o`Ãfk vkbzñ ,lñ ,lñ ,uñ&&0002&&1555 tuojh&&ekpz] … · /ws4/my...

tuojh&&ekpZ] 2004[k.M&46] vad % 4

vkbZñ ,lñ ,lñ ,uñ&&0002&&1555January—March, 2004

Vol. XLVI, No. 4I. S. S. N.—0002—1555

o`Ãf"ko`Ãf"ko`Ãf"ko`Ãf"ko`Ãf"kfoi.kufoi.kufoi.kufoi.kufoi.kuAGRICULTURAL

foi.ku ,oa fujh{k.k funs'kky;foi.ku ,oa fujh{k.k funs'kky;foi.ku ,oa fujh{k.k funs'kky;foi.ku ,oa fujh{k.k funs'kky;foi.ku ,oa fujh{k.k funs'kky;o`Ãf"k ea=ky;o`Ãf"k ea=ky;o`Ãf"k ea=ky;o`Ãf"k ea=ky;o`Ãf"k ea=ky;

¼d`f"k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx½¼d`f"k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx½¼d`f"k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx½¼d`f"k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx½¼d`f"k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx½Hkkjr ljdkjHkkjr ljdkjHkkjr ljdkjHkkjr ljdkjHkkjr ljdkj

Directorate of Marketing & InspectionMinistry of Agriculture

(Deptt. of Agriculture & Co-operation)Government of India

MARKETINGo`Ãf"k foi.ku ij jk"Vªh; Lrjo`Ãf"k foi.ku ij jk"Vªh; Lrjo`Ãf"k foi.ku ij jk"Vªh; Lrjo`Ãf"k foi.ku ij jk"Vªh; Lrjo`Ãf"k foi.ku ij jk"Vªh; Lrjdh frekgh if=dkdh frekgh if=dkdh frekgh if=dkdh frekgh if=dkdh frekgh if=dk

A National Level QuarA National Level QuarA National Level QuarA National Level QuarA National Level Quarterly Journalterly Journalterly Journalterly Journalterly Journalon Agricultural Marketingon Agricultural Marketingon Agricultural Marketingon Agricultural Marketingon Agricultural Marketing

lR;eso t;rs

/ws4/My Documents/40M&I-Cov 40 M & I/2004 Mahabir Singh Fresh 1

Smt. Radha Singh takes over as Secretary, Agriculture

Smt. Radha Singh, IAS (1969-Bihar) is the new AgricultureSecretary. A Postgraduate in Social and Political Sciences fromUniversity of Delhi. Smt. Singh also holds a Master degree inPublic Policy and Administration from JFK School of Government,Havard University (USA).

Smt. Singh has got extensive experience in Public SystemsManagement involving Policy-making, Planning, Capacity Building,Institutional Development and Administration in different sectorslike water resources, agriculture, rural development andenvironment. In her earlier assignments, she has successfullydeveloped policies/approaches for enabling community-participation, including those for tribal development and ethnicminority groups, for the sustainable management of water bodies,rural based income generating schemes and resettlementprogrammes. She has also noteworthy experience in budget-monitoring both at the provincial and central levels, scheduling ofaid and resource requirements for project implementation,undertaking missions to developing countries and using hernegotiation skills in providing impartial advice to both the recipientsand donors of aid.

Prior to taking over as Secretary, Agriculture, she held thepost of Secretary in the Department of Animal Husbandry. Beforethat, she worked as Additional Secretary in the Ministry of WaterResources, Govt. of India.

————

[k.M&46] vad&4Vol. XLVI—No. 4iks"k&&pS=] 1925&26 ¼'kd½ ISSN. 0002–1555JANUARY—MARCH, 2004 PAMA–116, VOL–XLVI, No. 4

500

o`Ãf"k foi.kuo`Ãf"k foi.kuo`Ãf"k foi.kuo`Ãf"k foi.kuo`Ãf"k foi.kuAGRICULTURAL MARKETINGEDITORIAL BOARD CONTENTS Page No.

1. SHRI P. K. AGARWAL,AGRICULTURAL MARKETINGADVISER TO THE GOVT.OF INDIA.

2. DR. G. R. BHATIA,ADDL. AGRICULTURALMARKETING ADVISER.

3. SHRI H. P. SINGH,JOINT AGRICULTURALMARKETING ADVISER.

4. SHRI D. N. TIWARI,JOINT AGRICULTURALMARKETING ADVISER.

5. SHRI A. P. BHATNAGAR,DIRECTOR (COLD STORAGEAND REFRIGERATION).

6. DR. P. K. JAISWAL,DIRECTOR OFLABORATORIES.

7. SHRI LALLAN RAIASSTT. AGRICULTURALMARKETING ADVISER

EDITOR

SHRI N. K. MISRAMARKETING OFFICER

1. Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k xksnkeksa dh vko';drk] mn~ns'; ,oa izcU/kuA—,u- ,y- vxzoky 2

2. Exploring the Agricultural Export Potential of AndhraPradesh—A swot analysis.

—K. N. Ravi Kumar, K. Sree Lakshmi 7and K. V. Krishna Kumar

3. Economics of co-operative Chilli powder making unit inKolhapur District of Western Maharashtra—A Case Study.

—N. S. Killedar, K. K. Mangave, M. T. Ingavale, 14and N. S. Lohar

4. Some Economic aspects of Marketing of Rangan flower inWest Bengal—A Case Study.

—B. N. Banerjee and Md. H. Ali 19 5. Economic analysis of production, resource use effiency and

constraints of onion in Indore district of Madhya Pradesh.—A. R. Verma, A. M. Rajput and R. S. Patidar 22

6. Producers v/s consumers Price Parity for the vegetables inRural and Urban Markets of Southern Karnataka.

—T. S. Devaraja 327. Linkages Estimation with On-Farm Irrigation under Rainfed

Farming System at Raipur Distt. of Chhattisgarh State.—A. K. Koshta and M. R. Chandrakar 35

8. Processing of Animal Casings by Small Scale Entrepreneur.—Kamal Chakrabarti 40

9. Export Market potential of Cane jaggery in India.—D. S. Navadkar, K. S. Birari and B. V. Pagire 45

9. HOME NEWS: 49

(i) jch esa 10-50 djksM+ Vu fjdkMZ Qly dh laHkkoukA(ii) jch Qlyksa ds U;wure leFkZu ewY; ?kksf"kr o"kZ&2003&04(iii) jk"Vªh; d`f"k chek ;kstuk % Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa dk lqj{kk dopA(iv) dkUVªsDV Qkfe±x&,d ifjn`";A(v) Report on AGMARK Exhibition held at Bhaubaneswar.(vi) Report on AGMARK Exhibition at Chandigarh.

