oas, justification and pre-feasibility study of an electrical interconnection for st. kitts and...

7/30/2019 OAS, Justification and Pre-Feasibility study of an electrical interconnection for St. Kitts and Nevis

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GXTPJEJDKPJAO KO@ ^RH)EHKTJBJLJPZ TPX@Z

AE KO HLHDPRJDKL JOPHRDAOOHDPJAO EAR

TP/ CJPPT KO@ OHUJT

Huhljho C/ Brh`hra`h ko` Chujo `h Dxbk@h~krpihop ae Txtpkjokblh @huhla~ihop

Arfkojwkpjao ae Kihrjdko Tpkpht

KBTPRKDP

Pmh Eh`hrkpjao ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt exllz `h~ho`t ao ~hpralhxi ji~arpt ear jpthlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz/ Mavhuhr, rhohvkblh hohrfz rhtaxrdht krh kbxo`kop ko` ~rauj`h pmha~~arpxojpz pa `juhrtjez pmh hohrfz ij} ko` `hdrhkth pmh ohfkpjuh ji~kdp ae mjfm ajl

~rjdht/ Pmjt rhthkrdm dai~rjtht ko hohrfz koklztjt ko` ko jophrdaoohdpjao ktthttihop kt~krp ae k ~rh)ehktjbjljpz tpx`z ear ko hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao ear Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt/

Pmh hohrfz koklztjt rhuhklh` pmkp pmh ji~lhihopkpjao ae eaxr Rhohvkblh Hohrfz ^raghdpt-RH^t* ) aoh bjaiktt, aoh fhapmhrikl ko` pva vjo` ~raghdpt ) ikpdmht pmh expxrh`hiko` ear bapm jtlko`t jo`h~ho`hoplz ko` dallhdpjuhlz/ Ixlpj~lh Ljohkr Rhfrhttjao-ILR*, ~rauh` pa bh k txddhttexl paal pa earhdktp iaopmlz hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` jo Ohujt/Ear Tp/ Cjppt ko h}jtpjof tpx`z vkt xth` pa ikch pmh ohdhttkrz `hiko` ~raghdpjaot, kt pmhkukjlkblh `kpkthp daxl` oap bh k~~ljh` tkpjtekdparjlz jo k ixlpj~lh rhfrhttjao koklztjt/

Pmh tpx`z eaxo` pmkp hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao bhpvhho Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt jt gxtpjejkblh

ko` tmaxl` hkth pmh tprkjoh` hohrfz tx~~lz tztphit ae bapm jtlko`t bz k``jof h}prkdk~kdjpz/ K``jpjaokllz, kt Tp/ Cjppt hodaxophrt ko hlhdprjdjpz `hejdjp, Ohujt vjll ~ra`xdhiarh hlhdprjdjpz pmko `hiko`h`/ K dratt bar`hr jophrdaoohdpjao bhzao` pmh Eh`hrkpjaotphrrjparz ijfmp oap bh ko kpprkdpjuh a~pjao kt pmh papkl a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz vjll oap bhtxeejdjhop pa thrujdh pmh okpjaot ~hkc `hiko` kephr 2>;8, 2>;5 ar 2>;=, `h~ho`jof ao pmh`hiko`)rkpja/ Pmjt xo`hr pmh kttxi~pjao pmkp daouhopjaokl hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz vjll bh~mkth` axp, pmh dk~kdjpz ae pmh RH^t vjll oap bh h}~ko`h`, ko` oa ohv RH^t vjll hophrpmh ejhl`/

Pmh daotprxdpjao ae k txbikrjoh dkblh bhpvhho Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt jt k ujkblh klphrokpjuh,vmjdm tmaxl` oap hodaxophr lkrfh fhafrk~mjdkl ko` rhfxlkparz `jeejdxlpjht/ Pmh

jotpjpxpjaokl erkihvarc tmaxl` bh prkot~krhop ko` dlath daa~hrkpjao bhpvhho pmhtpkchmal`hrt joualuh` vjll bh jo`jt~hotjblh pa ikch pmh RH^t txddhttexl ko` txtpkjokblh/


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Gxtpjejdkpjao ko` ^rh)Ehktjbjljpz Tpx`z ae ko Hlhdprjdkl Jophrdaoohdpjao ear Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt

2

;/ JOPRA@XDPJAO

;/; Bkdcfraxo` ko` ^rablhi @hejojpjao

Pmh Eh`hrkpjao ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt jt k Tikll Jtlko` @huhla~jof Tpkph -TJ@T* ladkph`

jo pmh oarpm)hktphro Dkrjbbhko rhfjao/ Pmh pva jtlko`t krh fhafrk~mjdkllz th~krkph` bz kpva ijlh tprhpdm ae vkphr/ Tp/ Cjppt jt pmh lkrfhtp jtlko` ko` dauhrt ko krhk ae 58 t{/ ijlht/Pmh ~a~xlkpjao ao Tp/ Cjppt jt k~~ra}jikphlz 4>,>>> vjpm k ~a~xlkpjao `hotjpz ae ;=5~hrtaot ~hr t{xkrh ijlht/ Ohujt kp 45 t{ ijlht jt taihvmkp tikllhr/ Pmh ~a~xlkpjao jthtpjikph` pa bh ;2,>>> ko` pmh ~a~xlkpjao `hotjpz jt lavhr pmko Tp/ Cjppt3 ;;; ~hrtaot~hr t{xkrh ijlh/; Pmh hdaoaiz ae pmh Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt jt dmkrkdphrjwh` bz kfrjdxlpxrh2,paxrjti ko` ljfmp ikoxekdpxrjof jo`xtprjht/

Dxrrhoplz kll hlhdprjdjpz jt ~ra`xdh` bz `jhthl exhlh` fhohrkpart/ Pmjt ~lkdht Tp/ Cjppt koÒhujt jo k uxlohrkblh ~atjpjao kt pmh jtlko`t krh exllz `h~ho`hop ao ji~arph` eattjl exhlear pmhjr hlhdprjdjpz fhohrkpjao ko` prkot~arpkpjao exhl/ Pmh ~rjdh ear hlhdprjdjpz mkt bhho

ch~p krpjejdjkllz lav, ~rjikrjlz pmraxfm k txbtj`z tdmhih jojpjkph` bz pmh fauhroihop/Mavhuhr, pmh jodrhkth jo pmh ~rjdh ae ajl jo rhdhop zhkrt ~rai~ph` pmh fauhroihop pajojpjkph k exhl txrdmkrfh jo Adpabhr 2>>8 jo Tp/ Cjppt/ Ohujt eallavh` txjp pva iaopmtlkphr jo @hdhibhr 2>>8/ Ajl ~rjdht mkuh daopjoxh` pa jodrhkth, tjodh ji~lhihopkpjao aepmh exhl txrdmkrfh, ko` kt k rhtxlp, rhpkjl ~rjdht ear hlhdprjdjpz mkuh àxblh` erai lkph 2>>8pa Kxfxtp 2>>=/

Pmjt `h~ho`hodz ao eattjl exhlt oap aolz rhtxlpt jo xorhljkblh ko` dxrrhoplz mjfm hohrfz~rjdht, jp klta daoprjbxpht pa flabkl dljikph dmkofh/ Pmh kttadjkph` ~raghdph` thk lhuhl rjthdko mkuh thuhrh ji~ljdkpjaot ear daktpkl daiixojpjht ljch Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt/ Iarhauhr,mjfmhr adhko phi~hrkpxrht vjll ljchlz jodrhkth pmh jophotjpz ae mxrrjdkoht vjpm jodrhkth`

vjo` t~hh`t ko` iarh ~rhdj~jpkpjaot -J^DD, 2>>6*/ Abujaxtlz, pmh jo`juj`xkldaoprjbxpjao ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt pa flabkl hohrfz daotxi~pjao jt ikrfjokl/Ohuhrpmhlhtt, Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt dko bhdaih ko h}ki~lh ae mav hohrfz tx~~lz`juhrtjejdkpjao pavkr`t jo`jfhoaxt rhohvkblh rhtaxrdht dko tpjixlkph pmh hdaoaiz ko`drhkph ohv gabt/

@ht~jph pmh `jeejdxlpjht tikll jtlko` `huhla~jof tpkpht ljch Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt hodaxophrjo tx~~lzjof pmhjr hohrfz ohh`t3 pmh a~~arpxojpjht ear fhohrkpjof hlhdprjdjpz ko` ~ra`xdjofprkot~arpkpjao exhl erai rhohvkblh rhtaxrdht thhi kbxo`kop/ Pmh heearpt pa `juhrtjez pmhhohrfz ~arpealja ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt tpkrph` jo 2>>;/ Kt k rhtxlp ae pmh ao)fajof varcae pmh Arfkojwkpjao ae pmh Kihrjdko Tpkpht -AKT* ko` apmhr jotpjpxpjaot, pmhrh mkt bhhotjfojejdkop ~rafrhtt jo pmh `huhla~ihop ae rhohvkblh hohrfz klphrokpjuht jo Tp/ Cjppt %Ohujt/ Pmhth rhtxlph` jo pmh eallavjof Rhohvkblh Hohrfz ^raghdpt -RH^t* pmkp krhdxrrhoplz xo`hr fauhroihop rhujhv ar krh jo `huhla~ihop7

; XT @h~krpihop ae Tpkph, 2>>=/ Kukjlkblh erai mpp~7!!vvv/tpkph/fau!r!~k!hj!bfo!240;/mpi2 Erai ;50> aovkr`t, txfkr vkt pmh ~rjikrz h}~arp ~ra`xdp/ Mavhuhr, `xh pa pmh rjtjof ~ra`xdpjao datptko` lav ikrchp ~rjdht pmh fauhroihop `hdj`h` pa tmxp àvo pmh tpkph avoh` txfkr dai~kojht kp pmh ho` aeGxlz 2>>8 -Jbj`*/


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K 8 IV bjaiktt ~zralztjt tztphi jo Tp/ Cjppt3

K ;> IV vjo` ~krc jo Tp/ Cjppt, vjpm pmh ~attjbjljpz pa h}pho` pa 2> IV3

K fhapmhrikl ~raghdp jo Ohujt vjpm ko jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz ae kp lhktp 40 IV3ko`

K ;/; IV vjo` ~krc jo Ohujt, vjpm pmh ~aphopjkl pa frav pa ;> IV/

Pmjt k``jpjaokl rhohvkblh hohrfz dk~kdjpz jt lkrfh daotj`hrjof pmh dxrrhop ~hkc `hiko`,vmjdm kiaxopt pa 28/4 IV jo Tp/ Cjppt ko` : IV jo Ohujt/ Pmhrh jt k ~attjbjljpz pmkphohrfz `hiko` ikz jodrhkth, kt Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt tvjpdmht erai ko kfrjdxlpxrh)bkth`hdaoaiz pa k mjfm)ho` paxrjti bkth` hdaoaiz/ Mavhuhr, tpkchmal`hrt h}~hdp pmkp pmh~rjdh ae hlhdprjdjpz vjll `ra~ aodh pmhth RH^t krh aoljoh kpprkdpjof apmhr -hohrfzjophotjuh* thdpart/ Pmjt ikz bh ko a~~arpxojpz pa `juhrtjez pmh hdaoaiz bz kpprkdpjofljfmp ikoxekdpxrjof jo`xtprjht, ear jotpkodh/

Ji~lhihopkpjao ae pmh RH^t rh{xjrht h}photjuh ~lkoojof ae pmh `huhla~ihop ae pmhhohrfz tx~~lz tztphi ko` jpt kttadjkph` joerktprxdpxrh/ Kp pmh iaihop, pmh hlhdprjdjpz

tztphit ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt krh a~hrkph` jo`h~ho`hoplz/ Hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao,prkot~arpjof hlhdprjdjpz erai aoh jtlko` pa pmh apmhr, thhit jo`jt~hotkblh jo ikcjof pmhRH^t ~raejpkblh/ Bhtj`ht pmh ekdjljpkpjao ae RH^t, jophfrkpjof rhfjaokl hohrfz tztphit mktiarh k`ukopkfht/ Jo k dkth tpx`z ear Kerjdk, pmh Varl` Hohrfz Daxodjl -2>>8* j`hopjejh`pmrhh k``jpjaokl ikgar bhohejpt7 ji~rauh` thdxrjpz ae tx~~lz3 bhpphr hdaoaijd heejdjhodz3ko` homkodh` houjraoihopkl {xkljpz/

;/2 Rhthkrdm [xhtpjao

Jo pmh daijof zhkrt, pmh hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz tztphi ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt vjll xo`hrfathuhrkl dmkofht/ Ao pmh aoh mko` pmh hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz ~arpealja vjll bh `juhrtjejh` ko`

pmh papkl jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz vjll jodrhkth/ Pmh RH^t vjll `hdrhkth pmh `h~ho`hodz aoearhjfo exhl ko` lavhr hlhdprjdjpz ~rjdht/ Pmjt ijfmp, ao pmh apmhr mko`, lhk` pa kojodrhkth jo pmh `hiko` ear hlhdprjdjpz/ Lhtt h}~hotjuh hlhdprjdjpz vjll ikch Tp/ Cjppt ko`Ohujt k iarh kpprkdpjuh ~lkdh ear -hohrfz jophotjuh* jo`xtprjht/ Exrpmhriarh, pmh paxrjtithdpar vjll daopjoxh pa h}~ko` fjuho pmh fauhroihop tpjixlxt, ko` iarh k rhljkblh ko`dmhk~hr hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz/

Kp ejrtp flkodh pmh `hiko` ko` tx~~lz ear hlhdprjdjpz thhi pa daxophrbklkodh/ Pmjt dkxth)heehdp `huhla~ihop mavhuhr, ihrjpt exrpmhr h}~lkokpjao, kt pmh ladkpjao ae txr~lxthlhdprjdjpz jt ljchlz pa bh Ohujt bhdkxth ae pmh lkrfh fhapmhrikl ~aphopjkl, vmjlh Tp/ Cjpptmkt dxrrhoplz ko` vjll daopjoxh pa mkuh pmh mjfmhr hlhdprjdjpz `hiko`/

Pmjt tpx`z jouhtpjfkpht mav pmh hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz ko` `hiko` dko bh ikpdmh` t~kpjkllzko` phi~arkllz, vmjlh pkcjof jopa kddaxop pmh ~hrt~hdpjuht ae pmh ~krpjht joualuh` j/h/fauhroihopt, `h~krpihopt, xpjljpjht ko` ~raghdp `huhla~hrt/ Pmh eallavjof rhthkrdm{xhtpjao mkt bhho `hejoh`7

Mav dko kll ~lkooh` rhohvkblh hohrfz ~raghdpt bh jopra`xdh` jopa pmh tikll)tdklh`jtprjbxpjao ohpvarc-t* ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt1


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Pmh rhikjojof thdpjaot fjuh ko auhrujhv ae pmh hohrfz tjpxkpjao jo Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt,jodlx`jof ko hohrfz koklztjt, ko jophrdaoohdpjao ktthttihop, k `htdrj~pjao ae pmhihpma`alafz k~~ljh`, ko` pmh rhtxlpt abpkjoh`/

2/ HLHDPRJDJPZ FHOHRKPJAO KO@ @JTPRJBXPJAO

Pmh jtlko`t ~avhr tztphit krh dxrrhoplz a~hrkph` jo`h~ho`hoplz ko` krh oapjophrdaoohdph`/ Pmh Tp/ Cjppt Hlhdprjdjpz @h~krpihop -TCH@* jt mhk`{xkrphrh` joBktthphrrh ko` pmh Ohujt Hlhdprjdjpz Dai~koz Ljijph` -OHULHD* jt mhk`{xkrphrh` joDmkrlhtpavo/ @hpkjlt ao pmh a~hrkpjaot ko` tprxdpxrh ae hkdm krh ~rauj`h` bhlav/

2/; Tp/ Cjppt Hlhdprjdjpz @h~krpihop

Dxrrhoplz, hlhdprjdjpz ~ra`xdpjao ko` `jtprjbxpjao jo Tp/ Cjppt jt ikokfh` bz pmh tpkphavoh` TCH@/ Pmh jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz ae pmh hjfmp `jhthl fhohrkpart kiaxopt pa 46/8 IVvmjlh pmh dxrrhop kukjlkblh dk~kdjpz jt 40/8 IV/ Pmjt thrujdht k ~hkc `hiko` ae 28/4

IV -G/ Dmkoohr, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;2, 2>>=*/ Pmh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpzdarrhdpt pmh kukjlkblh dk~kdjpz bz h}dlx`jof fhohrkpart ~ktth` pmh ljehpjih ae 2> zhkrtko` jodar~arkpht k tkehpz ikrfjo bz h}dlx`jof pmh lkrfhtp fhohrkpar kiaxopt pa ;=/: IV/Pmh t~joojof rhthruh4 jt ae = IV ko` pmhrh jt k bkdc)x~ dk~kdjpz ae ;/8 IV erai pmhIkrrjap Maphl/ Pmh hofjoht txeehr ixlpj~lh bravo)axpt ko` axpkfht -Jbj`*/

Pmh tx~~lz jt `jtprjbxph` pmraxfmaxp pmh jtlko` bz ;4, ;; cU!5> Mw rk`jkl ehh`hrtarjfjokpjof erai pmh ~avhr tpkpjao -Ejfxrh ;*/ Jp dai~rjtht bapm xo`hrfraxo` ko`auhrmhk` ehh`hrt, ae vmjdm :>( ae pmh lkpphr vkt x~frk`h` rhdhoplz/ Pmh Dkozao ehh`hrko` pmh Tko`z ~ajop ehh`hr jo pmh OH ~krp ae Tp/ Cjppt krh oap daoohdph` -O/ Frhkx},~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;2, 2>>=*/

