object definition

8/7/2019 Object Definition

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Definition: The object is the person or thing affected by the actiondescribed in the verb. A verb may be followed by an object that

completes the verb's meaning.

For example:

He wrote the book.

* "book" is the object, created by the action of writing.

I saw the film.* "film" is the object, sensed by the subject seeing it.

Complex ObjectsLike subjects, objects can be complex, consisting of the simple

object and all the words which modify it.

For example:

I finally bought the dress I had tried on at least thirty times.* Simple object - dress

* Complex object - the dress I had tried on at least thirtytimes

He chose the mangy puppy shivering over in the corner of the

cage.* Simple object - puppy

* Complex object - the mangy puppy shivering over in thecorner of the cage.

Not all verbs are followed by objects.

For example:

The guest speaker rose from her chair to protest.

After work, Randy usually jogs around the canal.

Types of object

Two kinds of objects follow verbs: direct objects and indirect objects.

Direct object: Refers to a person or thing affected by theaction of the verb.

Indirect object: Refers to a person or thing who receives

the direct object.

For example:


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He opened the door.* Here the door is the direct object as it is the thing being

affected by the verb to open.

I gave him the book.

* Here him (he) is the indirect object as he is the beneficiaryof the action.

Direct Object

Indirect Object

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English Grammar

English Language

DIRECT OBJECTDefinition: A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a "tr

verb" in an active sentence or shows the result of the action. It answers the que"What?" or "Whom?" after an action verb.

For example:

Mary burnt the toast.

* What did Mary burn? - She burnt the toast. "toast" is the direct object

A simple direct object is only the noun or pronoun, whereas a complex direct ob

consists of that noun and pronoun and any modifiers that accompany it.

For example:

Mary burnt the toast and the eggs.

* What did Mary burn? - She burnt the toast and the eggs. "toast" and "ethe direct objects.

Useful method for determining direct objects

Another useful method for determining whether a noun or noun phrase acts as t

object is to attempt to rephrase the sentence in the passive voice. If you can tusentence into the passive form, then the direct object of the active sentence bec
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subject of the passive sentence. If the noun or noun phrase is not a direct objecthe sentence will not convert into a passive form.

For example:

Active: Todd sang a song.

=> Passive: A song was sung by Todd.* The direct object, "a song," of the active sentence becomes the subject

passive one.

Active: Ashley became a track star.

* "A track star" is not a direct object and thus cannot become the subject passive sentence.

Examples

She closed the door.* "door" is the direct object because it is directly affected by her action.

Mail the letter and call him

* "letter" and "him" are direct objects

King Arthur grabbed his sword.

* King Arthur is the subject, because he performs the verb. "Grabbed" is t

"his" is a possessive pronoun; the sword is the direct object because the gperformed upon it.

Object

Indirect ObjectNoun

INDIRECT OBJECTDefinition: An indirect object precedes the direct object and tells to whom or f

the action of the verb is done and who is receiving the direct object. There mustdirect object to have an indirect object. Indirect objects are usually found with v

giving or communicating like give, bring, tell, show, take, or offer. An indirect oalways a noun or pronoun which is not part of a prepositional phrase. Indirect o

usually placed directly before the direct object.

For example:
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He gave Mary a rose.* The predicate of the above sentence consists of the transitive verb "gave

indirect object "Mary," and the direct object "rose."

Indirect objects can also be complex, consisting of the simple indirect object andwords describing it.

For example:

I bought the little boy with the crooked grin a lollipop.* simple indirect object = "boy"

* complex indirect object = "the little boy with the crooked grin"

Examples

She gave me the report.* Who received the report? "Me". So "Me" is the Indirect object.

King Arthur put her sword on the table.* King Arthur is the subject; "put" is the verb; the sword is the direct obje

table is the indirect object.

Object

Direct Object

Noun

NOUNDefinition: A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals,objects, substances, states, events and feelings. Nouns can be a

subject or an object of a verb, can be modified by an adjective and

can take an article or determiner.

For example:

Table

Pencil

The dog

A white house
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Nouns also denote abstract and intangible concepts.

For example:

birth happiness

evolution

technology, etc.

Noun PluralsWe are going to explain some rules that will help you to form the

plural forms of the nouns. The general rule is to add "-s" to the noun

in singular.

For exaample:

Book - Books

House - Houses

Chair - Chairs

When the singular noun ends in: -sh, -ch, -s, -ss, -x, -o we form

their plural form by adding "-es".

For exaample:

sandwich - sandwiches brush - brushes

bus - buses

box - boxes

potato - potatoes

When the singular noun ends in "y", we change the "y" for "i" and

then add "-es" to form the plural form. But do not change the "y" for

"ies" to form the plural when the singular noun ends in "y" precededby a vowel.