Venue : Kisan Bhavan, Chandigarh.

IMPORTANT

The Journal may be had by sending subscription to the Controllerof Publications, Civil Lines, Delhi-110054 by Demand Draft of anyBank taken in his favour.

Annual Subscription :Inland–Rs. 60.00 Inclusive ofForeign–£ 2.08 or $ 3.29 postageSingle Copy :Inland–Rs. 15.00 Exclusive ofForeign–£ 0.52 or $ 0.82 postage

}}

ANY ARTICLE PUBLISHED IN THIS JOURNAL CAN BE REPRODUCED PROVIDED DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IS MADE TO THESOURCE.THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THE ARTICLE ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHORS AND NOT NECESSARILY OF THE DIRECTORATE OFMARKETING & INSPECTION AND THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.READERS MAY SEND POPULAR ARTICLES OF TOPICAL INTEREST IN HINDI AND ENGLISH TO THE EDITOR, AGRICULTURALMARKETING, DIRECTORATE OF MARKETING & INSPECTION, NEW C. G. O. BUILDING, N. H. IV, FARIDABAD-121001.

2 Agricultural Marketing

:/ws4/My Documents/40M&I-3 40 M&I/2004 Mss. 1 to 86 Page No. 1 to Fresh & Pagination Mahabir Singh

Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k xksnkeksa dh vko';drk] mn~ns'; ,oa izcU/kuHkkjr esa xzkeh.k xksnkeksa dh vko';drk] mn~ns'; ,oa izcU/kuHkkjr esa xzkeh.k xksnkeksa dh vko';drk] mn~ns'; ,oa izcU/kuHkkjr esa xzkeh.k xksnkeksa dh vko';drk] mn~ns'; ,oa izcU/kuHkkjr esa xzkeh.k xksnkeksa dh vko';drk] mn~ns'; ,oa izcU/ku—,u- ,y- vxzoky*

[kk|kUuksa dk laxzg.k ,oa Hk.Mkj.k ns'k esa vkfndky ls fd;k tk jgk gSA laxzg.k ,oa Hk.Mkj.k izfØ;k mruh gh iqjkuh gS ftruk

fd euq";A lHkh oLrqvksa dk laxzg.k ,oa Hk.Mkj.k djuk gksrk gS ysfdud`f"k oLrqvksa esa ;g izfØ;k vU; {ks=ksa ds mRiknksa dh vis{kk vf/kdegRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd d`f"k mRiknksa dk mRiknu ,d ekSle fo'ks"k esa rFkkvfu;fer ek=k esa gksrk gS tcfd mudh ekax vis{kkd`r fLFkj gksrh gSAvr% ns'k dh tula[;k dks [kk|kUuksa dk fu;fer :i ls miyC/k djkukvko';d gSA [kk|kUu euq"; dh vko';drk dh izeq[k oLrq,a gSA[kk|kUuksa dh ekax ,oa iwfrZ esa lkeUtL; mudk mRiknu ekSle esavf/k'ks"k mRikn dh ek=k dks laxzfgr djds rFkk deh okys ekSle esaiwfrZ djds dj ldrs gSaA ns'k esa gfjr ØkfUr ds izknqHkkZo ls [kk|kUuksads mRiknu esa o`f) gksus] mRiknu esa {ks=h; vlekurk ds gksus] izd`frds gksus okys fujUrj izdksiksa ls cpus] fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa miHkksx izfr:iesa fofHkUurk rFkk orZeku esa miHkksDrkvksa dh c<rh gqbZ lalkf/kr oLrqvksadh ekWx ds dkj.k [kk|kUuksa ,oa muls cuh oLrqvksa ds laxzg.k dhvko';drk esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ gSA

laxzg.k izfØ;k euq"; dh nwjn£'krk dks izn'kZu djus dk vH;klfd;k gS] ftlds }kjk oLrqvksa dh [kjkc gksus ls j{kk rFkk mudsvf/k'ks"k ekSle ls deh okys ekSle esa ys tkuk gSA bl izdkj laxzg.kizfØ;k mRiknksa esa le; mi;ksfxrk mRiUu djrh gS] lkFk gh mudh ek=k,oa fdLe esa gksus okyh gkfu ls Hkh j{kk djrh gSA miHkksDrk] O;kikjh,oa lalk/kudrkZ Hkh oLrqvksa dk laxzg.k djrs gSaA izzzzzR;sd oxZ dk laxzg.kdjus dk mn~ns'; fofHkUu gksrk gS tSls miHkksDrk dk mn~ns'; viuhvko';drk dk fujUrj iw£r djuk] O;kikjh dk mn~ns'; laxzg.k fØ;k}kjk ykHk dekuk rFkk lalk/kudrkZ dk mn~ns'; dPpseky dk laxzg.kdjds viuh QSDVjh dks fujUrj pkyw j[kuk gSA vr% orZeku foi.kun`';fo/kku esa lgh ,oa oSKkfud fof/k ds [email protected] lqfo/kk dkns'k esa fuekZ.k djkuk ,oa mUgsa d`"kdksa] O;kikfj;ksa ,oa lalk/kudrkZvksadks miyC/k djkuk egRoiw.kZ gSA

fof'k"V ,oa oSKkfud fof/k ls laxzg.k djus dh fØ;k dks Hk.Mkj.kO;oLFkk dgrs gSA

d`f"k oLrqvksas esa laxzg.k djus dh vko';drkd`f"k oLrqvksas esa laxzg.k djus dh vko';drkd`f"k oLrqvksas esa laxzg.k djus dh vko';drkd`f"k oLrqvksas esa laxzg.k djus dh vko';drkd`f"k oLrqvksas esa laxzg.k djus dh vko';drk

fuEu dkj.kksa ls d`f"k oLrqvksa dk laxzg.k djuk vko';d gS %&&

1- d`f"k oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ,d ekSle fo'ks"k esa gksus rFkkmudh ekax o"kZ Hkj fujUrj gksus ds dkj.k] mudh ekax ,oaiw£r esa lkeUtL; cukus ds fy, laxzg.k djuk vko';d gSA

2- vusd d`f"k oLrqvksa dh ekax dk fo'ks"k ekSle vFkok le;gksrk gSA ekSle fo'ks"k dh vR;f/kd ekax dh iw£r djus ds

*vkpk;Z d`f"k vFkZ'kkL= ¼lsok fuo`r½] jktLFkku d`f"k fo'ofo|ky;] odhyksa dk ekSgYyk] tkscusj ¼t;iqj&jktLFkku½] fiu&303328

fy, oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ekSle ls miHkksx dky rd fujUrjlaxzg.k djuk gksrk gSA