Ejfxrh ;

Ehh`hr lkzaxp ae pmh Tp/ Cjppt Hlhdprjdjpz @h~krpihop0

4 T~joojof rhthruh jt `hejoh` kt koz bkdc)x~ hohrfz fhohrkpjao dk~kdjpz vmjdm dko bh ik`h kukjlkblh pa k`jtprjbxpjao tztphi vjpm pho ijoxpht oapjdh ko` dko a~hrkph daopjoxaxtlz ear kp lhktp pva maxrt aodh jp jtbraxfmp aoljoh -Hohrfzuarph}, 2>>=*/0 Taxrdh7 O/ Frhkx}, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;2, 2>>=


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Jo Tp/ Cjppt, pmh rhpkjl ~rjdh ear hlhdprjdjpz mkt rhikjoh` daotpkop pmraxfm fauhroihoptxbtj`jht/ @aihtpjd daotxihrt mkuh bhho ~kzjof >/46 HD$!cVm8 ko` jo`xtprjkl ko`daiihrdjkl daotxihrt >/04 HD$!cVm5 ear pmh lktp `hdk`ht/ K exhl txrdmkrfh6 k~~ljh`tjodh Adpabhr 2>>8 jodrhkth` hlhdprjdjpz ~rjdht bz >/;8 ) >/4> HD$!cVm/ Pmh exhltxrdmkrfh jt dkldxlkph` ao pmh ejrtp `kz ae huhrz iaopm -@/ Hìhk`h, ~hrtaokl

daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;2, 2>>=*/

Dxrrhoplz, pmh TCH@ jt tpjll k `h~krpihop vjpmjo pmh Ijojtprz ae ^xbljd Varct, Xpjljpjht,Prkot~arp ko` âtp ae pmh eh`hrkl fauhroihop/ K dar~arkpjao ~radhtt, jojpjkph` jo Gxlz2>>6, tmaxl` huhopxkllz lhk` pa k exllz eh`hrkl fauhroihop avoh` hlhdprjdjpz xpjljpz -L/[xhhlhz, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;4, 2>>=*/

2/2 Ohujt Hlhdprjdjpz Dai~koz Ljijph`

Pmh ~rjukph!tpkph avoh` OHULHD ~ra`xdht ko` `jtprjbxpht hlhdprjdjpz jo Ohujt/ Pmh`jhthl exhlh` fhohrkpjao xojpt mkuh ko jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz ae ;4/2 IV/ Mavhuhr, pmh

lkrfhtp xojp vjpm k dk~kdjpz ae 2/6 IV jt oap aoljoh ko` koapmhr 2/8 IV xojp jt oaprhljkblh/ Mhodh OHULHD ohh`t kll hofjoht pa thrujdh k ~hkc `hiko` ae : IV -D/ Ekrhll,~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;0, 2>>=*/

Pmh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz jodlx`ht aolz pmh hofjoht vjpmjo pmh ljehpjih ae 2> zhkrt ko`k~~ljht k tkehpz ikrfjo bz oap daxopjof pmh lkrfhtp hofjoh kiaxopt pa 5/6 IV/ Pmhrh jtohjpmhr t~joojof rhthruh oar bkdc)x~ dk~kdjpz/ Jo ar`hr pa jodrhkth pmhjr ~ra`xdpjaodk~kdjpz, OHULHD jt dxrrhoplz rhujhvjof thuhrkl ~ra~atklt, jodlx`jof aoh erai pmhDkrjbbhko @huhla~ihop Bkoc, pa ~xrdmkth pva 0 IV `jhthl hofjoht/ Jo ujhv ae pmh`huhla~ihopt jo pmh fhapmhrikl ~raghdp, OHULHD jt daotj`hrjof pmh ~xrdmkth ae aoh 0IV `jhthl hofjoh jotphk` -Jbj`*/

Pmh `jtprjbxpjao tztphi dai~rjtht ejuh ;; cU!5> Mw auhrmhk` ehh`hrt/ Eaxr ehh`hrt ikchx~ pva rjoft3 k lkrfhr aoh kraxo` pmh jtlko` ko` k tikllhr aoh jo Dmkrlhtpavo/ Pmh ejepmehh`hr jt k `h`jdkph` ehh` pa pmh Eaxr Thktaot rhtarp -Ejfxrh 2*/ Pmhrh krh oa txbtpkpjaotko` pmh `jtprjbxpjao dko bh daar`jokph` -pxroh` ao ar tmxp aee* bz pmh xth ae mko`tvjpdmht/ Pmh lktp x~frk`h vkt ~hrearih` jo ;::2 ko` OHULHD mkt jo`jdkph` pmkp taihtprxdpxrkl ji~rauhihopt krh ohdhttkrz pa x~frk`h taih ehh`hrt -Jbj`*/

8 Pmh àihtpjd rkph daotjtpt ae ko hohrfz dmkrfh ko` k `hiko` dmkrfh/ Pmh hohrfz dmkrfh jodrhktht erai

>/42 HD$!xojp ear pmh ejrtp 8> xojpt, pa >/48 HD$!xojp ear pmh oh}p 68 xojpt pa >/46 HD$!xojp ear hlhdprjdjpzdaotxih` kbauh ;28 xojpt/ Pmh `hiko` dmkrfh jodrhktht vjpm mjfmhr daotxi~pjao3 6/2> HD$ eardaotxi~pjao x~ pa ;2> xojpt, ;2/8> HD$ ear daotxi~pjao bhpvhho ;2> ko` 20> xojpt ko` ;=/0> HD$ eardaotxi~pjao kbauh 20> xojpt/5 Pmh jo`xtprjkl ko` daiihrdjkl rkph klta daotjtpt ae ko hohrfz dmkrfh ko` k `hiko` dmkrfh/ Mavhuhr, pmhhohrfz dmkrfh `hdrhktht vjpm mjfmhr daotxi~pjao3 >/04 HD$!xojp jt pmh mjfmhtp lhuhl ae daotxi~pjao ko`>/4: HD$!xojp jt pmh lavhtp/ Pmh Tpko`jof dmkrfh kiaxopt pa ;4/2> HD$ ~hr 28> xojpt/6 Pmh exhl txrdmkrfh jt ji~ath` bz pmh xpjljpjht vmho exhl ~rjdht rhkdm auhr $4/4= ~hr fkllao/ Pmh exhltxrdmkrfht jodrhktht bz aoh dhop ear hkdm ;2 dhopt jodrhkth kbauh pmjt lhuhl -@/ Hìhk`h, ~hrtaokldaiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;2, 2>>=*/


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OHULHD mkt tal` jpt txbtj`jwh` hlhdprjdjpz ear >/06 HD$!cVm= pa `aihtpjd dxtpaihrtko` >/82 HD$!cVm: pa daiihrdjkl dxtpaihrt ear thuhrkl zhkrt/ K exhl txrdmkrfh k~~ljh`tjodh @hdhibhr 2>>8 jodrhkth` hlhdprjdjpz ~rjdht bz >/2; ) >/55 HD$!cVm -K/ @kph,~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;0, 2>>=*/

Ejfxrh 2Ehh`hr Lkzaxp ae pmh Ohujt Hlhdprjdjpz Dai~koz Lp`;>

/

4/ IHPMA@ALAFZ

Pmjt rhthkrdm ~k~hr jt `juj`h` jopa pva ~krpt7 ko hohrfz koklztjt ko` ko jophrdaoohdpjaoktthttihop/ Pmh hohrfz koklztjt holjfmphot pmh tjwh ko` ladkpjao ae pmh hlhdprjdjpzfhohrkpjao txr~lxt ko` jo`jdkpht pmh ohdhttjpz ae ko jophrdaoohdpjao/ Pmh jophrdaoohdpjaoktthttihop ao pmh apmhr mko`, ~ajopt axp pmh phdmojdkl, rhfxlkparz ko` jotpjpxpjaokl kt~hdptae ko hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao bhpvhho Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt ko` apmhr jtlko`t jo pmhDkrjbbhko rhfjao/

Ao Kxfxtp ;>, 2>>= k `hlhfkpjao ae pmh @h~krpihop ae Txtpkjokblh @huhla~ihop ae pmhAKT prkuhllh` pa Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt ear k phdmojdkl ijttjao/ Aoh ae pmh abghdpjuht vkt padallhdp mjtparjd ko` earhdktpjof tadja)hdaoaijd tpkpjtpjdt ear pmh hohrfz koklztjt/ Ear pmhjophrdaoohdpjao ktthttihop pmh hohrfz phki daotxlph` ukrjaxt tpkchmal`hrt ao pmhphdmojdkl dmkrkdphrjtpjdt ae hlhdprjdjpz fhohrkpjao, prkotijttjao ko` `jtprjbxpjao kiaof pmhjtlko`t/ Pmh ~attjblh jotpjpxpjaokl ko` rhfxlkparz ljockfht ear a~hrkpjao ko` ikokfhihopae pmh tztphi vhrh klta `jtdxtth` vjpm pmh tpkchmal`hrt/

= Pmh `aihtpjd rkph daotjtpt ae pmh elkp rkph, pmh hohrfz dmkrfh ko` `h tpko`jof dmkrfh/ Pmh hohrfz dmkrfh`hdrhktht erai >/8; HD$!xojp ear pmh ejrtp 8> xojpt, pa >/0: HD$!xojp ear pmh oh}p 68 xojpt pa >/06 HD$!xojpear pmh hlhdprjdjpz daotxih` kbauh ;28 xojpt/ Pmh tpko`jof dmkrfh jodrhktht vjpm mjfmhr daotxi~pjao3 6/2>HD$ ear daotxi~pjao x~ pa ;2> xojpt, ;2,>> HD$ ear daotxi~pjao bhpvhho ;2> ko` 28> xojpt ko` ;=,>>HD$ ear daotxi~pjaot iarh pmko 28> xojpt/: Pmh daiihrdjkl rkph daotjtpt ae ko hohrfz dmkrfh ko` k tpko`jof dmkrfh/ Pmh hohrfz dmkrfh `hdrhkthtvjpm mjfmhr daotxi~pjao3 >/82 HD$!xojp kt mjfmhtp ko` >/00 HD$!xojp kt lavhtp hohrfz dmkrfht/ PmhTpko`jof dmkrfh kiaxopt pa ;4/2> HD$ ~hr 28> xojpt/;> Taxrdh7 D/ Ekrhll, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;0, 2>>=


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6

@xrjof pmjt ijttjao jp vkt `jtdauhrh` pmkp k daotxlpkodz ejri mk` klrhk`z bhho mjrh` pa~hreari k phdmojdkl)hdaoaijdkl koklztjt ae pmh hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao -B/ Pjotlhz,~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;0, 2>>=*/ Jo ar`hr pa ~rhuhop auhrlk~ bhpvhho pmhthpva tpx`jht, jp vkt `hdj`h` pa tvjpdm pmh hi~mktjt erai pmh phdmojdkl ko` hdaoaijdklrh{xjrhihopt pa pmh gxtpjejdkpjao ae pmh jophrdaoohdpjao/ Ohuhrpmhlhtt, pmh phdmojdkl,

rhfxlkparz ko` jotpjpxpjaokl kt~hdpt vhrh tjfojejdkoplz hi~mktjwh`/

4/; Hohrfz Koklztjt

Pmh auhrujhv ae pmh dxrrhop hohrfz tjpxkpjao fjuho jo pmh ~rhujaxt dmk~phr ~ajoph` axppmkp pmh hlhdprjdjpz tztphit ao bapm jtlko`t a~hrkph jo`h~ho`hoplz/ Hkdm jtlko` mkt jpt avoekdpart joelxhodjof hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz ko` `hiko` ko` dao`xdpjof ko hohrfz koklztjt aopmh eh`hrkl lhuhl vaxl` ohjpmhr fjuh pmh joearikpjao ohdhttkrz ear pmh jophrdaoohdpjaotpx`z, oar ~rauj`h pmh ihpmaàlafz vmjdm dko bh eallavh` bz pmh hlhdprjdjpz xpjljpjht/Daoth{xhoplz, pmh hohrfz koklztjt vkt dao`xdph` th~krkphlz ear pmh jtlko` ae Tp/ Cjppt ko`pmh jtlko` ae Ohujt/ Pmh tx~~lz ko` `hiko` kp pmh eh`hrkl lhuhl vkt `hphrijoh` bz

ihrfjof pmh pva hohrfz koklztht/

Hlhdprjdjpz Tx~~lz

Pmh ~raghdp `huhla~hrt ko` chz ~hrtaot joualuh` jo pmh ji~lhihopkpjao ae pmh RH^t vhrhdaotxlph` ear ko x~`kph ao pmh `huhla~ihopt ae pmh hohrfz tx~~lz tjph/

Hlhdprjdjpz @hiko`

Pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` earhdktp ear Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt vkt thp x~ jo k ~rkdpjdkl koìkokfhkblh ikoohr jo ar`hr ear jp pa bh daopjoxh` jo`h~ho`hoplz bz pmh Ijojtprjht vjpmhohrfz jo pmhjr ~arpealja/ Iarhauhr, jp jodlx`h` ~krkihphrt pmkp vkt kukjlkblh ao pmhjtlko`t3 vkt rhljkblh3 ko` klta keehdph` hlhdprjdjpz `hiko`/ Ixlpj~lh Ljohkr Rhfrhttjao

-ILR* jt k {xkopjpkpjuh ihpma` xth` pa h}kijoh pmh rhlkpjaotmj~ bhpvhho k tjoflh`h~ho`hop ukrjkblh txdm kt hlhdprjdjpz `hiko`, ko` pva ar iarh jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht/Iarhauhr, ILR dko bh xth` kt k earhdktpjof paal/ ILR jt vj`hlz xth` jo bjalafjdkl,ejokodjkl ko` tadjkl tdjhodht ko` mkt bhho txddhttexllz k~~ljh` jo thuhrkl hlhdprjdjpz`hiko` tpx`jht kraxo` pmh varl` -Lardmjrkdmaaocxl, 2>>5*/ Bhdkxth pmh jo~xp ear pmjtearhdktp ihpmaàlafz dko hktjlz bh x~`kph` ko` pmh taepvkrh ~kdckfh jt erhh ko`dai~kpjblh vjpm Ijdrataep H}dhl, jp jt k txjpkblh paal ear pmh hohrfz koklztjt/

Vmho earhdktpjof, pmh fakl jt pa `huhla~ k earixlk ear ikcjof ~rh`jdpjaot kbaxp pmh`h~ho`hop ukrjkblh, bkth` ao pmh abthruh` ko` earhdktph` uklxht ae jo`h~ho`hopukrjkblht/ Pmh ILR earhdktp h{xkpjao jt `hejoh` kt eallavt -Ejtmhr, 2>>8*7

Vmhrh7

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j}bkz 9

#9;

jj

j

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k

cjpjo`h~ho`hoj}

pjo`h~ho`hoc

z`h~ho`hopz

kblhvjpm ukrjkttadjkph`pdaheejdjhotla~hhtpjikph`

ljohear pmhphrijophrdh~phtpjikph`

;///vmhrhukrjkblh,pm

ukrjkblhtaeoxibhr

,ukrjkblhearearhdktp

9

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=

Ejrtp, k ~rh)thlhdpjao ae jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht bkth` ao pmhjr kukjlkbjljpz ko` ji~kdp vktik`h/ Pmh thdao` tph~ vkt pa fkpmhr k `kpkthp ae pmh ~rh)thlhdph` ukrjkblht kt lkrfh,`hpkjlh` ko` rhljkblh kt ~attjblh/ Pmh jophopjao vkt pmkp pmh `kpkthp mkt pmh eallavjofabthrukpjaot ear pmh `h~ho`hop ko` kll ~rh)thlhdph` jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht7

iaopmlz bkth`3

rh~rhthopkpjuh ae pmh ~hrja` erai ;:=> pa ~rhthop3 dkphfarjwh` kt ~hr daotxihr frax~3

kukjlkblh ear Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt, jo`h~ho`hop ae hkdm apmhr/

Exrpmhriarh jp tmaxl` jodlx`h earhdktpjof `kpk ae pmh jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht/

Txbth{xhoplz, bz ihkot ae k darrhlkpjao koklztjt jp vkt `hphrijoh` vmjdm jo`h~ho`hopukrjkblht joelxhodh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko`/ Bkth` ao pmh oxibhr ae abthrukpjaot;;, pmh{xkljpz ae pmh `kpkthp ko` pmh darrhlkpjao bhpvhho pmh jo`h~ho`hop ko` pmh `h~ho`hopukrjkblh, k ejokl thlhdpjao vkt ik`h/

Thuhrkl ia`hlt vjpm `jeehrhop ukrjkblh daibjokpjaot ko`!ar `jeehrhop lhuhl ae `hpkjl vhrh~ra~ath`/ Pmh uklj`kph` ia`hl vjpm pmh mjfmhtp darrhlkpjao ko` tjfojejdkodh vkt xth` earpmh ejokl hohrfz koklztjt/ Hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz ko` `hiko` vhrh ikpdmh` t~kpjkllz -~hrjtlko`* ko` phi~arkllz -jo pmh ~hrja` 2>>=)2>2>* pa jo`jdkph pmh ohdhttjpz ae pmhjophrdaoohdpjao/