For exaample:

nappy - nappies

day - days

toy - toys

However, there are many Irregular Nouns which do not form the


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plural in this way:

For exaample:

Woman - Women Child - Children

Sheep - Sheep

Nouns may take an " 's " ("apostrophe s") or "Genitive marker" to

indicate possession. If the noun already has an -s ending to markthe plural, then the genitive marker appears only as an apostrophe

after the plural form.

For example:

my girlfriend's brother John's house

The Browns' house

The boys' pens

The genitive marker should not be confused with the " 's " form of

contracted verbs, as in John's a good student = John is a goodstudent.

Noun Gender

Many common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher", can refer to menor women. Once, many English nouns would change form depending

on their gender. For example: A man was called an "author" while awoman was called an "authoress".

For example:

David Garrick was a very prominent eighteenth-century actor.

Sarah Siddons was at the height of her career as an actress inthe 1780s.

The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn't

decide whether he was advertising for a "waiter" or a"waitress"

Types of Nouns

Proper nouns are the names of specific things, people, or

places, such as Jhon, France. They usually begin with a capital


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letter.

Common nouns are general names such as person, mansion,

and book. They can be either concrete or abstract.

Concrete nouns refer to things which you can sense such as

clock and telephone. Abstract nouns refer to ideas or qualities such as liberty and

truth.

Countable nouns refer to things which can be counted (can

be singular or plural)

Uncountable nouns refer to some groups of countable

nouns, substances, feelings and types of activity (can only besingular)

Noun

Abstract NounCommon Noun

Concrete Noun

Count Noun

Proper NounUncountable Noun

Back to:

English Grammar

English Language

AUXILIARY VERBDefinition: Auxiliary verbs are used together with a main verb to give gramma

information and therefore add extra meaning to a sentence, which is not given bmain verb.

Be, Do and Have are auxiliary verbs, they are irregular verbs and can be used a

verbs.

Modal verbs are also auxiliary verbs, but will be treated separately, these are ca

may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.

To be: Be is the most common verb in the English language. It can be used as
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auxiliary and a main verb. It is used a lot in its other forms.

Present tense form Past tense form

am/is/are was/were

Uses:

Am/Is/Are:

Question Positive Statement Negative Statement

Singular

Am I? I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not)

Are you? You are (You're) You are not (You're not/You aren't

Ishe/she/it?

He/she/it is(He's/She's/It's)

He/she/it is not (He/she/it isn't//He/she/it's not)

Plural

Are we? We are (We're) We are not (We aren't/We're not)

Are you? You are (You're) You are not (You aren't/You're not

Are they? They are (They're) They are not (They aren't/They're

Examples:

Am/Are Is

Question - ? "Am Idisturbing you?" "Is this your coat

Positive Answer - Yes "Yes you are." "Yes it is"

Negative Answer - No "No you're not." "No it isn't"

Note: The auxiliary verb 'be'can be followed either by the -ed form or by the -i

To do: The verb do is one of the most common verbs in English. It can be used

auxiliary and a main verb. It is often used in questions.

Uses:

Do / Does

QuestionPositive Statement

(spoken)Negative Statement (spoke

Singular

Do I? I do I do not (I don't)

Do you? You do You do not (You don't)


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Doeshe/she/it?

He/she/it doesHe/she/it does not (He/she/itdoesn't)

Plural

Do we? We do We do not (We don't)

Do you? You do You do not (You don't)Do they? They do They do not (They don't)

Examples:

Do Does

Question - ?"Do you always take the

bus to work?"

"Does she ever do her

homework on time?"

Positive Answer -

Yes"Yes I do." "Yes she does."

Negative Answer- No

"No I don't." "No she doesn't."

Note: The auxiliary verb 'do'is always followed by the base form (infinitive).

To have: Have is one of the most common verbs in the English language. Have

a variety of ways.

Uses:

Have/Has

QuestionPositive Statement

(spoken)Negative Statement (spoken

Singular

Have I? I have (I've) I have not (I haven't/I've not)

Have you? You have (You've)You have not (You haven't/You'v

not)

Has

he/she/it?He/she/it has (He/she/it 's) He/she/it has not (He/she/it has

Plural

Have we? We have (We've) We have not (We haven't/We've

Have you? You have (You've)You have not (You haven't/You'v

not)

Have they? They have (They've)They have not (They haven't/Th

not)


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Have is often used to indicate possession (I have) or (I have got).

Examples:

Have Have got

Question - ?"Do you have a car?" or "Have youa car?"

"Have you gotacar?"