3- dPps Qyksa dks idkus rFkk miHkksx ;ksX; cukus ds fy, Hkhlaxzg.k djuk vko';d gSA

4- fofHkUu foi.ku dk;ks± tSls ifjogu] izkslsflax] Ø;&foØ;rFkk iSdsftax djus ds fy, laxzg.k djuk gksrk gS] D;ksafd bufØ;kvksa ds djus esa le; yxrk gSA

5- d`f"k oLrqvksa tSls pkoy] rEckdw] iuhj] vpkj vkfn oLrqvksadh fdLe esa lq/kkj djus ds fy,A

6- oLrqvksa dh ekax ,oa iw£r esa leUo; LFkkfir djus ds fy,A

7- mRiknu ekSle esa d`f"k oLrqvksa dh vf/kd iw£r ds dkj.kmudh dherksa esa gksus okyh fxjkoV dks de djus rFkk bllsd`"kdksa dks gksus okyh gkfu ls j{kk djus gsrqA

8- vusd oLrqvksa dh Hkfo"; esa mRiUu gksus okyh miHkksDrkvksadh ekax dh iw£r djus ds fy, Hkh laxzg.k djuk vko';dgSA

9- vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkstxkj miyC/k djkus ds fy, Hkh laxzg.kvko';d fØ;k gSA

10- O;kikjh oxZ dks vk; miyC/k djkus ,oa ns'k ds miHkksDrkvksadks mfpr thou Lrj iznku djus ds fy, Hkh laxzg.k vko';dgksrk gSA

Hkkjr esa miyC/k laxzg.k {kerkHkkjr esa miyC/k laxzg.k {kerkHkkjr esa miyC/k laxzg.k {kerkHkkjr esa miyC/k laxzg.k {kerkHkkjr esa miyC/k laxzg.k {kerk

ns'k ds LorU=rk ds le; oSKkfud vk/kkj ij cus Hk.Mkjx`gksa dhla[;k ,oa {kerk ux.; FkhA vko';drk gksus ij fofHkUu oxZ ds O;fDrvius ?kjksa esa gh d`f"k oLrqvksa dk laxzg.k djrs FksA muesa laxzg.k djusls oLrq dh ek=k ,oa fdLe esa cgqr gkfu gksrh FkhA mRikn dh dherHkh laxzg.k mijkUr de gh izkIr gksrh FkhA oLrqvksa dh ek=kRed gkfufofHkUu d`f"k oLrqvksa esa fofHkUu Lrj rd gksrh gS tSls [kk|kUuksa esa 6ls 10 izfr'kr] Qyksa esa 15 ls 70 izfr'kr rFkk lfCt;ksa dh Qlyksa esa20 ls 50 izfr'kr rd gksrh gSA

ns'k esa mfpr Hk.Mkj.k O;oLFkk cukus gsrq ;kstukc) rjhds ls iz;klo"kZ 1956 ds mijkUr d`f"k mit ¼fodkl ,oa Hk.Mkj.k O;oLFkk½ fuxevf/kfu;e [The Agricultural Produce (Development andWarehousing) Corporation Act, 1956] ds cuus ds i'pkr~ fd,x,A ftlds rgr ns'k esa jk"Vªh; lgdkjh fodkl ,oa Hk.Mkj.k x`g cksMZ]

January—March, 2004 3


dsUnzh; Hk.Mkjx`g fuxe ,oa jkT; Hk.Mkjx`g fuxe LFkkfir fd, x,Abu Hk.Mkjx`gksa esa lHkh izdkj ds [kk|kUu] frygu] dikl] phuh]moZjd vkfn oLrqvksa ds laxzg.k djus dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA bu Hk.Mkjx`gfuxeksa us fofHkUu jkT;ksa ,oa ftyk Lrj ij Hk.Mkjx`g LFkkfir fd, gSAblh izdkj Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe lgdkjh lfefr;ksa us Hkh Hk.Mkjx`gksa dkfuekZ.k djds Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kk miyC/k djkbZ gSA ns'k esa ,d uoEcj]2000 dks miyC/k Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kk fuEu izdkj ls Fkh%—

lkj.kh&1lkj.kh&1lkj.kh&1lkj.kh&1lkj.kh&1

Hkkjr esa miyC/k laxzg.k ,oa Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kkHkkjr esa miyC/k laxzg.k ,oa Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kkHkkjr esa miyC/k laxzg.k ,oa Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kkHkkjr esa miyC/k laxzg.k ,oa Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kkHkkjr esa miyC/k laxzg.k ,oa Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kk¼uoEcj 1] 2000 dks½¼uoEcj 1] 2000 dks½¼uoEcj 1] 2000 dks½¼uoEcj 1] 2000 dks½¼uoEcj 1] 2000 dks½

Øek ad laLFkk ftlds }kjk laxzg.k@ [email protected] {kerk Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kk cukbZ xbZ ¼fefy;u Vu esa½

1- dsUnzh; Hk.Mkjx`g fuxe }kjk 7-89

2- jkT; Hk.Mkjx`g fuxe }kjk 13-78

3- Hkkjrh; [k| fuxe }kjk 28-30¼Lo;a dh ,oa fdjk;s ij yh xbZ½

4- lgdkjh {ks= esa 13-55

dqy laxzg.k ,oa Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kk 63-52

mijksDr lkj.kh ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa oSKkfud vk/kkj ij fu£erlkoZtfud {ks= ds Hk.Mkjx`gksa dh {kerk miyCè [kk|kUuksa dh ek=k dsvuqlkj dkQh de gSA bl {kerk ds vfrfjDr 15 fefy;u Vu {kerkdh xksnkesa ¼xzkeh.k xksnkesa½ lgdkjh foi.ku lfefr;ksa }kjk Hkh fufeZrdjkbZ tk pqdh gSA bl izdkj ns'k esa dqy Hk.Mkj.k {kerk 80 fefy;uVu ds yxHkx gS] tcfd ns'k esa o"kZ 2001&02 esa [kk|kUu mRiknu 211fefy;u Vu Fkk tks c<+ dj nloh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUr esa¼2006&07½ 235 fefy;u Vu gksus dk vuqeku gSaA dqy mRiknu dkyxHkx 50 izfr'kr foØ; vfè'ks"k gksrk gS ftlds fy, Hk.Mkj.kO;oLFkk dk gksuk vko';d gSA [kk|kUuksa ds vfrfjDr frygu] dikl]moZjd vkfn oLrqvksa ds fy, Hkh mfpr Hk.Mkj.k dh vko';drk gksrhgSA orZeku esa miyC/k Hk.Mkj.k {kerk] Hk.Mkfjr fd, tkus okyh d`f"kmRiknksa dh vfè'ks"k ek=k ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gSA