4/2 Jophrdaoohdpjao Ktthttihop

Ejrtp, fhafrk~mjdkl `kpk txdm kt `jtpkodht ko` bkpmzihprz;2 ae pmh Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujtphrrjparz ko` pmh Lhhvkr` Jtlko`t vhrh dallhdph`/ Pmho, k rhujhv ae pmh ljphrkpxrh ao ~ktph}~hrjhodht vjpm txbikrjoh hlhdprjdjpz dkblht vkt dao`xdph`/ Pmjt fkuh ko j`hk ae pmh

phdmoalafjdkl rh{xjrhihopt ear ko jophrdaoohdpjao bhpvhho Tp/ Cjppt, Ohujt ko` apmhrjtlko`t jo pmh Dkrjbbhko rhfjao/

Jotjfmpt jopa pmh rhfxlkparz kt~hdpt ae ko jophrdaoohdpjao vhrh abpkjoh` `xrjof pmhijttjao pa Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt vmhrh ukrjaxt tpkchmal`hrt vhrh daotxlph` kbaxp pmhjrujhv ao k ~attjblh -dratt bar`hr* jophrdaoohdpjao/ Eh`hrkl ko` jophrokpjaokl lkvt~rauj`h` pmh erkihvarc ear pmh jotpjpxpjaokl kt~hdpt ae pmh -dratt bar`hr* jophrdaoohdpjao/

Pmh jophrdaoohdpjao ktthttihop dko bh daotj`hrh` kt k ~rh)ehktjbjljpz tpx`z ko` tmaxl` bheallavh` x~ bz k iarh `hpkjlh` phdmojdkl ko` hdaoaijdkl ehktjbjljpz ktthttihop/

;; Pmhrh tmaxl` bh kp lhktp ;> pa 2> pjiht kt ikoz abthrukpjaot kt ukrjkblht, apmhrvjth pmh htpjikpht ae pmhrhfrhttjao ljoh krh ~rabkblz uhrz xotpkblh ko` xoljchlz pa rh~ljdkph -TpkpTaep, 2>>6*/;2 Pmh ihktxrhihop ae pmh `h~pmt ae adhkot, thkt, ar apmhr lkrfh ba`jht ae vkphr/


9/33


:

0/ IKPDMJOF HLHDPRJDJPZ TX^^LZ KO@ @HIKO@

0/; Hlhdprjdjpz Tx~~lz

Pmh ~kpm erai k Txtpkjokblh Hohrfz ^lko pavkr`t pmh kjih` hohrfz tx~~lz jt laof ko`

ikrrh` vjpm ikoz abtpkdlht pmkp ixtp bh auhrdaih3 ko` kt laof kt oaoh ae pmh eaxr RH^tkrh a~hrkpjaokl, jp jt ji~attjblh pa tkz vmkp pmhjr kdpxkl hohrfz tx~~lz vjll bh/ Pkblh ;txiikrjwht pmh ~lkooh` ji~lhihopkpjao `kpht ko` dk~kdjpjht ae pmh eaxr RH^t/ Oaph pmkppmh pjih ihopjaoh` rhehr pa pmh iatp a~pjijtpjd ~lkoojof/ Iarhauhr, hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz aoTp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt vjll bh mjfmlz `h~ho`hop ao pmh jophrdaoohdpjao bhpvhho pmh jtlko`tko` vjpm apmhr jtlko`t jo pmh rhfjao/ Ko jophrdaoohdpjao vjll jodrhkth pmh `hljuhrza~pjaot ear pmh ~raghdp `huhla~hrt ko` pmh hlhdprjdjpz xpjljpjht ko` pmhrhearh tpjixlkphh}~kotjao ae pmh dxrrhop eaxr RH^t ko`!ar pmh kpprkdpjao ae ohv RH^t/

Pkblh ;

^lkooh` Dk~kdjpz, A~hrkpjaokl Dk~kdjpz ko` Pjijof

ear pmh Eaxr RH^t ao Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt/

Tp/ Cjppt Ohujt

Vjo` Bjaiktt Vjo` Fhapmhrikl

Dk~kdjpz -IV* ; ->/02* 8 -4/8* ;/; ->/05* 40 -4>/5*^mkth ;

Pjih Ho` 2>>= Ij` 2>;> Bhf/ 2>>: Ho` 2>>:

Dk~kdjpz -IV* ;> -0/2* ;> -0/2* p/b/k^mkth 2

Pjih Ho` 2>>: p/b/k p/b/k

Dk~kdjpz -IV* 2> -=/0*^mkth 4

Pjih p/b/k/

Jp tmaxl` bh oaph` pmkp pmhrh jt k `jtpjodpjao bhpvhho pmh jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz ko` pmha~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz/ Pmh ejrtp rhehrt pa pmh papkl jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz ae pmh daouhopjaokl ko`rhohvkblh hohrfz pxrbjoht, vmhrhkt pmh lkpphr darrhdpt ear pmh kopjdj~kph` a~hrkpjof pjihko` axp~xp ae pmh pxrbjoht/ Jo Pkblh ; pmh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz jt `jt~lkzh` vjpm pmhoxibhrt bhpvhho pmh brkdchpt/ Jo ar`hr pa rhkljtpjdkllz k~~rakdm pmh kdpxkl hlhdprjdjpztx~~lz, pmh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpjht jotphk` ae pmh jotpkllh` dk~kdjpjht vhrh xth` ear pmjthohrfz koklztjt/

Pmh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz ear pmh RH^t vkt `hphrijoh` kt eallavt7 vjo` hohrfz jt kojophrijpphop rhtaxrdh ko` hlhdprjdjpz fhohrkpjao `h~ho`t mhkujlz ao pmh vjo` rhfjih/Daoprhrkt -2>>=*, dkldxlkph` pmkp pmh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz ae pmh ~lkooh` vjo` ~raghdp ao

Ohujt vjll bh 02( ae pmh jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz/ Pmh tkih dk~kdjpz ekdpar mkt bhho xth` earpmh vjo` hohrfz ~raghdp ao Tp/ Cjppt kttxijof pmh vjo` rhfjih vjll bh pmh tkih ao bapmjtlko`t/ Jo fhohrkl, pmh dk~kdjpz ekdpar ae fhapmhrikl ~lkopt ukrjht kraxo` >/: `h~ho`jofao pmh pz~h ae fhapmhrikl tztphi jo ~lkdh -Fhapmhrikl Hohrfz Kttadjkpjao, 2>>=*/ Pmhdk~kdjpz ekdpar ae pmh daouhopjaokl ~avhr ~lkop jt >/68 jo Tp/ Cjppt -G/ Dmkoohr, ~hrtaokldaiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;2, 2>>=* ko` >/60 jo Ohujt -D/ Ekrhll, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao,Kxfxtp ;0, 2>>=*/ Bja)hohrfz ~lkopt krh kttxih` pa mkuh k dk~kdjpz ekdpar ae >/6 tjijlkrpa daouhopjaokl ~avhr ~lkopt -Kwkr, 2>>>*/


10/33


;>

Pmh dxrrhop dao`jpjao ae pmh hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz bz daouhopjaokl `jhthl hofjoht vkt`jtdxtth` jo thdpjao 4/ Pmh eallavjof thdpjaot ~rauj`h ko auhrujhv ae pmh dk~kdjpz ko`~lkoojof ae pmh vjo`, fhapmhrikl ko` bja)hohrfz ~raghdpt ao Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt/

Bja)hohrfz ao Tp/ Cjppt

Pmh bja)hohrfz ~raghdp jo Tp/ Cjppt vjll xth pmh earihr txfkrdkoh lko`t ao pmh Kplkopjdtj`h ae Tp/ Cjppt/ Pmh ladkpjao ae pmh bja)hohrfz ~lkop jt oap `hphrijoh` zhp, bxp jp vjll bhthlhdph` jo k vkz pmkp kllavt ear pmh tmarphtp `jtpkodh ear prkot~arpkpjao ae ehh`tpadc/ Kektp fravjof bkibaa)frktt vmjdm dko bh mkruhtph` zhkr raxo` vjll bh xth` kt ehh`tpadc/Jp jt htpjikph` pmkp 0,>>> kdrht vjll ~ra`xdh kbaxp ;2>,>>> paot ae `rz bjaiktt ~hr zhkr/Pmh ikgarjpz ae pmh ehh`tpadc vjll bh xth` ear pmh ~ra`xdpjao ae bja)ajl ear h}~arp ar ladklxth/ Pmh bja)hohrfz ~raghdp vjll mkuh ko jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz ae 8 IV/

Kt taao kt pmh ~raghdp ~ra~atkl jt kddh~ph` bz pmh eh`hrkl fauhroihop, pmh txfkrdkohfravjof vjl`lz vjll bh mkruhtph`, ~hllhpjwh` ko` tmj~~h` pa Hxra~h/ Txbth{xhoplz pmhbkibaa)frktt vjll bh ~lkoph` ko` pmh ejrtp mkruhtp ikz addxr kephr ;= iaopmt/

Vjo` hohrfz ao Tp/ Cjppt

Jo pmjt ~raghdp >/:);/2 IV vjo` pxrbjoht vjll bh jotpkllh` oh}p pa pmh Rabhrp LlhvhllzoBrk`tmkv Jophrokpjaokl Kjr~arp/ Pmh ~raghdp daotjtpt ae pmrhh ~mktht/ ^mkth aoh joualuhtaoh vjo` pxrbjoh pa bh jotpkllh` kp pmh ho` ae 2>>=/ Jo ~mkth pva pmh jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz jtjodrhkth` pa ;> IV jo 2>>:!2>;>/ Jo ~mkth pmrhh pmh jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz jt `axblh` pa 2>IV/ Jojpjkljwkpjao ko` pjijof ae ~mkth pmrhh vjll `h~ho` ao expxrh hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz ko``hiko` jo Tp/ Cjppt ko` pmh ~attjbjljpz ae ko jophrdaoohdpjao/

Fhapmhrikl hohrfz ao Ohujt

Jo Gxlz 2>>=, pmh ~krljkihop ae pmh Ohujt Jtlko` K`ijojtprkpjao -OJK* kddh~ph` pmhfhapmhrikl bjll `hljohkpjof k rhfxlkparz erkihvarc ear pmh ji~lhihopkpjao ae fhapmhriklhohrfz ao Ohujt/ Pmh fhapmhrikl ~aphopjkl jt ~atjpjuh ko` pmh fhalafjdkl `kpk kd{xjtjpjao~radhh`jof tphk`jlz/ Pva iarh h}~larkpjao vhllt, jo k``jpjao pa pmh dxrrhop pva tjpht, vjllbh `rjllh` pa ~rauj`h iarh joearikpjao kbaxp pmh h}photjaot ko` apmhr dmkrkdphrjtpjdt aepmh fhapmhrikl rhthruajr/ Pmh jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz ae pmh fhapmhrikl ~lkop vjll `h~ho` aopmh jophrdaoohdpjao ko` pmh fhapmhrikl ~aphopjkl bxp jp dko bh kt mjfm kt 40 IV ktjoehrrh` erai ~rhthoplz kukjlkblh htpjikpjaot pa thrujdh bapm jtlko`t jo pmhjr hlhdprjdjpz`hiko`/ Jo dkth ko jophrdaoohdpjao vjpm koapmhr jtlko` jo pmh Dkrjbbhko rhfjao jthdaoaijdkllz ko` phdmojdkllz ehktjblh, pmh ~ra`xdpjao dk~kdjpz ikz bh exrpmhr jodrhkth`/Pmh fhapmhrikl ~lkop jt h}~hdph` pa bh jo a~hrkpjao bz pmh ho` ae 2>>:/

Vjo` hohrfz ao Ohujt

Pmh ~raghdp ~ra~atkl ear k vjo` pxrbjoh ~krc klaof pmh Ohujt daktp jt kp pmh OJK eark~~raukl/ Aodh kddh~ph`, pmh ejrtp ~mkth ae ;/; IV jotpkllh` dk~kdjpz vjll bh jo a~hrkpjaojo 5 iaopmt/ Pmh ~raghdp ikz bh h}pho`h` pa ;> IV jo k thdao` ~mkth/


11/33


;;

0/2 Hlhdprjdjpz @hiko`

^rh)thlhdpjao ae Ukrjkblht

Jo Ixlpj~lh Ljohkr Rhfrhttjao `kpk ae pmh jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht -}* tmaxl` bh kukjlkblhko` tmaxl` mkuh ko heehdp ao pmh `h~ho`hop ukrjkblh -z* ) hlhdprjdjpz `hiko`/ Pkblh 2

~rauj`ht ko auhrujhv ae ukrjkblht xth` jo ~rhujaxt lak` earhdktp tpx`jht/

Hkdm ILR hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` earhdktp tpx`z rhujhvh` thlhdph` `jeehrhop jo`h~ho`hopukrjkblht bkth` ao pmh t~hdjejd dmkrkdphrjtpjdt ae pmh jouhtpjfkph` daxoprz!rhfjao/ Earh}ki~lh, jo Oarpmhro Dz~rxt pmh paxrjti jo`xtprz mk` k lkrfh joelxhodh ao pmh hlhdprjdjpz`hiko`, vmjlh jo Ohv Whklko` pmjt ukrjkblh mk` k tikllhr joelxhodh ao pmh papkl okpjaoklhlhdprjdjpz `hiko` ko` mhodh vkt oap jodlx`h` jo pmh tpx`z bz Iamkik` hp kl/ -2>>0*/

Iarhauhr aoh dko jikfjoh pmkp phi~hrkpxrh mkt k lkrfh joelxhodh ao hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` jodaxoprjht vjpm thuhrh vjophrt ko` hlhdprjdjpz)bkth` mhkpjof tztphit/ Ao pmh apmhr mko`, jopra~jdkl daxoprjht vjpm ljpplh thktaokl ukrjkpjao pmh phi~hrkpxrh mkt lhtt ji~kdp ao

hlhdprjdjpz `hiko`/

Pkblh 2

Jo`h~ho`hop Ukrjkblht xth` jo ~rhujaxt ILR Hlhdprjdjpz @hiko` Earhdktp Tpx`jht

Pmhih Ladkpjao Kxpmar

Iamkik` hp kl/, 2>>0Rhkl F@^ Ohv Whklko`

Ekpkj hp kl/, 2>>4

F@^ ~hr iaopm Pmkjlko` Lardmjrkdmaaocxl, 2>>5Vhklpm

^hr Dk~jpk Jodaih Oarpmhro Dz~rxt Hfhljaflx hp kl/ ;:::

Iamkik` hp kl/, 2>>0Ohv WhklkoÈkpkj hp kl/, 2>>4

Pmkjlko` Lardmjrkdmaaocxl, 2>>5âvhr Pkrjee Hlhdprjdjpz ^rjdh

Oarpmhro Dz~rxt Hfhljaflx hp kl/ 2>>;

Vhkpmhr Phi~hrkpxrh Ohv Whklko` Ekpkj hp kl/, 2>>4

Pmkjlko` Lardmjrkdmaaocxl, 2>>5â~xlkpjao

Ohv Whklko` Iamkik` hp kl/, 2>>0

Dxtpaihrt Oarpmhro Dz~rxt Hfhljaflx hp kl/ 2>>;

Oxibhr ae

Xthrt

Oxibhr ae paxrjtpt Oarpmhro Dz~rxt Hfhljaflx hp kl/ 2>>;

Bkth` ao pmh ~rhujaxt tpx`jht `jtdxtth` kbauh ko` pmh `hiafrk~mjd, fhafrk~mjd ko`hdaoaijd dmkrkdphrjtpjdt ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt jp mkt bhho `hdj`h` pa ~rh)thlhdp pmhjo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht kt eallavt7 F@^3 Hlhdprjdjpz ~rjdh3 â~xlkpjao3 ko` pmh Oxibhr aePaxrjtpt, ear pmh Tp/ Cjppt ko` pmh Ohujt dkth tpx`z/


12/33


;2

Taxrdht ae @kpk ) Tp/ Cjppt

Pmh mjtparjdkl koklztjt ~hrja` rkofh erai Gkoxkrz ;::= pa @hdhibhr 2>>0 ko` vkt`hphrijoh` bz pmh papkl iaopmlz hlhdprjdjpz tklht `kpk abpkjoh` erai -Tpkolhz Daotxlpkopt,2>>23 2>>8*/ Tklht ear pmh lktp ejuh iaopmt ae 2>>; vhrh jophr~alkph` kt pmhth `kpk vhrhlkdcjof/ Pmh hlhdprjdjpz rhpkjl ~rjdhvmjdm mkt bhho daotpkop ear `hdk`ht `xh pa

fauhroihopkl txbtj`jht -G/ Dmkoohr, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;2, 2>>=*ko`pmh iaopmlz exhl txrdmkrfh erai Gkoxkrz 2>>5 pa Gxlz 2>>= vhrh abpkjoh` daxrphtz ae-@/ Hìhk`h, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;2, 2>>=*/ Bapm ij`phri ~a~xlkpjaohtpjikpht jo pmh ~hrja` ;::6)2>>0 ko` iaopmlz paxrjti tpkz)auhrt jo pmh ~hrja` Gkoxkrz;::: pa Gxoh 2>>6 vhrh ~rauj`h` bz -B/ Mkrrjt, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp 25,2>>=*/ Pmh iaopmlz paxrjti tpkz)auhrt ae ;::= vhrh h}prk~alkph`/

