Objective 1.4

Objective 1.4

Objective 1.3

Objective 1.3

•offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses; opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence

*Essay

Objective 1.3

Objective 1.3

•The aim of research at the biological level of analysis is significantly different from research at the cognitive and socio-cultural level.

•You will need to have a clear understanding of how and why two research methods can be used specifically at the biological level of analysis with specific research study examples.

First things first, what are First things first, what are ethical considerationsethical considerations? ?

This should be discussed in your This should be discussed in your essay.essay.

• Ethics are Ethics are codes or rules codes or rules which which govern the govern the practices of a research practices of a research study.study.

• It dictates how It dictates how information, and information, and participant relationships participant relationships should be managed. should be managed.

Ethical Considerations:Ethical Considerations:

• An action may An action may be be legal legal but unethicalbut unethical. . However However some acts are both illegal some acts are both illegal and unethical. and unethical.

• Ethical considerations Ethical considerations occur when you are occur when you are required to use these required to use these rules to rules to better serve your better serve your participant in your participant in your research study. research study.

Ethical Considerations:Ethical Considerations:

General ethical General ethical consideration topics at consideration topics at the Biological Level of the Biological Level of analysis:analysis:

•Animal & Human Animal & Human considerationsconsiderations

•Post-Mortem considerationsPost-Mortem considerations

•Genetic research Genetic research considerationsconsiderations

Objective 1.4Objective 1.4

Objective 1.4

Objective 1.4

Discussion Discussion

QuestionQuestion

Objective 1.4

Objective 1.4

Objective 1.4

Objective 1.4

Objective 1.4

Objective 1.4

Two British scientists, Two British scientists, Bill Bill Russell and Rex Burch Russell and Rex Burch introduced the introduced the “3Rs” “3Rs” as a as a framework for considering framework for considering the ethical use of animals. the ethical use of animals.

•ReplacementReplacement

•RefinementRefinement

•ReductionReduction

Objective 1.4

• If animal experiments can not be avoided If animal experiments can not be avoided protocols should be refined to protocols should be refined to minimize any minimize any adverse effects adverse effects for each individual animal.for each individual animal.

• Appropriate Appropriate anesthesia and numbing anesthesia and numbing should be should be used for any surgical intervention. used for any surgical intervention.

• Staff should be Staff should be well trained,well trained, and housing and housing should be of a high standard with appropriate should be of a high standard with appropriate environmental enrichment. Animals should be environmental enrichment. Animals should be protected from pathogens.protected from pathogens.

Russell and Burch sought to ensure the Russell and Burch sought to ensure the following considerations for animals:following considerations for animals:

1. 1. ReductionReduction – – reducing the reducing the number of animalsnumber of animals used in used in experiments byexperiments by

a. improving experimental a. improving experimental techniquestechniques

b. improving techniques of b. improving techniques of data analysisdata analysis

c. sharing information with c. sharing information with other researchersother researchers

2. 2. Refinement Refinement – refining the – refining the experiment or the way experiment or the way animals are cared for so as animals are cared for so as to reduce their sufferingto reduce their suffering by by

a. using as a. using as few invasive few invasive techniquestechniques as possible as possible

b. providing b. providing better medical better medical and anesthetic careand anesthetic care

c. providing better c. providing better living living conditionsconditions

3. 3. ReplacementReplacement – replacing – replacing experiments on animals with experiments on animals with alternative techniques such asalternative techniques such as

a. experimenting on a. experimenting on cell structures cell structures instead of whole animalsinstead of whole animals

b. using b. using computer models (as is computer models (as is the case with many gene studies)the case with many gene studies)

c. using c. using human volunteers human volunteers (whenever ethically possible)(whenever ethically possible)

d. using d. using case studies case studies (population (population studies designed to examine studies designed to examine associations between personal associations between personal characteristics and environmental characteristics and environmental exposures that increase the risk of exposures that increase the risk of disease)disease)

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