fofHkUu ljdkjh] lgdkjh ,oa Hk.Mkjx`g fuxeksa }kjk ;g oSKkfudHk.Mkjx`g ns'k ds cM+s 'kgjksa] dLcksa] Fkksd cktkjksa] jsyos LVs'kuksa,oa izeq[k O;kikfjd LFkkuksa ij cuk, x, gSA xkoksa esa Hk.Mjx`gksa dhla[;k ,oa {kerk cgqr gh de ¼'kwU; ds cjkcj½ gSA lkFk gh gekjsd`"kd xkoksa ls 'kgj vFkok dLcksa ds Hk.Mkjx`gksa esa vusd ijs'kkfu;ksads dkj.k viuh d`f"k ftUlksa dks ys tk djds tek ugha djkrs gSAvr% fofHkUu laLFkkvksa }kjk fufeZr Hk.Mkjx`gksa dk ykHk O;kikjh oxZ,oa cMs 'kgjksa ,oa dLcksa ds utnhd okys le`) d`"kd gh mBkrsgSA xkaoksa esa Hk.Mkj.k dh lqfoèk ds vHkko rFkk foÙk dh vko';drkds dkj.k mRiknu ekSle esa gh d`"kd vius vfè'ks"k mRikn dkAde dher ij foØ; djrs gSaA xkaoksa esa NksVs d`"kdksa dh fLFkfrvR;Ur n;uh; gSA

;g loZfofnr gS fd NksVs d`"kdksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr mruh vPNh ugha gSfd os cktkj esa mRiknksa dh dhers vuqdwy gksus rd mRiknksa dks vius ikllaxzg djds j[k ldsaA bl ckr dh vko';drk eglwl dh xbZ fd d`"kdleqnk; dks oSKkfud Hk.Mkj.k dh lqfoèk miyCè djkbZ tkos rkfd osvius mRiknksa dks de dher ij cspus dks ck/; gq, fcuk viuh _.kvko';drk dks iwjk dj ldsaA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xksnkeksa dk tky ¼usVodZ½QSy tkus ls NksVs d`"kdksa dh Hk.Mkj.k {kerk c<+ tkosxh vkSj os viusmRiknksa dks ykHkdkjh dher ij cspdj vfèd ykHk dh jkf'k izkIr djldsaxsA blh mís'; ls ns'k esa xzkeh.k Hk.Mkj.k ;kstuk (GraminBhandaran Yojana) ykxw dh xbZ gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa igkM+h] jsfxLrku,oa nwjnjkt ds {ks=ksa esa Hk.Mkj.k dh vko';drk vfèd gS D;ksafd bu{ks=ksa esa ykxr dh vfèdrk ds dkj.k ljdkjh ,oa lgdkjh laLFkkvksa ,oafuxeksa us Hkh Hk.Mkjx`gksa dk fuekZ.k de fd;k gSA

xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xksnkeksa dk fuekZ.kxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xksnkeksa dk fuekZ.kxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xksnkeksa dk fuekZ.kxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xksnkeksa dk fuekZ.kxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xksnkeksa dk fuekZ.k

xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xksnkeksa ds fuekZ.k djus ds izeq[k mís'; fuEu gSa %&&

1- d`f"k mRiknksa] izlkfèr d`f"k mRiknksa] miHkksDrk oLrqvksa ds fy,xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa d`"kdksa dh HkaMkj.k vko';drk dks iwjk djusds fy, lEcUè lqfoèkvksa lfgr oSKkfud Hk.Mkj.k {kerk dkl`tu djukA

2- d`"kdksa }kjk Qly dh dVkbZ ds mijkUr mRikfnr mRiknksa dkslaxzg.k lqfoèk ds vHkko esa de dher ij cspus ds fy,ck/; gksus dh izFkk dks lekIr djukA

3- orZeku esa miyCè ?kjksa ¼tks oSKkfud vkèkj ij cus gq, ughagSa½ esa laxzg.k dky esa [kk|kUuksa dh ek=kRed ,oa fdLe esagksus okys gkfu esa deh djuk ,oa mudh fdLe dk Lrj cuk,j[kukA

4- mRiknu ekSle esa ljdkjh] lgdkjh ,oa fuxeksa }kjk fufeZrxksnkeksa esa laxzg.k ds fy, gksus okyh vko';drk esa dehdjukA

5- mRiknu ekSle esa ifjogu lk/kuksa dh vko';drk dks fu;fU=rdjukA

6- xkeksa esa jkstxkj lsokvksa esa o`f) djukA

7- izfrHkwr foRrh; izcU/ku (Pledge loan system) ,oa foi.kulk[k (Marketing Credit) dh lqfo/kk }kjk Qly dhdVkbZ ds rqjUr ckn de dherksa ij mRiknksa dks cspus lsjksdukA

8- os;jgkml jlhnksa dh ,d jk"Vªh; iz.kkyh vkjEHk djds ns'kesa d̀f"k foi.ku dh vk/kkj/kkfjd lajpuk dks l'kDr djukA

9- moZjdksa ,oa vU; bUiwVksa dks xzkeh.k xksnkeksa esa laxzfgr djdsekSle fo'ks"k esa le; ij miyC/k djkdj mRiknu c<+kus esad`"kdksa dks lg;ksx nsuk ,oa

10- Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe }kjk [kk|kUuksa dh xkoksa esa vklkuh ls[kjhn djukA



xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kk dh vko';drk eglwl djrs gq,Hkkjr ljdkj us loZizFke ekpZ] 1979 esa ,d fo'ks"kK lfefr dk xBuHkkjr ljdkj ds xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx ds vfrfjDr lfpo dhv/;{krk esa fd;k FkkA lfefr us vius izfrosnu esa NBh iapo"khZ;;kstukdky ¼1980&85½ esa 2-0 fefy;u Vu {kerk dh xksnkeksa dkxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vfrfjDr cukus dh flQkfj'k dh FkhA lfefr dh flQkfj'kksads vk/kkj ij ns'k esa jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k xksnke fxzM ;kstuk (National Gridof Rural Godowns-NGRG) tqykbZ] 1979 esa izkjEHk dh xbZA bl;kstuk dk izeq[k mn~ns'; xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa y?kq ,oa lhekUr d`"kdksa dksHk.Mkj.k lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus ds fy, 200 ls 1000 Vu {kerk dhxksnkesa cukus dh ;kstuk cukbZ ,oa izkjEHk dh xbZA mijksDr xksnkeksa dsfuekZ.k esa gksus okyk foRrh; vko';drk dks 50 izfr'kr lgk;rk :i esadsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj cjkcj vuqikr esa ,oa 50 izfr'kr jkf'k lgdkjhfoi.ku lfefr okf.kfT;d cSad ls _.k izkIr djds iwjh dh tkrh FkhAd`"kd mu xksnkeksa esa j[ks mRiknksa dh dher dk 80 izfr'kr jkf'k jlhn dksfxjoh j[kdj _.k ds :i esa izkIr dj ldrs FksA o"kZ 1995-96 rd ns'kesa yxHkx 55 gtkj xksnkesa fu£er xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds vUrxZr rFkk 9363xksnkesa foi.ku lfefr;ksa }kjk fu£er gks pqdh Fkh] ftudh dqy laxzg.k{kerk 15 fefy;u Vu gSA jkT;ksackj xzkeh.k xksnkeksa esa lokZf/kd xqtjkr]egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] e/;izns'k ,oa jktLFkku jkT; esa fu£er ntZ gSA fiNysnks n'kdksa dh izxfr ij n`f"V Mkys rks Li"V gS fd xzkeh.k xksnkeksa dh izxfrlUrks"kizn ugh jgh gSaA

xzkeh.k xksnkeksa dh mi;ksfxrk dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, Hkkjr ljdkjus iqu% ,d fo'ks"kK lfefr d`f"k lfpo] Hkkjr ljdkj Jh ts- ,y- ,u-JhokLro dh v/;{krk esa cukbZA ftldh flQkfj'k ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjrljdkj ds foRrea=h us vius ctV Hkk"k.k 2001 esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esavf/kd xksnkeksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, xzkeh.k xksnkeksa ds fuekZ.k dh iwathfuos'k lgk;rk ,oa _.k lacaf/kr ;kstuk (Credit Linked CapitalInvestment Subsidy Scheme for Construction of ruralGodown) izkjEHk dh gSA

;kstuk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a;kstuk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a;kstuk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a;kstuk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a;kstuk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a

xksnkeksa dh fuekZ.k dh bl ;kstuk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a fuEu gS %—

1- xzkeh.k xksnkeksa dh bl fuekZ.k ;kstuk dks O;fDr;ksa] d`"kdksa]d`"kd&mRikndksa ds lewg] lk>snkjh@futh QesZ] xSj ljdkjhlaxBuksa ¼,u- th- vks-½ Lo;a lg;ksxh leqgksa ¼,l- ,p-th-½ dEifu;ksa] fuxeksa] lgdkjh laLFkkvksa] d`f"k izlaLdj.klgdkjh lfefr;ksa] d`f"k mRikn foi.ku lfefr;ksa] foi.kucksMZ] vkSj d`f"k izlk/ku fuxeksa ds }kjk iwjs Hkkjr esa viukbZtk ldrh gSA lkFk gh iwoZ esa fu£er xksnkeksa ds uohuhdj.krFkk foLrkj ds fy, Hkh lgk;rk nh tk ldrh gS tks dsoymUgh xksnkeksa dks fey ldsxh tks iwoZ esa lgdkjh lfefr;ksa}kjk fu£er dh xbZ gSA

2- m|edrkZ vius vk£Fkd fu.kZ;ksa ds vuq:i ns'k esa dgha HkhrFkk fdlh Hkh vkdkj dh xksnke cuk ldrk gSA ysfdu xksnkedk fuekZ.k uxj fuxe {ks= ds ckgj rFkk vkdkj esa de ls de

10 ehfVªd {kerk okyk gksxkA xksnke ifjlj lM+d ds utnhdfLFkr gksxkA xksnke {ks= esa vkUrfjd iDdh lM+d] ty fudklhdh leqfpr O;oLFkk] pksjh rFkk vkx ij fu;U=.k ikus dhdkjxj O;oLFkk Hkh gksuh pkfg,aA

3- fu£er xksnke dh lajpuk rduhdh n`f"Vdks.k ls etcwr rFkkO;olk; dh n`f"V esa d`f"k mRikn ds Hk.Mkj.k ds fy, mi;qDrgksuh pkfg,A xksnke dk fuekZ.k dsUnzh; yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx(CPWD) vFkok jkT; yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx (PWD) dsfofunsZ'ku vuqlkj gksxk] ftlls mlesa laxzg.k dh xbZ oLrqvksadks gok] ikuh ls j{kk] if{k;ksa ls lqjf{kr j[kus dh iw.kZ O;oLFkkgksuh pkfg,A

4- xksnkeksa dk oSKkfud vk/kkj ij lapkyu djus ds fy, m|edrkZdks jkT; Hk.Mkj O;oLFkk fuxe ls ikfjr dkuwu ds vUrZxrvuqKfIr izkIr djuh gksxhA

5- ;kstuk ds rgr nh tkus okyh lgk;rk jkf'k ¼25 ls 33-33izfr'kr½ xksnke fuekZ.k dh iwathxr ykxr ij gh ns; gSA d`"kd;k m|edrkZ dks 25 izfr'kr jkf'k Lo;a ds L=ksr ls yxkuh gksxhrFkk 'ks"k 50 izfr'kr jkf'k okf.kfT;d cSad ls _.k ds :i esaizkIr gksxhA Hk.Mkj.k ds vfrfjDr d`"kdksa dh _.k dh vU;vko';drkvksa tSls Js.khp;u] iSdsftax] miHkksDrk] nqdkuvkfn vU; dk;ks± ds fy, cSadksa dks foRr iznku djus dh LorU=rkgksrh gSA

6- xksnkeksa esa mRikn j[kus okyk d`"kd vius mRikn dks fxjoh j[kdj izfrHkwfr _.k izkIr dj ldsaxsA izfrHkwfr _.k ij ykxw 'krsZvFkkrZ ek£tu euh] C;ktnj] ca/kd dh vof/k] jkf'k bR;kfnukckMZ }kjk tkjh ekxZn£'kdk ,oa okf.kfT;d cSadks }kjk ikyudh tkus okyh cSfdax iz.kkyh ds vuq:i gksxhA

7- xzkeh.k Hk.Mkj.k dh ;g ;kstuk o"kZ 2001&2002 o o"kZ2002&03 ds e/; dk;kZfUor gksxh rFkk blds vUrZxr 18-50yk[k Vu dh ubZ Hk.Mkj.k {kerk l`ftr djus rFkk 1-50 yk[kVu dh Hk.Mkj.k {kerk dh uohdhdj.k djus dk y{; gSA