Taxrdht ae @kpk ) Ohujt

Pmh mjtparjdkl koklztjt ~hrja` rkofh erai Gkoxkrz 2>>; pa Ehbrxkrz 2>>= bkth` ao pmhpapkl, iaopmlz hlhdprjdjpz tklht pmkp vhrh abpkjoh` erai -D/ Ekrrhll, ~hrtaokldaiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;0, 2>>=*/ @kpk ao hlhdprjdjpz rhpkjl ~rjdh, vmjdm mk` bhhodaotpkop ear `hdk`ht `xh pa fauhroihopkl txbtj`jht -Jbj`*, ko` `kpk ao iaopmlz exhltxrdmkrfh erai @hdhibhr 2>>8 pa Kxfxtp 2>>= vhrh abpkjoh` erai -K/ @kph, ~hrtaokldaiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;0, 2>>=*/ Ij`)phri ~a~xlkpjao htpjikpht erai 2>>; pa 2>>5vhrh rh~arph` jo pmh Ohujt Tpkpjtpjdkl @jfhtp 2>>5/ Iaopmlz paxrjti tpkz)auhrt jo pmh~hrja` Gkoxkrz ;::: pa @hdhibhr 2>>6 vkt ~rauj`h` bz -B/ Mkrrjt, ~hrtaokldaiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp 25, 2>>=*/

Kt k fhohrkl oaph, F@^ kt rh~arph` jo pmh varl` hdaoaijd axplaac `kpkbkth ae pmh JIE-2>>=* jt aolz kukjlkblh kp pmh eh`hrkl lhuhl ko` ~hr zhkr/ Mhodh, pmjt jt pmh aolz ukrjkblhvmhrh pmhrh jt oa `jtpjodpjao bhpvhho pmh pva jtlko`t/ Exrpmhriarh, jo pmjt tpx`z jp jtkttxih` pmkp pmh eh`hrkl F@^ ko` pmh ~a~xlkpjao frav jo k ljohkr ektmjao/ Jo pmjt vkzzhkrlz `kpk mkt bhho rhejoh` pa iaopmlz `kpk, hokbljof pa daopjoxh pmh hohrfz koklztjt aopmjt `hpkjlh` lhuhl/

^ra~ath` Ia`hlPmh ~ra~ath` Ixlpj~lh Ljohkr Rhfrhttjao ia`hl pa ejp mjtparjdkl `kpk ko` earhdktp expxrhhlhdprjdjpz tklht jt7

H` 9 k # b;^rjdh # b2â~ # b4P # b0F^@ # x

Vmhrh7 H` 9 Hlhdprjdjpz tklht -IVm!iaopm, IVm!thktao ar IVm!zhkr*

k,b 9 Rhfrhttjao daheejdjhopt^rjdh 9 ^rjdh ae hlhdprjdjpz -HD$dhopt!cVm*â~ 9 â~xlkpjao -*P 9 Oxibhr ae paxrjtpt -*F@^ 9 Dxrrhop F@^ jo ijlljao HD$x 9 @jtpxrbkodh phri


13/33


;4

Thuhrkl tpkpjtpjdkl phtpt vhrh xth` pa thlhdp pmh jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht ae pmh ejokl ia`hlko` pa huhopxkllz uklj`kph bapm pmh Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt earhdktp ia`hlt/ Pmh k`gxtph` R2`hphrijoht mav vhll pmh ia`hl h}~lkjot kdpxkl hlhdprjdjpz tklht `kpk/ Pmh UkrjkodhJoelkpjao Ekdpar -UJE* jt k phtp pa `hphdp pmh thuhrjpz ae ixlpj)dalljohkrjpz jo pmh ia`hl/Lktplz, pmh E)phtp ao k >/>8 tjfojejdkodh lhuhl vkt xth` pa `hphrijoh auhrkll tjfojejdkodh

ae pmh ia`hl/

0/2/; Rhtxlpt ko` @kpk koklztjt ) Tp/ Cjppt

Jo Tp/ Cjppt pmh exhl txrdmkrfh vkt k~~ljh` ear pmh ejrtp pjih jo Adpabhr 2>>8/ Mavhuhr,pmh kukjlkblh mjtparjdkl `kpk thp ae pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` `kpht erai Gkoxkrz ;::= pa@hdhibhr 2>>0/ Pmjt ihkot pmkp pmh ~rjdh ae hlhdprjdjpz jt daotpkop ear pmh hopjrh ~hrja`xo`hr koklztjt, rhtxlpjof jo k darrhlkpjao vjpm pmh jo`h~ho`hop ko` apmhr `h~ho`hopukrjkblht ae >/ Huho pmaxfm k dmkofh jo hlhdprjdjpz ~rjdh vjll iatp ~rabkblz keehdp pmhhlhdprjdjpz `hiko`, pmjt kt~hdp dko oap bh pkcho jopa kddaxop bhdkxth ae pmh lkdc aemjtparjdkl `kpk/ Mhodh, pmh ukrjkblh ~rjdh ae hlhdprjdjpz jt h}dlx`h` erai exrpmhr koklztjt/

Pkblh 4 tmavt pmh k`gxtph` darrhlkpjao, pmh rhtxlpt ae pmh tpkpjtpjdkl phtpt ko` `h~ho`hodzae pmh rhikjojof ko` k`k~ph` jo`h~ho`hop ko` `h~ho`hop ukrjkblht/ Pmh E)rkpja jt lkrfhrpmko pmh drjpjdkl uklxh ae 2/62 ear k `hfrhh ae erhhài -4, =>;4* txffhtpjof pmh ia`hl jttjfojejdkop/ Jo k``jpjao, pmh darrhlkpjao bhpvhho pmh `h~ho`hop ukrjkblh ko` pmh UJEuklxht jo`jdkph pmhrh jt oa ixlpj)dalljohkrjpz/ Xoearpxokphlz, pmh k`gxtph` R2 ae >/;=40jo`jdkpht pmkp pmh darrhlkpjao bhpvhho pmh ukrjkblht jt lav/

Pkblh 4

Darrhlkpjao Ikprj} ko` Uklj`jpz Phtp Rhtxlpt ear Tp/ Cjppt

Ia`hl $;~a~ P F@^

â~ ;/>>>> K`gxtph` R2 >/;=40

P >/824; ;/>>>> E)rkpja 6/2;06

F@^ >/:208 >/0560 ;/>>>> Edrjpjdkl 2/6;==

H` >/24:: >/>522 >/46>5 @e =>

UJE 6/0;:: ;/4=>; 5/=:5;

Txbth{xhoplz, thuhrkl ia`hlt pmkp ikokfh pmh kukjlkblh `kpkthp `jeehrhoplz vjll bhjouhtpjfkph` jo ar`hr pa `hphdp mav pmh darrhlkpjao dko bh jodrhkth` vmjlh rhikjojof

tpkpjtpjdkllz ujkblh ko` tjfojejdkop/

â~xlkpjao `kpk tmavt ko xoxtxkl mjfm fravpm bhpvhho ;::= ko` ;:::, eallavh` bz koxoxtxkl tmkr~ `hdljoh `xrjof ;:::)2>>>/ Pmjt jt k uhrz rhikrckblh prho` dai~krh` pa pmhtphk`z fravpm jo pmh zhkrt bhearh ;::: ko` kephr 2>>>/ Iarhauhr, pmh ~a~xlkpjao

;4 Vmhrh 4 jt pmh oxibhr ae jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht -}* ko` => pmh oxibhr ae abthrukpjaot ijoxt pmh oxibhrae jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht/


14/33


;0

htpjikpht ae pmh JIE -2>>=* ko` pmh XT Dhotxt bxrhkx -2>>=* à oap tmav pmjt tmkr~jodrhkth ko` `hdrhkth jo pmh ~hrja` ;:::)2>>>/ Jo ia`hl 2 pmjt xoxtxkl prho` jo~a~xlkpjao vkt tiaapmhoh` pa ejp pmh apmhr `kpk taxrdht ko` pmh ~ktp prho`/ Mavhuhr, pmjt`j` oap rhtxlp jo k bhpphr ia`hl -thh Pkblh 0*, tjodh pmh k`gxtph` R2 `hdrhkth` pa >/;24 ko`pmh ~rablhi ae ixlpj)dalljohkrjpz jt thuhrh/

Pkblh 0


Ia`hl $2

~a~ P F@^

â~ ;/>>>> K`gxtph` R2 >/;24

P >/8>>2 ;/>>>> E)rkpja 0/==>0

F@^ >/::>8 >/0560 ;/>>>> Edrjpjdkl 2/6;==

H` >/4855 >/>522 >/46>5 @e =>

UJE 8=/8;26 ;/0;22 85/;46>

Pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` auhr pjih àht oap tmav k `jtpjodpjuh iaopmlz ~kpphro/ Mhodh, joia`hl 4 jouhtpjfkpht vmhpmhr pmh darrhlkpjao jodrhktht aodh pmh iaopmlz `kpk jt elkpphoh`pa thktaokl `kpk/ Pkblh 8 tmavt pmh darrhlkpjao ikprj} ko` pmh tpkpjtpjdkl phtp rhtxlpt ae pmjtthktaokl ia`hl/

Pkblh 8


Ia`hl $4

~a~ P F@^â~ ;/>>>> K`gxtph` R2 >/0004

P >/8522 ;/>>>> E)rkpja 6/:26:

F@^ >/:;55 >/0=>6 ;/>>>> Edrjpjdkl 4/>2=

H` >/0;;0 >/2::2 >/5>2: @e 24

UJE 6/;;4= ;/06=2 5/426:

Pmh tjfojejdkodh ko` uklj`jpz phtpt krh ~atjpjuh ko` pmh k`gxtph` R2 jodrhktht txbtpkopjkllzpa >/00/ Ohuhrpmhlhtt, pmjt oxibhr àht oap ~rauh pmkp pmhrh jt k dlhkr darrhlkpjao bhpvhhopmh jo`h~ho`hop ko` `h~ho`hop ukrjkblh/

Jo ia`hl 0 pmh iaopmlz `kpk jt elkpphoh` pa zhkrlz `kpk/ Pmh oxibhr ae abthrukpjaot`hdrhktht txbtpkopjkllz ko` daoth{xhoplz pmh E)rkpja, -jo`jdkpjof pmh tjfojejdkodh ae pmhia`hl* `ra~~h` bhlav pmh drjpjdkl uklxh/ Pmh apmhr rhtxlpt ae pmjt ia`hl krh txiikrjwh`jo Pkblh 5/


15/33


;8

Pkblh 5


Ia`hl $0

~a~ P F@^

â~ ;/>>>> K`gxtph` R2

>/45;P >/6:42 ;/>>>> E)rkpja 2/;4>;

F@^ >/=56> >/=>=> ;/>>>> Edrjpjdkl :/2655

H` >/28== >/050> >/5>:4 @e 4

UJE 0/0642 4/2>>; 0/66=6

Oaoh ae pmh ia`hlt `htdrjbh` kbauh tmavt k tjfojejdkop darrhlkpjao bhpvhho pmhhlhdprjdjpz `hiko` ko` ~a~xlkpjao, pmh oxibhr ae paxrjtpt ko` pmh F@^/ Pmhrhearh, jpixtp bh daodlx`h` pmkp ILR vjpm pmh kukjlkblh `kpkthp jt oap k xthexl paal pa earhdktphlhdprjdjpz `hiko` jo Tp/ Cjppt/ Pmjt lkdc ae darrhlkpjao dko mkuh thuhrkl dkxtht/

Pmh ejrtp dkxth dko bh hrraohaxt uklxht jo pmh kukjlkblh `kpkthp/ Ear h}ki~lh, ihphrjofijtpkcht jo pmh hlhdprjdjpz tklht ae pmh TCH@ dko àxblh daxop hlhdprjdjpz tklht, daxophlhdprjdjpz tklht jo pmh vraof iaopm, ar oap daxop pmhi kp kll/ Pmh Tp/ Cjppt ia`hl 4 prjh`pa rh`xdh pmh ji~kdp ae txdm hrrart bz frax~jof pmrhh iaopmt jopa aoh thktao/ Pmjtjodrhkth` pmh darrhlkpjao txbtpkopjkllz, bxp oap hoaxfm pa xth pmjt ia`hl ear earhdktpjofhlhdprjdjpz `hiko`/

K thdao` dkxth ear pmh lkdc ae darrhlkpjao dko bh rhlkph` pa pmh pjih ~hrja`/ Pmhbhfjoojof ae pmh ~hrja` xo`hr koklztjt ;::=)2>>0 jt dmkrkdphrjwh` bz Mxrrjdkoh Fharfhtjo Th~phibhr ;::= -ko` pa k lhtthr h}phop Lhooz jo Oauhibhr ;:::*/ Kddar`jof pa pmh

X/T/ Kfhodz ear Jophrokpjaokl @huhla~ihop -;::=*, Fharfht tjfojejdkoplz keehdph` kiaofapmhrt, pmh paxrjti jo`xtprz ko` `htprazh` 8>( ae pmh ;::: txfkrdkoh mkruhtp/ Kt krhtxlp, F@^ ~hr dk~jpk tmavh` k `hdrhkth` fravpm erai ;::: pa 2>>4 -JIE, 2>>=*/Koapmhr ijtikpdm jo pmh pjih ~hrja` xo`hr koklztjt jt pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko`, vmjdmtmavt k rhikrckblz mjfm ~hkc jo 2>>>/ Pmjt àht oap darrhlkph jo koz vkz pa pmh`hdrhkth` F@^, paxrjtpt ko` ~a~xlkpjao -thh Tp Cjppt ia`hl 2*/ Kpphi~pt pa h}dlx`hpmhth xoxtxkl zhkrt -;::=)2>>>* erai pmh koklztjt `j` oap rhtxlp jo bhpphr ia`hlt/Rxoojof pmh ia`hl erai Gkoxkrz 2>>;, Gkoxkrz 2>>2 ar Gkoxkrz 2>>4 pa @hdhibhr 2>>0rhtxlph` jo pmh eallavjof k`gxtph` R2 ko` E)phtp rhtxlpt -Thh Pkblh 6 bhlav*/

Pkblh 6

Tpkpjtpjdkl Rhtxlpt ae pmh Tp/ Cjppt Ia`hl $; H}dlx`jof pmh Xoxtxkl Zhkrt ;::=)2>>>

Koklztjt ~hrja` K`gxtph` R2

E)rkpja Drjpjdkl e $ ae abthrukpjaot

2>>;)2>>0 >/;0;4 4/8660 2/=;58 0=

2>>2)2>>0 >/>8:= ;/6028 2/:>;; 45

2>>2)2>>0 )/>;2:= >/;;=: 4/>:=0 20


16/33


;5

K pmjr` dkxth ear pmh lkdc ae darrhlkpjao ikz bh pmh thlhdpjao ae `h~ho`hop ukrjkblht/ Jp jtmjfmlz ~rabkblh pmkp pmhrh krh apmhr iarh ji~arpkop ukrjkblht keehdpjof pmh hlhdprjdjpz`hiko` jo Tp/ Cjppt, pmko pmh ~a~xlkpjao, oxibhr ae paxrjtpt ko` F@^/ Mavhuhr, pmhthapmhr ukrjkblht ikz bh addktjaokl ko` pmhrhearh `jeejdxlp pa jodar~arkph jo pmh ILRia`hl/

Pmh hohrfz koklztjt jt k rh{xjrh` dai~aohop ae pmh jophrdaoohdpjao rhthkrdm, pmhrhearh joar`hr pa daopjoxh vjpm pmh rhthkrdm pmh hlhdprjd lak` koklztjt ae pmh ~hrja` 2>>8)2>;8 aeTpkolhz Daotxlpkopt -2>>8* vkt xth` jotphk`/ Pmh earhdktph` lak` ear pmh ~hrja` 2>;5)2>2> jt h}prk~alkph` bz eallavjof pmh prho` ae 2>;2)2>;8/ Ejfxrh 4 tmavt k bkth dkthtdhokrja ko` pva thotjpjujpz dktht vjpm k ijojixi ko` ik}jixi fravpm/

Ejfxrh 4

Earhdktph` Kooxkl Hlhdprjdjpz @hiko` ear Tp/ Cjppt;0

>

8>

;>>

;8>

2>>

28>

4>>

2>>> 2>>8 2>;> 2>;8 2>2> 2>28

@kph

Hlhdprjdjpz`hiko`-FVm

!zr*

Bkth Dkth

Ijojixi fravpm

Ik}jixi fravpm

0/2/2 Rhtxlpt ko` @kpk koklztjt Ohujt

Pmh darrhlkpjao ikprj} ear Ohujt, Pkblh = bhlav, tmavt pmh `h~ho`hodz ae pmhjo`h~ho`hop ko` `h~ho`hop ukrjkblht pa aoh koapmhr/ Pmh k`gxtph` R2 ae >/65 ~ajopt axppmkp k darrhlkpjao bhpvhho pmh ukrjkblht jt ~rhthop, klbhjp oap kt dlhkr kt jo apmhr hlhdprjdjpz`hiko` earhdktp tpx`jht -Iamkik` hp kl/, 2>>03 Hfhljaflx hp kl/ ;:::3 Lardmjrkdmaaocxl,2>>5*/ Pmh E)rkpja jt ixdm frhkphr pmko pmh drjpjdkl uklxh ae 2/0: ear `hfrhht ae erhh`ai-0, 6:*, ji~lzjof pmh ia`hl jt mjfmlz tjfojejdkop/ Mavhuhr, pmh darrhlkpjao daheejdjhop ae