Positive Answer -

Yes"Yes Ihave a car." "Yes I've gota c

Negative Answer -

No"No I don't have a car."

"No I haven't go

car."

Have is also used to indicate necessity (I have to) or (I have got to).

Have to Have got to

Question - ? "Do you have to leaveearly?" "Have you got to leaveearly?"

Positive Answer -Yes

"Yes Ihave to." or "Yes Ido"

"Yes I've gotto."

Negative Answer -

No"No I don't have to." "No I haven't gotto."

Have is used to show an action.

Question - ? "Have you washed your face?"

Positive Answer - Yes " Yes I have."

Negative Answer - No " No I haven't."

Note: When showing an action the auxiliary verb 'have'is always followed by t

participle form.

IMPERATIVEDefinition: Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands,warning orinstructions, and (if you use "please") to make a request. It is one of the three man English verb (indicative, imperative and subjunctive).

For example:


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Give me that tape, please.

To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without "to"

For example:

Come here!

Sit down!

To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:

For example:

Don't go!

Do not walk on the grass.

You can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the impe

The negative of "let's" is "let's not".

For example:

Let's stop now.

Let's have some lunch.

Let's not argue

Let's not tell her about it.

Orders

Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of autHowever, adults can give orders to children and to animals. The intonation of an

important: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence:

For example:

Sit down now!* "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".

Warnings

You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the wastressed, but the last word has a higher tone than the first word:

For example:


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Sit down now!* "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".

Watch out!

Look out!

Don't cross!

Advice

When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally.

For example:

Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a bett

Don't drink alcohol

Don't eat heavy meals

RequestsYou can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite w

before the verb:

For example:

Please take a seat.

Please wait here.

Please hold the line. Please don't smoke here.

Notes:

Note that an imperative sentence does not require a subject; the pronoun "you"

implied.

Agreement

GERUNDDefinition: A Gerund is the form of a verb when it acts as a noun; a gerund (of

known as an -ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing.

For example:
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Studying is good for you.

Formation: Base Form + ING

Gerunds can act as the subject or object of a main verb.

For example:

Going to parties is fun.

Hunting elephants is dangerous.

Flying makes me nervous.

* Here, gerunds are subjects

I enjoy reading.

* Here, gerund is object

UseCertain words like adjectives, prepositions, verbs, nouns are followed by an Ing-

Use after certain adjectives

Adjectives (with Prepositions) followed by the Gerund

afraid of

angry about / at

bad atbusy

clever atinterested in

proud of

crazy about

disappointed about

excited aboutfamous for

fond ofsorry about

worried about

For example:

Hes afraid ofgoing by plane.

I am interested invisiting the museum.

He is clever atskateboarding.

The girl is crazy aboutplaying tennis.

I'm worried aboutmaking mistakes.

Use after certain prepositionsPrepositions followed by the Gerund

about

afterapart from

by

ininstead of


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because ofbefore

onwithout

For example:

Beforegoing to bed he turned off the lights. She avoided him bywalking on the opposite side of the road.

We arrived in Madrid afterdriving all night.

He told the joke withoutlaughing.

Use after certain verbs

Verbs followed by the Gerund

admitadvise

allow

appreciateavoid

suggestunderstand

miss

reject

considerdelay

deny

dislikeenjoy

resistimagine

permit

practise

For example:

I enjoycooking.

He admittedhaving driven too fast. Ralph is consideringbuying a new house.

I delayedtelling Max the news.

They missplaying with their friends.

Use after certain nouns

Nouns with Prepositions followed by the Gerund

advantage ofalternative of

chance ofchoice between

danger of

doubt aboutexperience in

funhope of

point in

idea ofinterest in

opportunity ofpleasure in

problem

reason fortrouble in

usewaste of money

waste of time


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For example:

We had problems finding our way back home.

There's no point in waiting any longer.

What is the advantage offarming over hunting? He is in doubt aboutbuying the correct software for his computer system

There's a real reason forwinning the contest.

Rules:

If a verb ends with -e, it loses the last letter before adding the -ing suffix.

Agreement

INFINITIVEDefinition: Infinitive is the base form of the verb. The infinitive form of a verb

form which follows "to".

For example:

(to) go, (to) be,(to) ask, (to) fight, (to) understand, (to) walk .

Infinitives may occur with or without the infinitive marker "to". Infinitives withou

known as "bare infinitives".

For example:

Help me open the door.

OTHER FORMSThe infinitive can have the following forms:

1. The perfect infinitive

to have + past participle

For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.

This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using conditional perfect.

For example:

If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
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Someone must have broken the window and climbed in. I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.

He pretended to have seen the film.