8- Hk.Mkj.k dh bl ;kstuk ds rgr vuqnku ds fy, ifj;kstukdh iwathxr ykxr dk vkdyu fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS%

v- ,d gtkj fefVªd Vu rd dh {kerk okys xksnkeksa ds fy,okLrfod ykxr ;k Hk.Mkj.k {kerk ij 2000 #- izfr Vu]buesa ls tks Hkh de gksA

c- ,d gtkj fefVªd Vu ls vf/kd {kerk okys xksnkeksa ds fy,okLrfod O;; ;k Hk.Mkj.k ij 1500 #- izfr Vu] buesa ls tksHkh de gksA

l- lgdkjh laLFkkvksa ds fu£er xksnkeksa ds uohuhdj.k@foLrkjds fy, okLrfod ykxr ;k 500 #- izfr Vu Hk.Mkj.k {kerkij] tks Hkh de gksA

9- xksnke dh {kerk dk vkdyu izfroxZ ehVj Q'kZ ds {ks= ij1-80 ehfVªd Vu ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA Hk.Mkj.k dhvkSlr ÅapkbZ 4-50 ehVj j[kh tkrh gSA



10- vuqnku ds fy, os gh xzkeh.k xksnkesa ik= gksxh] ftudh{kerk de ls de 100 ehfVªd Vu ,oa vf/kdre 10]000ehfVªd Vu gSA izR;sd ;kstuk ds fy, ;gk;rk dh vf/kdrejkf'k 37-50 yk[k #i;s ¼iwoks±Rrj jkT;ksa] igkMh {ks=ksa rFkkvuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds m|edrkZvksa ds fy,50 yk[k #i;s½ gksrh gSA

11- bl ;kstuk esa lgk;rk jkf'k ,oa _.k esa iwjh rjg leUo;gksrk gSA _.k Hkqxrku ds fy, m|edrkZ dks yEck le; fn;ktkrk gSA lgk;rk jkf'k Hkh igys ugha nh tkdj izkstsDV dsiwjk gksus ij cSad }kjk Lohd`r _.k esa lek;kstu dh tkrhgSA

xzkeh.k xksnkeksa dk izcU/kuxzkeh.k xksnkeksa dk izcU/kuxzkeh.k xksnkeksa dk izcU/kuxzkeh.k xksnkeksa dk izcU/kuxzkeh.k xksnkeksa dk izcU/ku

tSlk fd iwoZ esa crk;k x;k gS fd bl ;kstuk dk izeq[k mn~ns'; ns'k dsxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa oSKkfud fof/k ds vk/kkj ij laxzg.k lqfo/kk mRiUu djukrFkk d`"kdksa }kjk Qly dh dVkbZ ds mijkUr 'kh?kz gh foi.ku ekSle esade dher ij cspus dh izFkk esa deh ykdj dk'rdkjksa dks ykHk igqapkukgSA lkFk gh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ;kstuk }kjk jkstxkj Hkh miyC/k djkuk gSAvr% ;kstuk dh ik=rk ds fy, fofHkUu d`"kd] d`"kd lewg] d`f"k f'kf{krcsjkstxkj ,oa fofHkUu laLFkk,a ik= gksrh gSa ftUgsa m|edrkZ dh Js.kh esa j[kktkrk gSA vr% m|edrkZ dks fu£er xksnke ls ykHk izkIr djus ds fy,O;kikj ds lHkh fl)kUrksa dks viukuk vko';d gksrk gSA m|edrkZ dksxksnke ds j[kj[kko ij gksus okyh ykxr esa deh djus ds fofHkUu iz;klfd, tkus pkfg,A blds lkFk gh laxzfgr d`f"k mRiknksa ¼[k|kUu] frygu]dikl] moZjd vkfn½ dks ek=kRed ,oa fdLe esa gksus okyh gkfu lscpkus ds fy, xksnke esa fu;fer :i ls nokbZ;ksa dk fNMdko fd;k tkukHkh vko';d gSA laxzfgr mRiknksa dh ek=k ,oa fdLe esa ekSle ds ifjorZu]o"kkZ ds gksus] pwgksa] dhM+s edksM+ksa ds izdksi ,oa vusd fcekfj;ksa ds dkj.kuqdlku lHkh {ks=ksa esa gksrs gSa ysfdu budk izdksi leku ugha gksdj]m|edrkZ }kjk viuk, x, mik;ksa ds vuqlkj fofHkUu gksrk gSA

xzkeh.k xksnkeksa ds izcUèu esa m|edrkZ dks fuEu mik; fd, tkusvko';d gSa %—

1- m|edrkZ dks xzkeh.k Hk.Mkj.k ;kstuk ds fo"k; esa vko';dtkudkjh tSls xzkeh.k xksnkeksa ds fuekZ.k] foÙkh; lgk;rk izkIrdjus] xksnkeksa ds lapyu] xksnkeksa esa d`f"k mRiknksa ds j[kj[kko esa cjrh tkus okyh lkoèkfu;k¡] fofHkUu d`f"k mRiknksa ijlaxzfgr dky esa gksus okyh fcekfj;ksa ,oa dhM+s edksM+s ds izdksils gksus okyh gkfu ls j{kk djus ds mik;] xksnkeksa ij gksus okysO;; ,oa izkIr ykHk Kkr djus dh fofè dk izf'k{k.k izkIrdjuk pkfg,] tks jk"Vªh; d`f"k foi.ku laLFkk] t;iqj vFkokmuds lg;ksxh laLFkk ls fu%'kqYd izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2- m|edrkZ dks fuèkZfjr 'krks± dks iwjk djrs gq, lgk;rk jkf'k dsfy, fofHkUu izi=ksa esa ukckMZ dks izkFkZuk i= izLrqr djuk gksrkgSA _.k okf.kfT;d cSad ls izkIr gksrk gSA ifj;kstuk dh cSad}kjk Lohd`fr tkjh djus ds 15 ekg dh vofè esa xksnke dkfuekZ.k djuk vko';d gSA

3- fufeZr xksnke LFky ij d̀f"k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dh ̂ ^xzkeh.kHk.Mkj.k ;kstuk ds vUrxZr lgk;rk izkIr uke iV~V yxkukvko';d gSA

4- m|edrkZ dks xksnke ,oa xksnke esa j[kh tkus okyh fofHkUud`f"k mRiknksa dh vkSlr dher ds vkèkj ij chek djokukpkfg,A chek djokus dh ftEesnkjh xksnke ds Lokeh¼m|edrkZ½ dh gksrh gSA chek gksus dh fLFkfr esa vkx] pksjh,oa vU; izkd`frd izdksi gksus dh fLFkfr esa gksus okyh gkfu lschek dEiuh ls izkIr eqokvts jkf'k ls j{kk gks tkrh gSA