F@^ ko` ~a~xlkpjao kiaxopt pa >/:602, jo`jdkpjof pmkp ixlpj)dalljohkrjpz h}jtpt jo pmjttjpxkpjao/ Jo k``jpjao, pmh UJE xth` pa jo`jdkph pmh thuhrjpz ae ixlpj)dalljohkrjpz mkt~ktth` pmh drjpjdkl uklxh ae pmhth ukrjkblht/

;0 Taxrdh7 Tpkolhz Daotxlpkopt, 2>>8


17/33


;6

Pkblh =

Darrhlkpjao Ikprj} ko` Uklj`jpz Phtp Rhtxlpt ear Ohujt

Ia`hl $;

^rjdh ~a~ P F@^

^rjdh ;/>>>> K`gxtph` R2

>/68:~a~ >/=4=0 ;/>>>> E)rkpja 55/485

P >/002: >/5>=6 ;/>>>> Edrjpjdkl 2/0=60

F@^ >/==8: >/:602 >/8=;4 ;/>>>> @e 6:

H` >/8=4> >/=46: >/8==0 >/658>

UJE 8/>24> 2;/8=4: ;/52:8 2=/56:>

K thdao` koklztjt `aoh bz `jtdkr`jof ~a~xlkpjao ear Ohujt, `j` oap rhtxlp jo k bhpphria`hl/ Huho pmaxfm pmh E)phtp tmavh` tjfojejdkodh ko` pmh rhikjojof ukrjkblht `j` oapjo`jdkph ixlpj)dalljohkrjpz, pmh k`gxtph` R2 `ra~~h` pa >/86/

Pmh pmjr` koklztjt, `jtdkr`jof F@^ -Ohujt ia`hl 4* bhlav, ~rauh` pa bh pmh bhtp ia`hl/

Pkblh :7

Darrhlkpjao Ikprj} ko` Uklj`jpz Phtp Rhtxlpt ear Ohujt

Ia`hl $4

^rjdh ~a~ P

^rjdh ;/>>>> K`gxtph` R2 >/60=4

~a~ >/=4=> ;/>>>> E)rkpja =4/240

P >/002: >/5>6: ;/>>>> Edrjpjdkl

2/6;==

H` >/8=4> >/=4:4 >/8==0 @e =>

UJE 4/04== 0/4=0= ;/5208

Pmh k`gxtph` R2 `hdrhkth` taihvmkp pa >/68 dai~krh` pa Ohujt ia`hl ;, bxp pmh ixlpj)dalljohkrjpz ~rablhi mkt bhho taluh`/ Daoth{xhoplz, Ohujt ia`hl 4 mkt bhho thlhdph` ktejokl ia`hl ear pmh hohrfz koklztjt/ Pmh rhtxlpjof ia`hl ear Ohujt jt7

H` 9 );6>>; # );:82/4^ # ;/=5==~a~ # >/>6;4P

Ejfxrh 0 tmavt pmh k~~ra~rjkph ejp ae pmh kdpxkl hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` klaof vjpm pmh~rh`jdph` uklxht ae Ohujt ia`hl 4/


18/33


;=

Ejfxrh 0

Abthruh` ko` ^rh`jdph` Hlhdprjdjpz @hiko` jo Ohujt

>

;

2

4

0

8

5

Gko

)>;

Gko

)>2

Gko

)>4

Gko

)>0

Gko

)>8

Gko

)>5

Gko

)>6

Gko

)>=

@kph

Hlhdprjdjpz`hiko`-FVm!iaopm*

~rh`jdph` uklxht abthruh` uklxht

Pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` ia`hl `jtdxtth` kbauh vkt xth` pa earhdktp pmh hlhdprjdjpz`hiko` bz ukrjkpjao ae pmh jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht -j/h/ ~rjdh ae hlhdprjdjpz, ~a~xlkpjao koòxibhr ae paxrjtpt*/ Ear pmjt dkth tpx`z pmh dmkofh jo hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` vkt dkldxlkphèar pmh eallavjof pmrhh tdhokrjat, bxp pmh ia`hl dko bh rxo vjpm koz cjo` ae jo~xp/

Pmh hlhdprjdjpz ~rjdh jo pmh lav ~rjdh ikoz paxrjtpt tdhokrja vjll `hdrhkth pa>,2>HD$!cVm jo 2>2>/ Jo pmh oarikl ~rjdh rhfxlkr paxrjtpt tdhokrja pmh hlhdprjdjpz~rjdh vjll bh pmh tkih kt bhearh pmh exhl txrdmkrfh/ Jo pmh lktp tdhokrja3 mjfm ~rjdh ehvpaxrjtpt pmh hlhdprjdjpz ~rjdh vjll daopjoxh pa rjth pavkr`t >,:> HD$!cVm jo 2>2>/â~xlkpjao fravpm jt kttxih` pa bh ljohkr ko` pmh tkih jo kll pmrhh tdhokrjat/ Mavhuhr, jpdko bh krfxh` pmkp pmh ~a~xlkpjao vjll jodrhkth `xh pa jiijfrkop varchrt jo pmh paxrjtijo`xtprz/ Pmh paxrjti thdpar jt h}~hdph` pa frav jo kll pmrhh jouhtpjfkph` tdhokrjat, klbhjpiatp àijokop jo pmh lav ~rjdh ) ikoz paxrjtpt tdhokrja/

Pkblh ;> ko` Ejfxrh 8 bhlav `jt~lkz pmh abthruh`, ~rh`jdph` ko` earhdktp hlhdprjdjpz`hiko` ear pmh ~hrja` 2>>; ) 2>2>/ Pmh pmjdc ko` `krc dalarh` bkrt jo`jdkph pmh earhdktpuklxh ae hkdm tdhokrja/ Pmh pmjo ko` ljfmp dalarh` bkrt jo`jdkph pmh :8( ~rh`jdpjaojophrukl -^/J/* ae pmh kttadjkph` tdhokrja/ Oaph pmkp pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` jt ihktxrh` joFVm!iaopm jotphk` ae FVm!zhkr, ljch jo Tp/ Cjppt/


19/33


;:

Pkblh ;>

Jo~xp ko` Axp~xp ear pmh Pmrhh Tdhokrjat ear Ohujt bkth` ao Ia`hl $4

Jo~xp ia`hl Axp~xp Hrrar

Tdhokrja Zhkr ^rjdh

-HD!cVm*

^a~

-$*

Paxrjtp

-$*

H`

-IVm!i/*

:8(

^/J/

( ae

H`2>;2 >/46 ;4,>48 0,>>> 5,:22 =;; ;2(

2>;5 >/4> ;4,64; 0,8>> =,4:8 ;,>45 ;2(lav ~rjdh)ikoz paxrjtpt

2>2> >/2> ;0,026 5,>>> :,::= ;,4;> ;4(

2>;2 >/46 ;4,>48 4,44> 5,=60 =;5 ;2(

2>;5 >/46 ;4,64; 0,>>> =,222 ::4 ;2(oarikl ~rjdh)rhfxlkr paxrjtpt

2>2> >/46 ;0,026 0,=>> :,8=> ;,;=: ;2(

2>;2 >/=> ;4,>48 2,4>> 8,:5; 568 ;;(

2>;5 >/=8 ;4,64; 2,0>> 6,;6; 6=6 ;;(mjfm ~rjdh)ehv paxrjtpt

2>2> >/:> ;0,026 2,8>> =,4=2 :40 ;;(

Ejfxrh 8

Hlhdprjdjpz @hiko` Earhdktp ear pmh Pmrhh Jouhtpjfkph` Tdhokrjat ear Ohujt

>

2>>>

0>>>

5>>>

=>>>

;>>>>

;2>>>

2>>;

2>>2

2>>4

2>>0

2>>8

2>>5

2>>6

2>>=

2>>:

2>;>

2>;;

2>;2

2>;4

2>;0

2>;8

2>;5

2>;6

2>;=

2>;:

2>2>

@kph

Hlhdprjdjpz`hiko`-IVm!iaopm*

lav ~rjdh)ikoz paxrjtpt

oarikl ~rjdh)rhfxlkr paxrjtptmjfm ~rjdh)ehv paxrjtpt

~rh`jdph` uklxhtabthruh uklxht

Aoh ae pmh ikgar kttxi~pjaot jo ILR jt pmkp kll rhlkpjaotmj~t bhpvhho pmh hlhdprjdjpz`hiko` ko` pmh jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht krh ljohkr/ Pmjt dko bh phtph` vjpm bjukrjkphtdkpphr~lapt ae pmh ukrjkblht ae jophrhtp, vmjdm ear pmh Ohujt ia`hl tmavh` oa dxruh earpmh ukrjkblht ~rjdh ae hlhdprjdjpz ko` oxibhr ae paxrjtpt/ Pmh tdkpphr~lap ae pmh hlhdprjdjpz`hiko` kfkjotp pmh ~a~xlkpjao ao pmh apmhr mko` tmavh` k tljfmp dxruh/ Earpxokphlz,ixlpj~lh rhfrhttjao ~radh`xrht krh oap frhkplz keehdph` bz ijoar `hujkpjaot erai pmhkttxi~pjao ae ljohkrjpz -Tpketaep, 2>>6*/


20/33


2>

K thdao` kttxi~pjao jo ILR jt pmkp pmh rhtj`xklt tmaxl` bh `jtprjbxph` oarikllz/ Pmh~hrearih` E)phtp, vmjdm rhtxlph` ~atjpjuh, jt {xjph rabxtp rhfkr`jof ujalkpjaot ae pmjtkttxi~pjao/ Rhtj`xkl ~lapt dko klta jo`jdkph vmhpmhr pmh ejokl ia`hl dko bh daotj`hrh`k~~ra~rjkph/ Ejfxrh 5 `jt~lkzt pmh rhtj`xkl ~lapt ae pmh ejokl ia`hl ear Ohujt/

Ejfxrh 5^lapt ae Rhtj`xklt kfkjotp pmh Hlhdprjdjpz @hiko`, pmh ^rjdh ae Hlhdprjdjpz,

â~xlkpjao ko` pmh Oxibhr ae Paxrjtpt jo Ohujt

Pmh lavhtp uklxht ae pmh rhtj`xkl ~lap ae pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` tmav k ljohkr prho`, bxp

pmh mjfmhr uklxht, vmjdm krh daotjtphop vjpm pmh abthrukpjaot lkphr jo pmh koklztjt ~hrja`,krh rkoài/ Pmh rhtj`xklt ae pmh ~rjdh ae hlhdprjdjpz krh dmkrkdphrjwh` bz pmh daotpkop~rjdh ear 8: ae pmh =0 abthrukpjaot/ Pmh rhtj`xklt ae ~a~xlkpjao ko` paxrjtpt krh tdkpphrh`rkoàilz jo`jdkpjof pmh rhfrhttjao dko bh daotj`hrh` k~~ra~rjkph/

ILR jt k pa~)àvo k~~rakdm ko` pmhrhearh ko k~~ra~rjkph ihpmaàlafz jo ikdra)hdaoaijd tjpxkpjaot/ Mavhuhr, pmhth pz~ht ae ia`hlt mkuh pmh pho`hodz pa mkuh k rkpmhr~httjijtpjd axpdaih dai~krh` pa phdmoalafz)bkth` bappai)x~ ia`hlt/ Jo pmh Ohujt dkthtpx`z pmjt daxl` ihko pmkp pmh kdpxkl hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` jt mjfmhr pmko pmh earhdktp/Koapmhr ji~ljdkpjao vjpm rhfkr` pa k~~ljh` earhdktp ihpmaàlafz jt pmh rhlkpjuhlz lavpapkl hlhdprjdjpz daotxi~pjao ae Ohujt/ Tjodh pmh jtlko` jt tikll ao pmh ikdra)hdaoaijd

lhuhl, `huhla~ihopt ljch k ohv maphl mkuh k rhlkpjuh lkrfh ji~kdp ao hlhdprjdjpz `hiko`/

Huho pmaxfm pmhrh krh taih `jtkùkopkfht vjpm k~~lzjof ILR jo pmh Ohujt dkth tpx`z, jptpjll jt ko k~~ra~rjkph paal kt pmh ihpmaàlafz ejpt vhll jopa pmh jojpjkllz tpkph` abghdpjuht/Pmhth jodlx`h pmkp pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` earhdktp ear Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt tmaxl` bh thp x~jo k ~rkdpjdkl ko` ikokfhkblh ikoohr jo ar`hr pa bh daopjoxh` jo`h~ho`hoplz bz pmhijojtprjht ae hohrfz/ Iarhauhr, pmkp jp tmaxl` jodlx`h ~krkihphrt pmkp krh kukjlkblhladkllz3 krh rhljkblh3 ko` abujaxtlz keehdp pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko`/

Hlhdprjdjpz @hiko` ^rjdh

â~xlkpjao Paxrjtpt


21/33


2;

0/8 Gxtpjejdkpjao ae pmh Jophrdaoohdpjao

Pmh earhdktp ~hkc `hiko` jo IV jt ko ji~arpkop ~krkihphr ear pmh hlhdprjdjpz xpjljpjhtko` RH^ `huhla~hrt pa `hphrijoh pmh k``jpjaokl a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz pmkp jt ohh`h` pathrujdh expxrh `hiko`/ Jo k``jpjao, txdm earhdktpt dko jo`jdkph pmh ladkpjao ko` pjijof ae

k ~attjblh hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz txr~lxt ar `hejdjp/ Pmjt joearikpjao jt jo`jt~hotjblh ear pmhjophrdaoohdpjao ktthttihop/

0/8/; Pmh Dkth ear Tp/ Cjppt

Tpkolhz Daotxlpkopt -2>>8* earhdktph`, jo k``jpjao pa pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` jo FVm!zr-thh Ejfxrh 4*, klta pmh ~hkc `hiko` jo IV ear pmh ~hrja` 2>>8)2>;8/ Mavhuhr, ~hkc`hiko` ko` hlhdprjdjpz tklht `kpk ~rjar pa @hdhibhr 2>>8 vkt oap kukjlkblh, vmjdm ik`hjp `jeejdxlp pa rhujhv pmh ejrtp zhkrt ae pmh lak` ~raghdpjaot ae Tpkolhz Daotxlpkopt/

Pmh `jkfrki bhlav tmavt pmh rhtxlpt ae pmh earhdktpt ik`h ear Tp/ Cjppt xtjof ko`h}prk~alkpjof Tpkolhz Daotxlpkopt `kpk erai 2>>8 pa 2>2>/ Pmh ljoh `jkfrkit tmav pmh

rhtxlpt ear pmh pmrhh hohrfz `hiko` tdhokrjat/ Pmh krhk `jkfrkit jo`jdkph pmhdaouhopjaokl ko` rhohvkblh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz auhr pjih/ Kddar`jof pa Ejfxrh 6 pmhrhjt k dlhkr `jt~krjpz bhpvhho pmh ljoh `jkfrkit `h~jdpjof pmh ~hkc `hiko` ~raghdpjao ko`pmh krhk `jkfrkit `h~jdpjof pmh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz ae pmh daouhopjaokl `jhthl fhohrkpartko` pmh ~lkooh` RH^t/ Pmxt `hiko` jt ~raghdph` pa txr~ktt tx~~lz/

Oaph pmkp pmh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz `jeehrt erai pmh kukjlkblh dk~kdjpz -Thdpjao 2/;* ko`pmh lkpphr jt txeejdjhop pa thrujdh pmh dxrrhop ~hkc `hiko`/

Ejfxrh 6

^hkc @hiko` ko` A~hrkpjaokl Dk~kdjpz ear Tp/ Cjppt ear pmh ~hrja` 2>>8)2>2>

>

;>

2>

4>

0>

8>

2>>8 2>;> 2>;8 2>2>

Zhkr

^hk

c@hiko`ko`A~hrkpjaokl

Dk~kdjpz-IV* bjaiktt

vjo`

daouhopjaokl

mjfm

ih`jxi

lav


22/33


22

0/8/2 Pmh Dkth ear Ohujt

Pa earhdktp ~hkc `hiko` ear Ohujt, ILR vkt xth` pa dkldxlkph pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hikoèarhdktp jo IVm ~hr iaopm -thh Ejfxrh 8*/ Pmh mjtparjdkl `kpkthp -vjpm =0 abthrukpjaot*jo`jdkph` pmkp 28( ae pmh papkl hohrfz ~ra`xdpjao jt oap daotxih` bz dxtpaihrt `xh pa

lattht ko` avo xth/ Vmho daouhrpjof pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` jo IVm!iaopm pa ~hkc`hiko` jo IV pmhrh tmaxl` bh k darrhdpjao ear pmjt fk~/ Jo pmjt tpx`z pmh iaopmlz tklhtkrh `juj`h` bz pmh papkl maxrt ae pmh klladkph` iaopm ko` pmho `juj`h` bz 68(;8/

Jo Ejfxrh = bhlav, pmh ljoh `jkfrkit tmav pmh rhtxlpt ear pmh pmrhh hohrfz `hiko`tdhokrjat ear pmh pjih ~hrja` 2>>8)2>2>/ Pmh krhk `jkfrkit ao pmh apmhr mko`, jo`jdkphpmh daouhopjaokl ko` rhohvkblh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz auhr pjih/ Dxrrhoplz, pmh a~hrkpjaokljotpkllh` dk~kdjpz àht oap thrujdh pmh ~hkc `hiko`/ K ohv `jhthl hofjoh ko` pmh RH^tvjll kllhujkph pmh ~rhttxrh ao tprkjoh` fhohrkpjao tztphit kttxijof vjo` ko`!arfhapmhrikl hohrfz jt ji~lhihoph` kt ~lkooh` -thh thdpjao 0/;*/ Pmh fhapmhrikl ~lkop vjll`hljuhr pmh bxlc dk~kdjpz kttxrjof txeejdjhop tx~~lz ear pmh laof phri/