If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.

2. The continuous infinitive

to be + present participle

For example: to be swimming, to be joking, to be waiting

Examples:

I'd really like to be swimming in a nice cool pool right now.

You must be joking!

I happened to be waiting for the bus when the accident happened.

3. The perfect continuous infinitive

to have been + present participle

Examples: to have been crying, to have been waiting, to have been painti

Examples:

The woman seemed to have been crying.

You must have been waiting for hours!

He pretended to have been painting all day.

4. The passive infinitiveto be + past participle

For example: to be given, to be shut, to be opened

Examples:

I am expecting to be given a pay-rise next month.

These doors should be shut.

This window ought to be opened.


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NOTE: As with the present infinitive, there are situations where the "to" is omitt

Examples

He claimed to be an expert. I managed to reach the top of the hill.

Don't pretend that you know the answer.

She failed to explain the problem clearly.

The customs man demanded to search our luggage.

I can't afford to go out tonight.

Verbs

Finite Verb

Gerund

CONDITIONALSDefinition: The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something elsconditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations, they are sometimes

clauses. Real Conditional describes real-life situations. Unreal Conditional descriunreal, imaginary situations.

For example: Ifa certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.

There are four basic conditionals that we use in English.

Zero Conditional

First Conditional

Second Conditional

Third Conditional

* There are some more conditionals formed by mixing some of these four.

Structure of Conditional Sentences

The Zero Conditional is used for actions that are always true when the conditionsatisfied. The structure of the conditionals is straightforward. There are two bas

possibilities in terms of order in the sentence:

IF Condition Result

If it rains, we will get wet
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Result IF Condition

we will get wet If it rains,

* Notice that we only use a comma in the first example.

Conditionals: Time and Probability Table

Probability Conditional Example Ti

Certain zero conditionalIf you heat water to 100 degreescelsius, it boils

any t

Likely first conditional If it rains, I will stay in. futur

Unlikely second conditional If I won the lottery, I would retire. futur

Impossible second conditionalIf I had the money, I would lend it

to youprese

Impossible third conditional

If I had seen him, I would have

given him the message. past

Zero Conditional: Certainty

The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condimet.

Formation: if + present simple, + present simple

IF Condition Result Situatio

present simple present simple

If you heat water to 100 degrees celsius, it boils. fact- unive present simple present simple

If I drink coffee, I get a headache. fact- perso

In these examples, the result will always occur if the condition is met, so the tim

important.

First Conditional: A real possibility in the future

A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of anotaction or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the

being satisfied.

Formation: if + present simple, + will

For example: If she gets good grades, she will go to university.

We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition an

the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use


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modal verbs in the result part of the sentence. For example:

IF Condition Result Possibility

Ifshe gets good

grades,

she will go to

university.

If the condition is met, then she

definitely will go

If he gets goodgrades,

he may go touniversity.

He is not sure about going touniversity.

Ifshe gets good

grades,

she should go to

university.

The speaker is expressing his or h

opinion, giving advice.

Ifhe gets good

grades,

he can go to

university.This means that it is possible.

Ifshe gets good

grades,

she could go to

university.

This means that it is possible, bu

that likely.

Ifhe gets goodgrades,

he might go touniversity.

This means that it is possible, buthat likely.

We can also use different present forms in the condition part of the sentence lipresent simple, present progressive, present perfect, etc

Second Conditional: Imaginary Present or Unlikely Future

The Second Conditional can be used used to talk about imaginary present situatwhere we are imagining something different from what is really the case. We ca

it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen, as the condition

to be met. We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result.

Formation: if + past simple, + would + base form

For Example: If I were you, I'd tell her.

IF Condition Time Result Possibility

past simple presentWOULD + base

verbimpossible

IfI had the

time,

I would learn

Italian.

I don't have the time, so I'm n

going to learn Italian.

past simple futureWOULD + baseverb

unlikely

IfI won thelottery

I would travelaround the world.

There's a very small chance ofwinning the lottery, so the trip

unlikely

We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part of the sentenc

IF Condition Result Certainty


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past simpleWOULD + baseverb

IfI had thetime,

I would learnItalian.

Although unlikely to happen, the speake

sure that they would do it given theopportunity.

IfI had moretime,

I mightlearnEnglish.

Although unlikely to happen, it is only apossibility anyway.

IfI had moretime,

I shouldlearn

some more aboutIT.

Although unlikely to happen, the speake

saying that it would be a good idea, bunot committed to it.

IfI had more

time

I couldlearn

Hindi.

Although unlikely to happen, it is only a

possibility anyway.

