatible Incompatible
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Gametophytic self-incompatibilitygenetic basis: S – allelesS – locus = polymorph: 13 S - alleles in cv’ s + 6 in wild cherrygenotypes with the same SI-genotype are cross-incompatible
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Gametophytic self-incompatibility
molecular identification of S-alleles
sizing of introns
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
2nd Intron 1st Intron
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Gametophytic self-incompatibility
molecular identification of S-alleles
sizing of introns
allel-specific PCR
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Gametophytic self-incompatibility
control through controlled crosses
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Gametophytic self-incompatibility
sequencing of new alleles
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Specific Combining Ability
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial designdesign
Genotype G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 … Gn-1 Gn
G1 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T1(n-1) T1n
G2 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T2(n-1) T2n
G3 T34 T35 T36 T37 T3(n-1) T3n
G4 T45 T46 T47 T4(n-1) T4n
G5 T56 T57 T5(n-1) T5n
G6 T67 T6(n-1) T6n
G7 T7(n-1) T7n…
Gn-1 T(n-1)(n)
Gn
DI-ALLEL CROSSES
Minimizing genetic pollution
Mommedeel: 62 % of the pollen is coming from outside the orchard
From where….?
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial isolationisolation
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial isolationisolation
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
Minimizing genetic pollution
Mommedeel: 62 % of the pollen is coming from outside the orchard
From where….?
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– SpatialSpatial isolationisolation
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
38%14%44%4%
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– PrakticalPraktical realisationrealisation
Vegetative propagation of selected mothertreesgrafting on dwarfing rootstock“Gisela 5”: compromis between dwarfing / compatibility
Planting
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– Practical Practical realisationrealisation
Vegetative propagation of selected mothertreesgrafting on dwarfing rootstock“Gisela 5”: compromis between dwarfing / compatibility
Planting
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
A A newnew seedseed orchardorchard –– Practical Practical realisationrealisation
Managementpruningcontrol of herbaceous vegetationbird netsbumble bee hives
SelectionSelection and and BreedingBreeding ofofWild Wild CherryCherry
ThankThank youyou forfor youryourkind kind attentionattention