Ejfxrh =

^hkc @hiko` ko` A~hrkpjaokl Dk~kdjpz ear Ohujt ear pmh ~hrja` 2>>8)2>2>

>

;>

2>

4>

0>

8>

2>>8 2>;> 2>;8 2>2>

Zhkr

^hkc@hi

ko`koÀ~hrkpjaok

Dk~kdjpz-IV* fhapmhrikl

vjo`

daouhopjaokl

mjfm

ih`jxi

lav

Ejfxrht 6 ko` = tmav pmkp pmhrh vjll bh ko hlhdprjdjpz ~ra`xdpjao txr~lxt jo Ohujt ko` kohlhdprjdjpz ~ra`xdpjao `hejdjp jo Tp/ Cjppt auhr pmh ~hrja` 2>>8 pa 2>2>/ Pmjt axplaacgxtpjejht ko hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao bhpvhho pmh pva jtlko`t ta pmkp Tp/ Cjppt ikz bhohejperai Ohujt h}dhtt hlhdprjdjpz/

K dratt bar`hr jophrdaoohdpjao -vjpm apmhr jtlko`t jo pmh rhfjao* dko bhdaih ko kpprkdpjuha~pjao je pmh Eh`hrkpjao ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt mkt k txr~lxt hlhdprjdjpz ~ra`xdpjao `xrjofpmh ~raghdph` pjiherkih x~ pa 2>2>/ Ejfxrh : tmavt pmh ~hkc `hiko` ko` a~hrkpjaokldk~kdjpz gajoplz, kp pmh eh`hrkl lhuhl -txiijof Ejfxrht 6 ko` =*/

;8 Pmjt ekdpar mkt k tpko`kr` `hujkpjao ae 6/2(/


23/33


24

Ejfxrh :

^hkc @hiko` ko` A~hrkpjaokl Dk~kdjpz ear Tp/ Cjppt % Ohujt

ear pmh ~hrja` 2>>8)2>2>

>

;>

2>

4>

0>

8>

5>

6>

2>>8 2>;> 2>;8 2>2>

Zhkr

^hkc@hiko`ko`A~hrkpjaok

Dk~kdjpz-IV*

bjaiktt

fhapmhrikl

vjo`

daouhopjaokl

mjfm

ih`jxi

lav

Kddar`jof pa Ejfxrh :, pmh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz kephr ji~lhihopkpjao ae pmh RH^t vjll bhtxeejdjhop pa thrujdh pmh ~hkc `hiko` xopjl 2>;8, 2>;5 ar 2>;=, `h~ho`jof ao pmh `hiko`tdhokrja/ Kephr pmhth jo`jdkpjuh `kpht mavhuhr, pmh ~lkooh` dk~kdjpjht ae pmh RH^t ko` pmh`hdljojof dk~kdjpz ae pmh daouhopjaokl hofjoht vjll oap bh txeejdjhop pa thrujdh ~hkc`hiko`/ Pmjt xo`hr pmh kttxi~pjao pmkp `hiko` daopjoxht pa frav kt ~raghdph`, pmhdaouhopjaokl dk~kdjpz jt oap rh~lkdh` bz ohv `jhthl hofjoht, pmh dk~kdjpz ae pmh h}jtpjofRH^t jt oap h}pho`h` ko` oa apmhr RH^t krh ji~lhihoph`/ Daotj`hrjof pmhthkttxi~pjaot jp dko bh tpkph` pmkp k dratt)bar`hr jophrdaoohdpjao vjpm apmhr jtlko`t jo pmhrhfjao, jt oap ko kpprkdpjuh a~pjao/ Pmjt vjll bh exrpmhr h}kijoh` jo pmh txbth{xhop~krkfrk~mt/

8/ HLHDPRJDKL JOPHRDAOOHDPJAO

Pmh hohrfz koklztjt ae thdpjao 0 mkt ~ajoph` axp pmkp jo pmh tmarp)phri ko hlhdprjdkljophrdaoohdpjao bhpvhho Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt jt ohdhttkrz pa ihhp tx~~lz hlhdprjdjpz`hiko` jo Tp/ Cjppt ko` xth hlhdprjdjpz h}dhtt jo Ohujt/ Vjpm pmh dxrrhop ~lkooh`dk~kdjpz, h}~arpjof hlhdprjdjpz pa apmhr daxoprjht jo pmh Dkrjbbhko rhfjao `aht oap thhi ktko kpprkdpjuh a~pjao jo pmh laof phri/ Mavhuhr, expxrh dk~kdjpz h}~kotjao, ht~hdjkllz aepmh fhapmhrikl ~lkop, dko fhohrkph ko hlhdprjdjpz txr~lxt kp pmh eh`hrkl lhuhl huho jo pmhlaof phri/ Mhodh, bhtj`ht ko jophrdaoohdpjao bhpvhho Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt, pmh ~attjbjljpzae k dratt)bar`hr jophrdaoohdpjao vjll klta bh daotj`hrh`/

Pmh a~pjaot rhujhvh` ear ko hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao pkch jopa daotj`hrkpjao aolztxbikrjoh dkblht kt pmjt mkt ~rauho pa bh daiiaolz ji~lhihoph` phdmoalafz, jo ujhv aepmh dxrrhop tztphi lkzaxp jo Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt/


24/33


20

8/; Fhafrk~mjdkl Dmkrkdphrjtpjdt

Tp/ Cjppt, Ohujt ko` pmh @xpdm jtlko` ae Tp/ Hxtpktjxt, krh kll ladkph` ao pmh tkih bkoc/Pmh tmkllav tmhle jt rh~lkdh` bz k tphh~ tla~h >/8 ci pa 8 ci axp ae pmh tmarhljoh -G/Tjiiao`t, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;8, 2>>=*/ Pmh vkphr `h~pm bhpvhho pmhth

pmrhh jtlko`t jt kp iatp 88 ihphrt, vmjlh pmh vkphr `h~pmt kephr pmh txbikrjoh tla~h krh jopmh rkofh ae >/5 ci -Jirkz)lalkjrh, ;::>*/

Pmh tprhpdm ae vkphr bhpvhho pmh Tp/ Cjppt TH ^hojotxlk ko` Ohujt jt dkllh` Pmh Okrravko` jt kp pmh okrravhtp ~ajop 4/2 ci laof ko` kp oa ~ajop `hh~hr pmko ;; ihphrt/ Pmh thkbappai daotjtpt iatplz ae thk frkttht, tko` ko` ijoar darkl rhhe/ Pmh Ikgart Bkz, pmhDadclhtmhll Bkz ko` pmh Bkokok Bkz -thh Ejfxrh ;>* krh ji~arpkop oxrthrjht ear ejtmhtko` apmhr ikrjpjih ljeh ko` mkt bhho `htjfokph` k ikrjoh rhthruh/ Pmh @h~krpihop aeEjtmhrjht jojpjkph` k ~radh`xrh pa aeejdjkllz ~raphdp pmh Okrrav, mavhuhr jp jt tpjll xodlhkrvmhpmhr ko` vmho k ikrjpjih ~raphdpjao vjll hophr jopa eardh/

Ejfxrh ;>Ikrjoh Mkbjpkp Ik~ ae pmh Vkphr Tprhpdm bhpvhho

Tp/ Cjppt TH ^hojotxlk ko` Ohujt;5

;5 Ia`jejh` erai Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt FJT Kplkt, 2>>2/ -Vkphr `h~pmt krh jo ekpmait*/

Ohujt


25/33


28

Pmh tprhpdm ae vkphr bhpvhho Tp/ ^kxlt jo OV Tp/ Cjppt ko` Tp/ Hxtpktjxt jt kp pmhokrravhtp ~ajop ;4 ci laof ko` jt oa `hh~hr pmko 88 ihphrt/

Ko hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao bhpvhho Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt ko` apmhr jtlko`t jo pmhDkrjbbhko rhfjao )bhtj`ht Tp/ Hxtpktjxt) jt iarh dai~ljdkph` bhdkxth ae pmh lkrfhr

`jtpkodht ko` vkphr `h~pmt/ Pmh pmrhh jtlko`t Tp/ Bkrpmhlhiz, Tp/ Ikrpjo ko` Kofxjllk krhladkph` ao pmh Kofxjllk bkoc vjpm Tp/ Bkrpmhlhiz -Tp/ Bkrpt* bhjof pmh dlathtp pa Tp/ Cjpptko` Ohujt/ Tkbk jt pmh aolz jtlko` ao pmh Tkbk bkoc ko` jo pmh ujdjojpz ae Tp/ Hxtpktjxt/Pmh jtlko`t Kopjfxk ko` Bkrbx`k krh ladkph` ao pmh tkih bkoc hktp ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujtvjpm Kopjfxk pmh ohkrhtp/ Iaopthrrkp jt ladkph` jo pmh taxpm hktp `jrhdpjao ae Tp/ Cjppt ko`Ohujt vjpm ko xojomkbjph` jtlko` jo bhpvhho/ Daopjoxkpjao jo pmh tkih `jrhdpjao lhk`t paFxk`hlax~h, kfkjo pmh aolz jtlko` ao jpt bkoc/ Pkblh ;; ko` Ejfxrh ;; ~rauj`h koauhrujhv ae pmh ladkpjaot, `jrhdpjaot, `jtpkodht ko` vkphr `h~pmt ae pmh jtlko`t/

Ejfxrh ;;

Tkphlljph Jikfh ae pmh Lhhvkr` Jtlko`t -vjpm pmh h}dh~pjao ae pmh Ujrfjo Jtlko`t*;6

;6 Pmh rh` auklt jo`jdkph pmh k~~ra}jikph ladkpjaot ae pmh bkoct/ Taxrdh7 Faaflh ik~t

Tp/ Hxtpktjxt

Tp/ Ikrpjo

Tp/ Bkrpt

Tkbk


26/33


25

Pkblh ;;

Auhrujhv ae pmh Vkphr @h~pmt ko` @jtpkodht ae pmh Tmarphtp Daoohdpjao bhpvhho

pmh K`gkdhop Lhhvkr` Jtlko`t

Bkoc Erai Pa @jtpkodh-ci*k

Ik}/ `h~pm-i*b

Ohujt Tp/ Cjppt 4/2 ;;Tp/ Hxtpktjxt, Tp/Cjppt ko` Ohujtbkoc

Tp/ Cjppt Tp/ Hxtpktjxt ;4 88

Tkbk bkoc Tp/ Hxtpktjxt Tkbk 25 =4=Tp/ Cjppt Tp/ Bkrpmhlhiz 84 52:Tp/ Bkrpmhlhiz Tp/ Ikrpjo ;: 20Kofxjllk bkocTp/ Ikrpjo Kofxjllk = ;4

Iaopthrrkp bkoc Ohujt Iaopthrrkp 0: 6:>Ohujt Kopjfxk 5: 8=8

Krjk`oh tmaklKopjfxk Bkrbx`k 02 2:

Fxk`hlax~h bkoc Ohujt Fxk`klx~h ;;: ;;2;

k@jtpkodht krh dkldxlkph` vjpm F^Tujtxklthr/dai bkth` ao pmh daar`jokpht eaxo` jo Faaflh ik~t/b

Bkpmzihprjd joearikpjao jt rhk` erai ik~ ae Jirkz)lalkjrh -;::>*/

8/2/ ^rhujaxt ^raghdpt

Mjfm Ualpkfh Klphrokpjof Dxrrhop

Mjfm Ualpkfh Klphrokpjof Dxrrhop -MUKD* txbikrjoh dkblht krh klrhk`z jo xth jotjpxkpjaot pmkp krh tjijlkr pa pmkp ae pmh jtlko`t ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt/ Pmh eallavjofh}ki~lht ~rauj`h taih hdaoaijd, phdmojdkl, hofjohhrjof ko` tadjkl jotjfmpt ao pmhdaotprxdpjao ae MUKD jo pmh Dkrjbbhko rhfjao/

Ejrtplz, jo ;::= Tko ^h`ra ao pmh Kibhrfrjt Dkzh Jtlko` vkt daoohdph` pa pmh ikjolko`ae Bhljwh bz ihkot ae k 40/8 cU txbikrjoh dkblh/ Pmh ;:/4 ci txbikrjoh dkblh rxoterai pmh daktpljoh kp Baibk ko` Badk Dmjdk pa pmh taxpmhro pj~ ae Kibhrfrjt Dkzh/Auhrmhk` prkotijttjao ljoht prkot~arp hlhdprjdjpz pa pmh ~avhr tpkpjao jo pmh dhophr ae Tko^h`ra ear koapmhr :/8 ci/ Thuhrkl ehh`hrt ae pmh Tko ^h`ra `jtprjbxpjao tztphi vhrhx~frk`h` erai 5/5 cU pa 22 cU/ Pmh bhohejpt ear Tko ^h`ra jodlx`h ji~rauh` ~avhr{xkljpz -jo phrit ae erh{xhodz ko` ualpkfh daopral*, k `hdrhkth jo hlhdprjdjpz ~rjdh, ko` pmhkbjljpz pa thrujdh rk~j` hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` ao pmh jtlko`/ Pmh jophrdaoohdpjao vktejokodh` gajoplz bz pmh Dkrjbbhko @huhla~ihop Bkoc -D@B* ko` Bhljwh HlhdprjdjpzLjijph` -BHL* kp k papkl datp ae XT$ : ijlljao -Tko^rh`raTxo, ;::=*/ Tko ^h`ra Pavoko` k oxibhr ae tikll ujllkfht ko` rhtarpt ao pmh jtlko` ikch x~ k ~a~xlkpjao ae kraxo`

;>,>>> -Kibhrfrjtdzh, 2>>=*/

Thdao`lz, jo 2>>; k ;2 ci txbikrjoh dkblh jotpkllh` jo Frko` Dkziko, Dkziko Jtlko`tvkt laa~h` pa daoohdp pmh 5: cU dkblht ko` auhrmhk` ljoht ao bapm tj`ht ae pmh OarpmTaxo` lkfaao/ Pmh bhohejpt ae pmjt txbikrjoh laa~ jodlx`h ~raphdpjao kfkjotp mxrrjdkoht,tklp ko` ~allxpjao ko` pmh ~rhthrukpjao ae pmh tdhohrz/ Pmh tmkllav vkphr ae pmh OarpmTaxo` jt 2)5 i `hh~, abtprxdpjof pmh jotpkllkpjao ae pmh dkblh/ Pmh dkblh jt dajlh` erai pmhdkrrzjof adhko uhtthl ao k ~aopaao erai vmjdm pmh dkblh jt lkj` -KBB, 2>>;*/


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26

Mjfm Ualpkfh @jrhdp Dxrrhop

Pmhrh krh thuhrkl txddhttexl Mjfm Ualpkfh @jrhdp Dxrrhop -MU@D* jophrdaoohdpjaotvarl` vj`h/ Ejrtp, jo hkrlz 2>>=, Hhitmkuho jo pmh Ohpmhrlko`t ko` Eh`kp jo Oarvkzvhrh daoohdph` bz k 8=> ci laof, 6>> IV, 08> cU @D dkblh/ Pmh ik}jixi thk `h~pm

kiaxopt pa 0;> i -Phoohp, 2>>=*/ Thdao`, k 0>> cU @D, 8>> IV prkotijttjao dkblhdaoohdph` Aprkopa, Jpklz vjpm pmh Khpat rhfjao jo Frhhdh jo 2>>>/ Pmh txbikrjoh thdpjaotprhpdmht ;54 ci/ Pmh dkblh jt lkj` kp k `h~pm ae ;>>>i -Fharfh, 2>>>*/ Pmjr`, jo pmhTKr`hfok ^Hojotalk Jpklz -TK/^/H/J/* ~raghdp pmh Tkr`jojko prkotijttjao ohpvarc vktljoch` vjpm pmh Jpkljko ikjo lko`/ K bj~alkr daoejfxrkpjao prkotijpt 2}8>> IV auhr 02>ci/ Pmh ik}jixi `h~pm jt ;58> i, pmh ualpkfh jo 8>> cU @D -^rztijko, 2>>=*/

Mavhuhr, oap kll ~raghdpt krh txddhttexl/ Ear h}ki~lh, fhapmhrikl rhtaxrdh ktthttihoptao pmh ikgar jtlko`t ae Mkvkjj erai ;:6= aovkr`t jo`jdkph` pmkp pmh zaxofhtp jtlko`,Mkvkjj, mk` k mjfm fhapmhrikl hohrfz dk~kdjpz/ Vjpm hohrfz `hiko` mjfmhr jo pmh jtlko`ae Akmk, vmhrh Maoalxlx jt ladkph`, jp vkt bhljhuh` pmkp ko jophr)jtlko` txbikrjoh dkblh

vaxl` prkotijp hlhdprjdjpz kiaof pmh Mkvkjjko Jtlko`t/ Ixlpj~lh hofjohhrjof ehktjbjljpztpx`jht vhrh dao`xdph` erai ;:=2 pmraxfm hkrlz ;::> ko` jo`jdkph` pmkp k txbikrjohdkblh daoohdpjof pmh lkrfhr Mkvkjjko Jtlko`t vkt phdmojdkllz ehktjblh/ Pmh huklxkph`dkblht tmaxl` vjpmtpko` tprhttht ae kp)thk `h~lazihop, pmh xo`hrthk houjraoihop ko`vaxl` bh jo a~hrkpjao ear kp lhktp 4> zhkrt/ Mavhuhr, pmh datpt jo`jdkph` pmkp pmhjotpkllkpjao ae pmh dkblh vkt oap hdaoaijdkllz ehktjblh/ Pmh dkblh vkt ohuhr bxjlp ko` pmhfhapmhrikl hlhdprjdjpz ~ra`xdpjao ao pmh jtlko` ae Mkvkjj jt h}dlxtjuhlz ear avo xth-Pmaikt hp kl/, 2>>2*/