Third Conditional: Imaginary Past The third conditional is used when we are

about the past and imagining something different from what actually happened,

means for imaginary past actions, where the conditions for the action WERE NOTsatisfied.

Formation: if + past perfect, + would have + past participle

For example: If I had known, I would have helped. I didn't know and didn't help

IF Condition Result Certainty

past perfectWOULD HAVE+

past participle

If I had known, I would havehelped. Although this didn't happen, thespeaker is sure about the result.

If I had known,I could havehelped.

Although this didn't happen, the ris only a possibility.

If I had known,I might havehelped.

Although this didn't happen, the ris only a possibility.

Ifyou had

known,

you should have

helped.

Although this didn't happen, it is o

good suggestion or piece ofadv

Third Second Mixed Conditionals For imaginary present actions or situations

not possible because the necessary conditions were not met in the past.

Formation: if + past perfect, + would + base form

For example:

If you had taken the course, you would know about it. (The conditions wer

because the person did not do the course and as a result does not know a


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now.)

Second Third Mixed Conditionals To avoid the illogicality of saying 'If I had bwhich means that I was not you on that occasion, but could be in the future, wh

course, impossible.

Formation: if + past simple, + would have + past participle

For example:

If I were you, I wouldn't have done that.

When the first part is still true

For example:

If I could speak English, I wouldn't have needed to get the letter translate

means that I couldn't speak English then when I needed the translator and

can't)

PASSIVEDefinition: The Passive occurs in most aspects and tenses and changes the em

Formation:To be + Past Participle

We use the passive form to say what happens to people and things, to say whatto them.

For example:

English is spoken here.

The car is being repaired.

We use the passive form when we don't know who did the action.

For example:

The car was damaged while it was parked on the street.

The shirts were made in Turkey.

We use the passive form when what was done is more important than who did i


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For example:

It was approved by Gerry last week.

I was informed by the Human Resources Manager only two days ago.

Notes: When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sent

The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentis dropped)

For example:

Rita writes a letter.

=> A letter is written by Rita. Rita is writing a letter.

=> A letter is being written by Rita.

Passive tenses and active equivalentsNotice that the tense of the verb to be in the passive voice is the same as the te

main verb in the active voice.

Example: to keep

TENSE / VERB FORM ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICESimple present keeps is kept

Present continuous is keeping is being kept

Simple past kept was kept

Past continuous was keeping was being kept

Present perfect have kept have been kept

Past perfect had kept had been kept

future will keep will be kept

Conditional present would keep would be keptConditional past would have kept would have been kep

present infinitive to keep to be kept

perfect infinitive to have kept to have been kept

present participle/gerund keeping being kept

perfect participle having kept having been kept


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CLAUSEDefinition: A clause is a part of a sentence, a string of words which expresses a

proposition and typically consists of at least a subject and a verb, and is joined tof the sentence by a conjunction. It is not a complete sentence on its own.

Examples:

Jhon sings

Yesterday we played baseball

* The sentence "He retired early because he was sad" contains two clauses, a m

clause, consisting of the whole sentence, and a subordinate clause, "becausesad".

There are two main types: independent (main clauses), dependent (subordinate

Independent clauses

An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb anexpresses a complete thought in both context and meaning.

For example:

The window opened

Independent clauses can be joined by a co-ordinating conjunction to form cocompound sentences.

Co-ordinating conjunction

and or not

but for so

yet

For example:

"The door opened" + "The man walked in" = The door opened and the man "Jim studied in the Sweet Shop" + "his chemistry quiz" = Jim studied in the

Shop for his chemistry quiz

Dependent ClausesA dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject an

does not express a complete thought. They can make sense on their own, but, tdependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. They are usuall

to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.Dependent clauses often begin with a a subordinating conjunction or relativ


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pronoun that makes the clause unable to stand alone.

Subordinating Conjunctions

after although as because

before even if even though if in order that once provided that rather tha

since so that than that

though unless until when

whenever where whereas whereve

whether while why

Relative Pronouns

that which whichever

who whoever whom

whose whosever whomever

For example

The door opened because the man pushed it

I wondered whether the homework was necessary

They will visit you before they go to the airport

Connecting dependent and independent clauses

Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to cobecause of the noise.

im studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hardconcentrate because of the noise.

Common Errors to avoid A comma splice is the use of a comma between two

independent clauses. You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by changing

comma to a semicolon, or by making one clause dependent by inserting a depenmarker word in front of it.

Incorrect:

I like this class, it is very interesting.

Correct:

I like this class. It is very interesting.


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I like this class; it is very interesting.

I like this class, and it is very interesting.

I like this class because it is very interesting.

Because it is very interesting, I like this class.

object definition

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