5- xksnke esa laxzg.k ds fy, vk, d`f"k mRiknksa dk loZizFke iw.kZ:ils tkap dh tkuh pkfg, fd mRikn laxzg.k ;ksX; gSA blds fy,fuEu lkoèkfu;kW j[kh tkuh pkfg, %&&

v- d`f"k mRikn esa loZizFke miyCè ueh dh ek=k dh tkap¼ueh ekid ;U= }kjk½ dh tkuh pkfg,A fuèkZfjr Lrjls vfèd ueh gksus ij mlesa dhM+s] fcekfj;ksa ,oa vU;dkj.kksa ls gkfu 'kh?kz gksrh gSA fuèkZfjr Lrj ls vfèd uehgksus ij d`f"k mRiknksa dks lq[kk djds gh Hk.Mkjx`g esalaxzg.k gsrq Lohdkj fd, tkus pkfg,A laxzg.k ds fy,ueh dk Lrj fofHkUu d`f"k ftUlksa esa fofHkUu gksrk gSAvkSlru ueh dk Lrj [kk|kUuksa esa 11&13 izfr'kr lsvfèd ugha gksuk pkfg,A

c- yk, x;s d`f"k mRikn esa ls ij[kh dh lgk;rk ls fy, x,uewuk dh miyCè dhM+s&edksM+s ,oa fcekfj;ksa ls xzLr ughagksus dh tkap ns[kdj dj ysuh pkfg, vU;Fkk yk, x,d`f"k mRikn igys ls j[k x, mRikn dks [kjkc dj nsaxsA

l- tgk¡ rd gks lds] laxzfgr mRikn dks mfpr fofè lsJs.khdj.k dj nsuk pkfg,] ftlls izfrHkwfr _.k dhLohd`fr djus esa mRikn dk ewY; vkadus rFkk vU; izdkjds gkus okys fooknksa dks vklkuh ls gy fd;k tk ldsA

n- laxzfgr fd, tkus okys mRikn dh ek=k dks lgh rksydjds gh xksnke esa j[kuk pkfg,A rksyus esa iz;qDr rksyusdk dkaVk] rksyus dh e'khu (Weighing Machine),rksylsrq (Weighbridge), ,oa ckV le; le; ij eki,oa rksy foHkkx ds fujh{kdksa ls tk¡p djokdj mu ijblds izek.k esa foHkkx dh eksgj yxk ysuh pkfg,A cM+svkdkj dh xksnkeksa ¼5000 fefVªd Vu ls vfèd {kerkokys½ esa vko';d :i ls rksy lsrq yxk ysuh pkfg,AorZeku esa lgh ,oa 'kh?kz rksy gsrq bySDVªksfud dakVs HkhmiyCè gSA ftuds gksus ls rksyus lEcUèh izfØ;k esa vklkuhjgrh gSA ,oa le; de yxus ds lkFk ykxr Hkh devkrh gSA

6- m|edrkZ dks xzkeh.k xksnke ds lapyu ds fy, jkT; dsHk.Mkjx`g fuxe ls vko';d :i ls ykblsal izkIr djysuk pkfg, ,oa jkT; Hk.Mkjx`g fuxe dkuwu dks viukrsgq, vko';d O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A



7- m|edrkZ dks xksnke ifjlj esa vkx ls j{kk gsrq vko';dmidj.k (Fire Prevention Equipments) dh O;oLFkkHkh j[kuh pkfg,A lkFk gh lqj{kk foHkkx }kjk tkjh funsZ'kksadk ikyu Hkh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

8- d`f"k mRiknksa dks xksnkeksa esa j[krs le;%—

v- [kk|kUuksa dh cksfj;ksa dks tehu ij lhès :i esa ughaj[kuk pkfg,A blds fy, ydM+h ds QUVs(Dunnage Comprising Wooden Pallets) ;kiksyhFkhu dh ijr ;k vU; izdkj dh oLrq dkstehu ij QSykdj ml ij cksfj;k j[kh tkuh pkfg,ftlls Hkwfe esa gksus okyh ueh ls [kk|kUu dks uqdlkuugha igqapsA

c- cksfj;ksa ds vEckj (Stacks) dk vkdkj 15' “ 15'ls vfèd ugha gksuk pkfg,A ÅapkbZ esa 15 cksfj;ksa lsÅij ugha p<+kbZ tkuh pkfg,A ,d vEckj ls nwljsvEckj ds e/; LFkku gksuk pkfg,] ftlls le;le; ij cksfj;ksa dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk lds ,oavko';drk gksus ij nokbZ dk fNM+dko fd;k tkldsA cksjh ,oa xksnke dh nhokj ds e/; de lsde 2' dh nwjh gksuh pkfg,A

l- fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ds laxzfgr mRikn vFkok ,d ghO;fDr ds fofHkUu mRikn ,oa mudh fdLeksa dksi`Fkd :i esa xksnke esa laxzfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,]ftlls LVkd dh tk¡p djus vFkok mRikn dks ykSVkusesa vklkuh jgsA

n- xksnke esa izR;sd o"kZ lQsnh] xksnke ds vkaxu esacus gq, fNnz vFkok njkjksa dks cUn djok nsukpkfg, rFkk esykfFkvkWu vFkok ch-,l-lh- nok dkfNM+dko fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls xksnkeksa esa ik,tkus okys dhM+s&edksM+s u"V gks tk,aA

9- laxzfgr [kk|kUuksa ds izR;sd vEckj (Stacks) ls izfr nkslIrkg esa uewuk ysdj ik, tkus okys dhM+ksa&edksM+kas ,oafcekfj;ksa dh tkap dh tkuh pkfg,A vko';drk gksus ijnokbZ dk fNM+dko vFkok èqavk fofè mik; viukukpkfg,A m|edrkZ dks blds fy, rduhdh lgk;rk foHkkxls izkIr djuk pkfg,A cM+s vkdkj dh xksnkeksa esa ,drduhdh lgk;d dh lsok,a fujUrj miyCè gksuh pkfg,A

laxzfgr mRikn ds <sjksa esa ls fdlh <sj ds vR;fèd{kfrxzLr gksus dh fLFkfr esa ml mRikn dks mlds ekfyddks ykSVk nsuk pkfg,A

10- [kk|kUuksa ds vkod ,oa okilh dk iwjk fjdkMZ j[kk tkukpkfg,A blds fy, vko';d jftLVj] jlhnsa] LVsV jftLVj]ystj vkfn m|edrkZ dks Nik ysuk pkfg, ,oa izR;sd[kk|kUu tek djkus okys d`"kd vFkok O;kikjh dks mudh,d izfr nsuk pkfg,A