Pmhrh krh apmhr MU@D h}ki~lht aofajof jo pmh Dkrjbbhko rhfjao/ Jo k ~rhtt rhlhkth aeKxfxtp 2>>=, pmh fauhroihopt ae Dalxibjk, ^xhrpa Rjda ko` pmh @aijojdko Rh~xbljd

kfrhh` pa jojpjkljwh k ehktjbjljpz tpx`z ao ko hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao/ Pmh ~ra~ath`txbikrjoh dkblh vjll bh ;>>> ci, pmh laofhtp ae pmh varl`/ Pmh dkblh, vjpm ko kopjdj~kph`dk~kdjpz ae ;>>> IV, tmaxl` bh ejojtmh` jo eaxr zhkrt -Ljtpjo`krja, 2>>=*/

Phlhdaiixojdkpjao Dkblht

Jo Th~phibhr ;::8, Tp/ Cjppt vkt daoohdph` pa ;0 apmhr jtlko` jo pmh Dkrjbbhko rhfjao bzpmh Hktp Dkrjbbhko Ejbhr A~pjd Tztphi -HDET* phlhdaiixojdkpjaot ohpvarc/ Pmjt jt k;648 ci laof txbikrjoh dkblh pmkp arjfjokpht jo Prjoj`k` ko` prkuhlt klaof pmh dmkjo aejtlko`t pa Tp/ Cjppt/ Pmh lko`jof ~ajop jt jo Erjfkph Bkz/ Ohujt jt daoohdph` pa pmhjophrokpjaokl phlh~maoh tztphi bz k `jrhdp ijdravkuh rk`ja rhlkz ljoc pa Tp/ Cjppt/ Pmhrh

vkt oa Houjraoihopkl Ji~kdp ktthttihop rh{xjrh` ear pmjt ~raghdp/ K thdao` txbikrjohdkblh )pmh Taxpm Dkrjbbhko Ejbhr -TDE*) vkt dai~lhph` jo ij` 2>>6/ Jp daoohdptKopjfxk, Tp/ Lxdjk, Tp/ Cjppt, Tp/ Ujodhop, Bkrbk`at, Frhok`k ko` Prjoj`k`, ko` jt kltajophrdaoohdph` vjpm pmh Flabkl Dkrjbbhko Ohpvarc ko` pmh Ij``lh Dkrjbbhko Ohpvarc/Ko Houjraoihopkl Ji~kdp Ktthttihop vkt rh{xjrh` kt ~krp ae pmjt ~raghdp-Dkrjbbhko~rhttrhlhktht, 2>>5*/


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2=

8/4 Phdmojdkl, Rhfxlkparz ko` Jotpjpxpjaokl kt~hdpt

8/4/; Phdmojdkl A~pjaot

Txbikrjoh Dkblh

Aoh a~pjao jt pa jophrdaoohdp Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt vjpm ko ;; cU KD txbikrjoh dkblh/Bapm hlhdprjdjpz `jtprjbxpjao tztphit krh a~hrkph` kp ;; cU KD/ Mhodh, ohjpmhr tph~)x~ko` tph~)àvo prkotearihrt oar KD!@D daouhrphrt krh ohh`h` ear pmh jophrdaoohdpjao/Ao pmh apmhr mko`, prkotijttjao lattht ijfmp bh lkrfhr vmho a~hrkpjof kp ;; cU pmko kpmjfmhr ualpkfht/ Pmhrhearh, k thdao` a~pjao jt pa jodrhkth pmh prkotijttjao ualpkfh pa 44cU ar 5: cU/ Prkotijppjof hlhdprjdjpz kp mjfmhr ualpkfht rh`xdht pmh prkotijttjao lattht/Mavhuhr, jp rh{xjrht tph~)x~ ko` tph~)àvo prkotearihrt ao bapm jtlko`t/

Ko KD jophrdaoohdpjao dko klta mkuh jpt `jtkùkopkfht/ Ejrtp ae kll, pmh lhofpm ae ko KDdkblh jt ljijph` bz pmh kiaxop ae rhkdpjuh ~avhr ~ra`xdh` bz pmh dkblh kt pmjt rh`xdht pmhdkrrzjof dk~kdjpz ae pmh dao`xdpar/ Pmjt ijfmp rhtprjdp pmh xtkfh ae KD dkblht ear pmh

laof)`jtpkodh dratt bar`hr jophrdaoohdpjao/ Thdao`, je pmh KD prkotijttjao tdmhiht ae`jeehrhop hlhdprjdjpz tztphit krh oap tzodmraojwh`, k tzodmraojwhr ko` pjfmp daar`jokpjaojt rh{xjrh` pa hotxrh k`h{xkph tpkbjljpz ikrfjot -Hoflxo`, 2>>4*/

Jo ar`hr pa auhrdaih pmhth jttxht, k pmjr` a~pjao jt k MU@D jophrdaoohdpjao/ MU@Dbhdaiht datp)heehdpjuh vjpm laofhr prkot~arp `jtpkodht vmho pmh tikllhr prkotijttjaolattht ko` pmh rh`xdh` daotprxdpjao datpt aeethp pmh KD!@D daouhrphr ko` prkotearihrdatpt ao hkdm ho` ae pmh ljoh/ MU@D kllavt daoprallh` prkotijttjao bhpvhho ohpvarctvmjlh rhpkjojof pmhjr jo`h~ho`hop a~hrkpjao7 ktzodmraoaxt frj`t dko h}dmkofh hlhdprjdjpzvjpmaxp pmh daopjoxaxt rhkl pjih k`gxtpihop ae pmh rhlkpjuh ~mkth ae pmh pva daoohdph`frj`t -Jbj`, 2>>4*/

K `hpkjlh` phdmoa)hdaoaijd ehktjbjljpz tpx`z tmaxl` k``rhtt pmh prk`h)aeet ihopjaoh`kbauh/

Daoohdpjof ar Jophfrkpjof pmh Frj`t

K txbikrjoh dkblh dko daoohdp pmh jo`h~ho`hop a~hrkpjof `jtprjbxpjao ohpvarct ae Tp/Cjppt ko` Ohujt vjpm ko` vjpmaxp jophfrkpjaot ae pmh ohpvarct/ Kùadkpht kfkjotp k~attjblh jophfrkpjao ijfmp krfxh pmkp jo`h~ho`hop tztphit mkuh pmh kùkopkfh pmkp kekjlxrh jo aoh jtlko` vaxl` oap keehdp pmh apmhr jtlko`/ Ao pmh apmhr mko`, dkth tpx`jht aeTrjuktpkuk hp kl -2>>4* jo Jo`jk ko` Fokotaxoax hp kl/ -2>>0* jo Hktp Dmjok eaxo` pmkp pmhjophfrkpjao ae pva -jo pmh dkth ae Dmjok* ar ejuh -jo pmh dkth ae Jo`jk* jophfrkph` a~hrkpjof

hlhdprjdjpz ikrchpt mkuh ji~arpkop kùkopkfht dai~krh` pa jo`h~ho`hop tztphit/ Pmhbhohejpt ikz krjth erai lavhr a~hrkpjof datpt `xh pa hdaoaijd hlhdprjdjpz h}dmkofh3`hlkzh` jouhtpihop `xh pa lhktp)datp ~lkoojof ae kukjlkblh hohrfz rhtaxrdht3 jodrhkth joixpxkl hohrfz rhthruht3 ko` ji~rauhihop ae tztphi rhljkbjljpz/ Jo pmh dkth ae Tp/ Cjpptko` Ohujt, bapm jtlko`t ikz mkuh pmh bhohejpt ae datp tkujoft erai dk~jpkl ko` a~hrkpjofdatpt rh`xdpjaot, ko` ikz ixpxkllz bhohejp ejokodjkllz erai pmhjr ohp hlhdprjdjpz h}dhtt/ Jo~rkdpjdh, jophfrkpjao ae pmh pva `jtprjbxpjao ohpvarct vaxl` rh{xjrh dlath daa~hrkpjaobhpvhho pmh TCH@ ko` OHULHD/


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2:

8/4/2 Rhfxlkparz Rh{xjrhihopt

Eh`hrkl Lhuhl

Tdmh`xlh 4 ae pmh Houjraoihopkl Daopral ko` ^lkoojof Kdp ae Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt ljtpt~raghdpt vmjdm rh{xjrh ko Houjraoihopkl Ji~kdp Ktthttihop -HJK*/ Txbikrjoh dkblht krh

oap ljtph`, bxp dai~krkblh ~raghdpt ljch j* mz`ra)hlhdprjd ~lkopt ko` ~avhr ~lkopt ko` jj*fkt ~j~hljoht `hiko` ko HJK/ Jo k``jpjao, pmh eh`hrkl fauhroihop dko `hiko` ko HJKvmho pmhz daotj`hr jp ohdhttkrz/ Ear h}ki~lh, ko HJK vkt rh{xjrh` ear pmh daotprxdpjaoae pmh TDE txbikrjoh phlhdaiixojdkpjao dkblh jo 2>>6/ Kll HJKt krh rhujhvh` bz pmh@huhla~ihop Daopral ko` ^lkoojof Bakr` -R/ Hìhk`h, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao,Kxfxtp ;4, 2>>=*/

^ktp h}~hrjhodh mkt pkxfmp pmkp Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt àht oap mkuh klladkph` lko`jof ~ajoptear txbikrjoh dkblht kt pmh pva phlhdaiixojdkpjao dkblht lko` kp `jeehrhop ~ajopt -D/IdIkmao, ~hrtaokl daiixojdkpjao, Kxfxtp ;8, 2>>=*/ Houjraoihopkl bkrrjhrt ikz krjthvmho pmh txbikrjoh dkblh lko`t ao pmh TH ~hojotxlk kt pmh vkphr kraxo` pmh Ikgart

Bkz, Dadclhtmhll Bkz ko` Bkokok Bkz krh ji~arpkop oxrthrjht ear ejtmht ko` apmhrk{xkpjd ljeh -Tjiiao`t, 2>>=*/ Pmh [xhho Daodm jt k ~raphdph` t~hdjh ljujof jo pmhthvkphrt/ Pmjt iallxtc jt rhdafojwh` xo`hr Kooh} JJ ae pmh T^KV ^rapadal ko` DJPHTvmjdm ~raphdpt pmh daodm erai `jtpxrbkodh `xrjof pmh ~hrja` ae brhh`jof -OAKK, 2>>=*/

Jophrokpjaokl Lhuhl

Kll daxoprjht jo pmh Dkrjbbhko rhfjao, h}dh~p pmh @aijojdko Rh~xbljd ko` Uhohwxhlkmkuh rkpjejh` pmh Xojph` Okpjaot Daouhopjao ao pmh Lkv ae pmh Thk -XODLAT, 2>>=*/Pmxt, lkzjof ko` a~hrkpjof k txbikrjoh dkblh axptj`h pmh jophrokl vkphrt ae Tp/ Cjppt koÒhujt vjll oap hodaxophr jophrokpjaokl jotpjpxpjaokl bkrrjhrt/ Krpjdlh 2; ^krp JJ, Krpjdlh 8=

^krp U, Krpjdlh 6: ^krp UJ ko` Krpjdlh =6 ^krp UJJ ae pmh Lkv ae pmh Thk, rhehr pa pmherhhài pa lkz txbikrjoh dkblht jo pmh Phrrjparjkl Thkt ko` Daopjfxaxt Waoh, pmhH}dlxtjuh Hdaoaijd Waoht -HHW*, pmh Daopjohopkl Tmhle ko` pmh Mjfm Thkt, rht~hdpjuhlz/Jo pmh phrrjparjkl thk ko` daopjfxaxt waoh -h}pho`jof ;2 okxpjdkl ijlht erai pmhbkthljoh*;= jooadhop ~kttkfh ae txbikrjoh dkblht jt ~hrijpph`/ Jo pmh HHW -h}pho`jof 2>>okxpjdkl ijlht erai pmh bkthljoh* kll daxoprjht krh ~hrijpph` pa a~hrkph txbikrjoh dkblht-XODLAT, 2>>=*/ Jo pmh Dkrjbbhko Thk kll vkphrt mkuh bhho `juj`h` kiaof pmhtxrraxo`jof daxoprjht jopa HHW/

8/4/4 Jotpjpxpjaokl jttxht

Avohrtmj~ jt ko ji~arpkop jttxh jo pmh daotprxdpjao ko` a~hrkpjao ae k -dratt)bar`hr*jophrdaoohdpjao/ OHULHD jt ko` jo pmh tmarp phri TCH@ vjll bhdaih k ~rjukphdai~koz, talhlz avoh` bz pmh OJK ko` pmh Eh`hrkl Fauhroihop, rht~hdpjuhlz/ Dxrrhoplzpmhth hlhdprjdjpz xpjljpjht krh rht~aotjblh ear bapm pmh fhohrkpjao ko` `jtprjbxpjao aehlhdprjdjpz ao pmh jtlko`t/

;= Pmh bkthljoh jt `hejoh` kt pmh ihko lav vkphr ikrc/


30/33


4>

Jo k expxrh vjpm rhohvkblh hlhdprjdjpz tx~~ljh` erai daiihrdjkl ~raghdp `huhla~hrt,TCH@ ko` OHULHD ijfmp tmjep eadxt iarh pavkr`t hlhdprjdjpz prkotijttjao ko``jtprjbxpjao/ Jo pmjt tdhokrja, tmkrh` avohrtmj~ ae pmh Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt jophrdaoohdpjaobz TCH@ ko` OHULHD jt ko a~pjao jo kttxrjof expxrh bxtjohtt/

Tx~~arphrt ae pmh erhh ikrchp pmharz vjll krfxh pmkp ~rjukpjwkpjao ae ~xbljd xpjljpjht vjllhuhopxkllz brjof pmh lavhtp datpt ko` mhodh pmh jophrdaoohdpjao tmaxl` bh ~rjukphlzavoh`/ Mavhuhr, k iaoa~alz jo hlhdprjdjpz h}dmkofh vjpmjo k eh`hrkl tpkph bz k ~rjukphdai~koz;: ijfmp rhtxlp jo photjaot bhpvhho pmh dai~koz, pmh fauhroihop ko` pmhdaotxihrt/

Jp tmaxl` bh oaph` pmkp jo pmh Ohujt fhapmhrikl tdhokrja, OHULHD ko` pmh ~attjblh apmhrhlhdprjdjpz xpjljpjht jo pmh Dkrjbbhko rhfjao, vjll bh ixpxkllz `h~ho`hop ao hkdm apmhr/Oaoh ae pmh ~krpjht joualuh` dko ikch pmjt ~raghdp ~raejpkblh oar pkch exll k`ukopkfht aepmh bhohejpt vmho pmhrh jt oa dallkbarkpjao/ H{xkllz ji~arpkop jt kdcoavlh`fjof pmkpprkot~krhodz jt k chz)ekdpar vmho thuhrkl kdpart vjpm `jeehrhop jophrhtpt krh ji~hllh` pa

daa~hrkph/

5/ DAODLXTJAO KO@ RHDAIIHO@KPJAOT

Jo pmjt tpx`z jp vkt jouhtpjfkph` vmhpmhr pmh dxrrhop daouhopjaokl dk~kdjpz, pmh ~lkooh`RH^t ko` expxrh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` rhtxlp jo k ~attjblh hlhdprjdjpz tmarpkfh ar txr~lxt aoladkl lhuhl ko` okpjaokl lhuhl ear Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt jo pmh ~hrja` 2>>=)2>2>/ Pmh rhtxlptvhrh xth` pa uhrjez vmhpmhr ko hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao bhpvhho pmh jtlko`t ko` vjpmapmhr jtlko`t jo pmh Dkrjbbhko rhfjao daxl` bh gxtpjejh`/

Pmh hlhdprjdjpz `hiko` earhdktp ear Ohujt mkt bhho txddhttexllz ia`hlh` vjpm ILR/ Ktvkt ~rauho, Ia`hl 4 ~hrearih` tkpjtekdparjlz jo pmh tpkpjtpjdkl phtpt dao`xdph`, ji~lzjofpmh daotj`hrh` jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht krh tjfojejdkop ko` uklj`/ Pmxt OHULHD, pmhIjojtprz vjpm Hohrfz jo pmhjr ~arpealja ko` huhrz apmhr jophrhtph` ~krpz vjll bh kblh paikch pmhjr avo ~raghdpjaot bz dmaatjof pmh jo`h~ho`hop ukrjkblht jo pmh ia`hl/ Jp jtrhdaiiho`h` pa x~`kph pmh ia`hl huhrz zhkr bz ji~arpjof pmh ohv iaopmlz ejfxrht earhlhdprjdjpz `hiko`, pmh oxibhr ae paxrjtp tpkz)auhrt, ~a~xlkpjao ko` pmh ~rjdh aehlhdprjdjpz, ko` rhhuklxkpjof pmh daheejdjhopt ae pmh ia`hl/

Oaoh ae pmh ~ra~ath` ILR ia`hlt ear Tp/ Cjppt ~ra`xdh` pmh `htjrh` rhtxlpt/Daoth{xhoplz, ko hlhdprjd lak` koklztjt ae Tpkolhz Daotxlpkopt -2>>8* vkt xth` padaopjoxh vjpm pmh hohrfz koklztjt/ Dai~lhpjof pmh ~ra~ath` ia`hl vjpm iarh rhdhop `kpkijfmp ji~rauh pmh {xkljpz ae pmh ia`hl ta pmkp ILR dko klta bh xth` ear Tp/ Cjppt/ Papmjt kji, pmh TCH@ ko` pmh Tpkpjtpjdt @h~krpihop ae pmh eh`hrkl fauhroihop tmaxl`tx~~lz rhljkblh iaopmlz `kpk ae pmh ~ra~ath` jo`h~ho`hop ko` `h~ho`hop ukrjkblht/

;: Jo pmharz pmh OHULHD ko` -jo pmh ohkr expxrh* pmh TCH@ krh ~rjukph dai~kojht/ Mavhuhr, kt pmhfauhroihopt krh pmh aolz tpkchmal`hrt jp dko bh kttxih` pmkp pmh abghdpjuht ae pmhth xpjljpjht `jeehr erai pmhabghdpjuht ae k daiihrdjkl ~rjukphlz avoh` xpjljpz vmjdm ijfmp eadxt iarh ao ~raejpt/ Pmjt krfxihop jttx~~arph` bz pmh ekdp pmkp hlhdprjdjpz ~rjdht ao bapm jtlko`t mkuh bhho ch~p rhlkpjuhlz lav `xh pa txbtj`jht/


31/33


4;

Dxrrhoplz, ohjpmhr pmh a~hrkpjaokl dk~kdjpz ao Tp/ Cjppt -;=/: IV* oar ao Ohujt -5/6IV* jt txeejdjhop pa thrujdh ~hkc `hiko` -rht~hdpjuhlz 28/4 IV ko` : IV*/ Pmh vjo`ko` bja)hohrfz ~raghdp ao Tp/ Cjppt vjll oap ~ra`xdh hoaxfm hlhdprjdjpz pa ihhp expxrh`hiko` ko` pa dai~hotkph pmh `hdljojof daouhopjaokl hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz/ Pmh `hejdjp jopmh ih`jxi fravpm tdhokrja kiaxopt pa );2 IV jo 2>;2, )2> IV jo 2>;5 ko` )48 IV

jo 2>2>/ Pmh vjo` ko` fhapmhrikl ~raghdpt ao Ohujt bz dai~krjtao, vjll rhtxlp jo ktjfojejdkop hlhdprjdjpz txr~lxt huho vjpm jodrhktjof `hiko` ko` `hdljojof daouhopjaokldk~kdjpz/ Pmh txr~lxt jo pmh ih`jxi fravpm tdhokrja kiaxopt pa 26 IV jo 2>;2, 2>IV jo 2>;5 ko` ;= IV jo 2>2>/ Ko hlhdprjdkl jophrdaoohdpjao bhpvhho Tp/ Cjppt koÒhujt dko ikpdm pmh dxrrhop ko` expxrh hlhdprjdjpz tx~~lz ko` `hiko` ijtejp/

Hlhdprjdjpz h}dmkofh bhpvhho Tp/ Cjppt ko` Ohujt vjpm k txbikrjoh dkblh bhpvhho pmhjtlko`t vjll oap hodaxophr lkrfh fhafrk~mjdkl `jeejdxlpjht kt pmh vkphr `h~pmt -ik}/ ;; i*ko` pmh `jtpkodht -ijo/ 4/2 ci* krh tikll/ K txbikrjoh dkblh erai Tp/ Cjppt ar Ohujt papmh k`gkdhop Lhhvkr` Jtlko`t vjll bh daoeraoph` vjpm ixdm lkrfhr `jtpkodht -0:);;: ci*ko` frhkphr `h~pmt -8=8);;2; i*/ K `hpkjlh` phdmoa)hdaoaijd ehktjbjljpz tpx`z tmaxl`

~ajop axp pmh prk`h)aeet bhpvhho pmh dkblh, daouhrphr ko` prkotearihr, daotprxdpjao koìkjophokodh datpt ae pmh ukrjaxt jophrdaoohdpjao a~pjaot/

Pmhrh jt oa ~aljdz rhfkr`jof pmh daotprxdpjao ae txbikrjoh dkblht jo ~lkdh, bxp iatpljchlz pmh @h~krpihop ae ^mztjdkl ^lkoojof vjll rh{xjrh ko Houjraoihopkl Ji~kdpKtthttihop -HJK*/ Ao pmh jophrokpjaokl lhuhl pmhrh krh oa `jeejdxlpjht h}~hdph` vjpm pmhdaotprxdpjao ko` ikjophokodh ae txdm dkblht axptj`h pmh phrrjparjkl thkt ko` daopjfxaxtwaoh/

Avohrtmj~ jt ko htthopjkl hlhihop jo pmh ejokodh ae pmh daotprxdpjao ko` ikjophokodh aepmh txbikrjoh dkblh/ K expxrh -daotarpjxi ae* avohr-t* tmaxl` bh htpkbljtmh` jo dlath ko`prkot~krhop daa~hrkpjao bhpvhho pmh ~raghdp `huhla~hrt, pmh TCH@, OHULHD, pmh eh`hrklfauhroihop ko` pmh OJK ta kll ~krpjht bhohejp erai pmhth rhohvkblh hohrfz a~~arpxojpjht/

RHEHRHODHT

KBB/ -2>>;*/ Txbikrjoh dkblh ljoc ) Frko` Dkziko jtlko`t/ Rhprjhuh` Th~phibhr ;>,2>>=, erai mpp~7!!ljbrkrz/kbb/dai

Kibhrfrjtdkzh/ -2>>=*/ Pmh jtlko`/ Rhprjhuh` Th~phibhr ;>, 2>>= eraimpp~7!!kibhrfrjtdkzh/dai!~kfht!pavo!jtlko`/mpil

Kwkr, D/ % Lkrtao, H/ @/ -2>>>*/Bjahohrfz ko` lko`)xth dai~hpjpjao jo OarpmhktpBrkwjl/ ^rjodhpao7 Hohrfz erai Txtpkjokblh @huhla~ihop, ^rjodhpao Xojuhrtjpz/

Dkrjbbhko~rhttrhlhkth/ -2>>5*/ Dai~lhpjao tdmh`xlh` ear ij` 2>>6/ Rhprjhuh` Kxfxtp2>, 2>>=, erai mpp~7!!vvv/dkrjbbhko~rhttrhlhkth/dai!krpjdlht!850!;

Daoprhrkt, R/ -2>>=*/ Vjo` `kpk koklztjt ear pmh Ohujt vjo` ~raghdp/ Vktmjofpao, @D7Txtpkjokblh Hohrfz @jujtjao, Arfkojwkpjao ae Kihrjdko Tpkpht/

Ohujt Jtlko` Kìjojtprkpjao/ -2>>5*/Ohujt Tpkpjtpjdkl @jfhtp/ Dmkrlhtpavo, Ohujt7@h~krpihop ae Tpkpjtpjdt ko` Hdaoaijd ^lkoojof, Ohujt Jtlko` Kìjojtprkpjao/


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42

Hfhljaflx, E/, Iamkik`, K/K/ % Fxuho, M/ -;:::*/ Hdaoaijd Ukrjkblht ko`Hlhdprjdjpz Daotxi~pjao jo Oarpmhro Dz~rxt/Hohrfz, Ualxih 25, 488452/

Hohrfzuarph}/ -2>>=*/Hohrfz `jdpjaokrz, t~joojof ko` oao)t~joojof rhthruh/ Rhprjhuh`Th~phibhr ;>, 2>>=, erai mpp~7!!vvv/hohrfzuarph}/dai!hohrfz`jdpjaokrz

Hoflxo`, L/, Lkfhrcujtp, I/ % @ktt, @/ -2>>4*/MU@D tx~hrmjfmvkzt ear Dmjok/

KBB Rhujhv T~hdjkl Rh~arp âvhr prkotijttjao7 pmh dkth ear Kùkodh` âvhrPhdmoalafjht/ Rhprjhuh` eraimpp~7!!ljbrkrz/kbb/dai!FLABKL!TDAP!tdap26;/ote!Uhrjpz@jt~lkz!=H;H555B04=D6@EED;285H05>>05>:@=!$Ejlh!KBB T~hdjkl Rh~arp ;;Q>4/~è

Ekpkj, C/, A}lhz, L/ % Tdrjifhaxr, E/F/ -2>>4*/Ia`hljof ko` Earhdktpjof pmh @hikoèar Hlhdprjdjpz jo Ohv Whklko`7 K Dai~krjtao ae Klphrokpjuh K~~rakdmht/ PmhHohrfz Gaxrokl, 20-;*/

Ejtmhr, @/ -2>>8*/Ixlpj~lh Ljohkr rhfrhttjao Sâvhr~ajopY/ Ikrrjapp Tdmaal aeIkokfhihop, Brjfmki Zaxof Xojuhrtjpz/ Rhprjhuh` Kxfxtp 2>, 2>>=, eraivvv/erhh{xkljpz/arf!tjpht!vvvQerhh{xkljpzQarf!@adxihopt!Prkjojof!Ixlpj~lh(2>Ljohkr(2>Rhfrhttjao/~~p

Fhapmhrikl Hohrfz Kttadjkpjao/ -2>>=*/Kll kbaxp Fhapmhrikl Hohrfz/Rhprjhuh` Th~phibhr 2>, 2>>=, erai mpp~7!!vvv/fha)hohrfz/arf!kbaxpFH/kt~Fharfh, F/ -2>>>*/Jophrdaoohdpjof pmh flabh/ Rhprjhuh` Gxoh ;>, 2>>=, erai

mpp~7!!p`varl`/dai!ikf!~avhrQjophrdaoohdpjofQflabh!Fokotaxoax, H/ % @aof, G/ -2>>0*/ A~~arpxojpz ear jophr)rhfjaokl jophfrkpjao ae

hlhdprjdjpz ikrchpt7 pmh dkth ae Tmkoàof ko` Tmkofmkj jo Hktp Dmjok/Hohrfzâljdz, 42-;8*, ;646);68;/

Jophrokpjaokl Iaohpkrz Exo`/ -2>>=*/ Varl` Hdaoaijd ko` Ejokodjkl Txruhzt, Varl`Hdaoaijd Axplaac @kpkbkth/ Rhprjhuh` K~rjl 4>, 2>>= eraimpp~7!!vvv/jie/arf!h}phrokl!~xbt!ep!vha!2>>=!>;!vha`kpk!jo`h}/kt~}

Jirkz)lalkjrh -;::>*/ Ik~ ae pmh lhtthr Kopjllht ^xhrpa Rjda pa Ikrpjoj{xh/ Tp/ JuhtDkibrjf`htmjrh, Hoflko`7 Jirkz Lkxrjh Oarjh % Vjltao Lp`/

Tpadchr, P/ -2>>=*/ Pmh ^mztjdkl Tdjhodh Bktjt S^rhthopkpjaoY/ Baao dljikph dmkofhPklct/ XOH^ Jophr)Fauhroihopkl ^kohl ao Dljikph Dmkofh/ Rhehrhodh XOEDDDTBTPK 2=/ Kukjlkblh erai mpp~7!!vvv/j~dd/dm!frk~mjdt!~r)kr0)2>>=)>5)brjhejof)baoo/mpi

Ljtpjo @krja/ -2>>=*/^xhrpa Rjda daoejrik {xh gxopa k R@ jotpklkrk dkblh txbikrjoa~krk hohrfk `ht`h Dalaibjk/ Lk Rh~xbljdk, Tkopa @aijofa7 Ljtpjo @krja/Rhprjhuh` Kxfxtp 2>, 2>>= eraimpp~7!!vvv/ljtpjo/dai/à!k~~!krpjdlh/kt~}1j`96>420

Lardmjrkdmaaocxl, U/, Ujcjpthp P/, Gjppmkuhdm G/ % Dmkjiaofcal, V/ -2>>5*/ Pmkjlko`laof)phri lak` earhdktpt Sejokl Rh~arpY/ Pmkjlko`7 OJ@K Daotxlpjof Dhophr,Okpjaokl Jotpjpxph ae @huhla~ihop Kìjojtprkpjao/ Pmkjlko`/ Rhprjhuh` Gxlz ;8,2>>= erai mpp~7!!vvv/h~~a/fa/pm!lak`!oj`k!hof!daophopt/mpil

Iamkik`, W/ % Ba`fhr, ^/ -2>>8*/ Earhdktpjof Hlhdprjdjpz jo Ohv Whklko` XtjofHdaoaijd ko` @hiafrk~mjd Ukrjkblht/Hohrfz4>-;>*, ;=44);=04/

OAKK Ejtmhrjht Aeejdh ae ^raphdph` Rhtaxrdht/ -2>>=*/ [xhho Daodm-Tpraibxt fjfkt*/Rhprjhuh` Th~phibhr;;, 2>>=, eraimpp~7!!vvv/oiet/oakk/fau!~r!t~hdjht!jouhrphbrkpht!{xhhodaodm/mpi

^rztijko/ -2>>=*/ Chz ^raghdpt/ Rhprjhuh` Gxoh ;2, 2>>=, erai


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mpp~7!!vvv/~rztijko/dai!kbaxp)xt!varl`vj`h)~lkzhr!chzQ~raghdpt/mpilTko ^h`ra daoohdpt pa okpjaokl ~avhr frj`/ -;::=, @hdhibhr 4;*/ Tko ^h`ra Txo, =-8>*/

Kukjlkblh erai mpp~7!!tko~h`ratxo/ohp!al`!:=)8>/mpilTpkp Taep, Jod/ -2>>6*/Hlhdpraojd Tpkpjtpjdt Ph}pbaac/ Rhprjhuh` Kxfxtp ;2, 2>>=, erai

mpp~7!!vvv/tpkptaep/dai!ph}pbaac!tpkpmaih/mpil

Trjuktpkuk, K/ C/, Tmrhtpmk, R/I/, Trjuktpkuk, T/ D/, Tmrhtpmk, R, % ^kxl, @/ -2>>4*/âvhr thdpar `huhla~ihop jo Jo`jk vjpm DA2 hijttjao pkrfhpt7 Heehdpt ae rhfjaoklfrj` jophfrkpjao ko` pmh ralh ae dlhko phdmoalafjht/Jophrokpjaokl Gaxrokl aeHohrfz Rhthkrdm 26-6*, 56; 5=8/ àj/vjlhz/dai!;>/;>>2!hr/:>8

Tpkolhz Daotxlpkopt/ -2>>2*/ Tp/ Cjppt @jtprjbxpjao Tpx`z/Tpkolhz Daotxlpkopt/ -2>>8*/ Fhohrkpjao H}~kotjao ^lko 2>>8)2>;8/OarOh` Kxdpjao/ -2>>6*/OarOh`, Hxra~ht ljoc ear pmh expxrh/ Kukjlkblh erai

mpp~7!!vvv/oaroh`)kxdpjao/arf!Baz`, P/, Pmaikt, @/ % Fjll, K/P/ -2>>2*/Mkvkjj ko` Fhapmhrikl, vmkp mkt bhho

mk~~hojof1 Mkvkjj7Xojuhrtjpz ae Mkvkjj, @BH@P Hohrfz, Rhtaxrdht ko`Phdmoalafz @jujtjao, FMD bxllhpjo/

Xojph` Okpjaot/ -2>>6*/ Xojph` Okpjaot Daouhopjao ao pmh Lkv ae pmh Thk ae ;>@hdhibhr ;:=2/ Xojph` Okpjaot @jujtjao ear Adhko Keekjrt ko` pmh Lkv ae pmhThk, Aeejdh ae Lhfkl Keekjrt/ Rhprjhuh` Th~phibhr ;;, 2>>=, eraimpp~7!!vvv/xo/arf!@h~pt!lat!daouhopjaoQkfrhhihopt!daouhopjaoQauhrujhvQdaouhopjao/mpi

X/T/ Kfhodz ear Jophrokpjaokl @huhla~ihop/ -;::=*/ Dkrjbbhko7 Mxrrjdkoh FharfhtAE@K)>:7 >=)Adp):=/ Bxrhkx ear Mxikojpkrjko Rht~aoth -BMR*, Aeejdh ae X/T/Earhjfo @jtktphr Kttjtpkodh -AE@K*/ Rhprjhuh` Th~phibhr 2>, 2>>=, eraimpp~7!!dj`j/arf!`jtktphr!:=b!>>65/mpil

X/ T/ @h~krpihop ae Daiihrdh/ -2>>=*/ XT Dhotxt Bxrhkx/ Rhprjhuh` Kxfxtp2>, 2>>=, erai mpp~7!!vvv/dhotxt/fau!

Varl` Hohrfz Daxodjl/ -2>>8*/Rhfjaokl Hohrfz Jophfrkpjao jo Kerjdk k rh~arp ae pmhVarl` Hohrfz Daxodjl/ Laoào, XC, Varl` Hohrfz Daxodjl/ Rhprjhuh`Th~phibhr 2>, 2>>=, eraimpp~7!!vvv/varl`hohrfz/arf!àdxihopt!jophfrkpja

oas, justification and pre-feasibility study of an electrical interconnection for st. kitts and...

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