11- xksnkeksa esa mRikn j[kus okyk d`"kd vius mRikn ds tekdh jlhn dks fxjoh j[kdj izfrHkwfr _.k ysus ds ik=gksrs g®A izfrHkwfr _.k dh ek=k ca/kd j[ks x, okLrfodmRikn ds ewY; ds 75 izfr'kr rd gksrh gSA _.k dhlhek izfr_.kh ikap yk[k #i;s dh lhek ls vf/kd ughagksxhA izfrHkwfr _.k dh vof/k 12 ekg gksrh gSA d`"kdksadks ,d ckj izfrHkwfr _.k ds Hkqxrku ij vius mRikndks iqu% okfil ysus dh LorU=rk gksrh gSA izfrHkwfr _.kij ykxw vU; 'krs± ukckMZ }kjk tkjh ekxZn£'kdk ,oafoRrh; laLFkkvksa }kjk ikyu dh tkus okyh lkekU; cSafdaxiz.kkfy;ksa ds vuq:i gksrh gSA

12- fu£er xksnke ,oa mlesa Hk.Mkfjr mRiknksa ls lEcfU/krlajpukxr vkSj foRrh; izxfr dk irk yxkus ds fy,ljdkj ds foi.ku ,oa fujh{k.k funs'kky; vFkok ukckMZ}kjk fujh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA m|edrkZ dks fujh{k.kesa ljdkj dks iw.kZ lg;ksx djuk pkfg,A

13- m|edrkZ dks laxzfgr d`f"k mRiknksa ij fy, tkuh okyhykxr jkf'k dk fu/kkZj.k gksus okyh ykxr jkf'k] jkT;Hk.Mkjx`g }kjk izLrkfornj ds vk/kkj ij fu;r dh tkuhpkfg,A Hk.Mkj.k ykxr esa chek dh jkf'k Hkh lfEefyrgksxhA chek jkf'k i`Fkd :i ls ugha olwyh tk ldsaxhA

xzkeh.k Hk.Mkj.k dh ;g ;kstuk ns'k ds d`"kdksa ¼fo'ks"krkSj ijy?kq ,oa e/;e tksr½] igkM+h ,oa jsfxLrkuh {ks=ksa esa QSys gq,d`"kdksa] xk¡oksa ,oa dLcksa esa jgus okys d`"kdksa dks mUgha ds {ks=ksa esaxksnke cukdj muds }kjk tks etcwju foØ; dh izFkk dks lekIrdjus esa lgk;d gksxhA d`"kd oxZ ykHkkfUor gksxkA ifjogu lk/kuksadk mRiknu ekSle esa gksus okyh ekax esa deh gksxhA [kk|kUuksa dhek=kRed ,oa fdLe esa gksus okyh fxjkoV esa deh vk;sxh rFkkxk¡oksa esa Hk.Mkj.k O;oLFkk ls tqM+s O;fDr fo'ks"kdj d`f"k Lukrdksa dksjkstxkj Hkh miyC/k gksxkA

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Exploring the Agricultural Export Potential of AndhraPradesh—a Swot Analysis

—K. N. RAVI KUMAR*, K. SREE LAKSHMI* AND K. V. KRISHNA KUMAR**

It is now widely accepted that for India sound agriculturaldevelopment is essential to achieve overall economic

progress. Because, India has an expanding population ofone billion to feed, has over two-thirds of its national workforce directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture and hasan agricultural sector which generates 25.2 per cent of totalGDP (1997-98) and over 15 per cent of its exports, its economyis particularly dependent on sustained and healthyagricultural growth. The agricultural sector has beensuccessful over the past four decades in keeping pace withrising demand for food. In the year 1991, the country enteredthe new era of globalisation and economic liberalisation,and is bound to have an impact on future land use andproduction patterns. This shift may also be environmentallydesirable, as the producers will concentrate more on qualityof production through cost effectiveness. These changeshave profound influence on future agricultural research andtechnology dissemination to the farmers.

However, many expressed concerns and apprehensionsfearing adverse impact of World Trade Agreement (WTA)signed by India. The present day ills of agriculture andcrashing prices are being attributed to WTA. This is mainlydue to the fact that implications and consequences of WTAare not fully understood by many. They called it as a 'no-win' situation for the country because, developed anddeveloping countries do not have same level field foroperations. Moreover, they felt that compulsory marketaccess and patenting of plant seeds provisions adverselyaffect the food security of the people of the country. Thisis because, even today, the agricultural sector in the countryis more subsistence oriented i.e., production for self-consumption and adversely affected by vagaries ofmonsoons. This clearly implies one important question asfar as the food security aspect is concerned, i.e., "Is foodproduction for godowns or for earning foreign exchange"?So, in this context, the export potential of agriculturalcommodities from the country should be studied from timeto time, which is a dire need because export-led agriculturalgrowth paves the way in the coming future. This alsofacilitates the establishment of requisite infrastructure in thecountry. Since Andhra Pradesh state is endowed with diverseagro-climatic conditions and occupies a prominent place onthe agricultural map of India, the same is considered for

following the management approach to evaluate the existingsituation, exploring the export opportunities and preparationof action plans for any threats which would ensure foodsecurity on one hand and profitability of agricultural businesson the other.

Importance of Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest of Indian states bothin terms of geographical area and population. The state isbroadly divided into seven agro-climatic zones. Therayalseema zone, which is semi-arid and drought pronereceives around 700 mm rainfall. The net sown area is only38% in this zone and the irrigation infrastructure is poor.South Telangana receives 820 mm rainfall and is marked bylow productivity and high waste lands. North Telanganareceives a little less than 1000 mm rainfall, but has only 30%of the cultivated area irrigated. In this zone, fallows are veryhigh because of extremist menace and the soils are mostlyred sandy. The cropping intensity is only 106% in this zonedespite better rainfall. The productivity is too low. NorthCoastal zone has more than 1000 mm rainfall and the climateis sub-humid. Soil salinity and floods are the limiting factors.The area under cultivation is higher in case of South CoastalAndhra Pradesh, which also has better irrigation facilitiesand higher productivity. Frequent cyclones, floods, drainageand salinity are the limiting factors. Nellore zone has 60%area under irrigation with reasonably high cropping intensity.Cyclones are major limiting factors in this district. The salientfeatures relating to the importance of agriculture in the stateare listed below :—

1. Nearly 30% of the states DGP is from the agriculturaland allied sectors.

2. Provides employment to 64.55% of the statespopulation.

3. The state ranks first in the production of variousagricultural products in the country (Appendix IV).

4. The contribution of agricultural and agro-basedindustries sectors is a significant 39% of the totalexports from Andhra Pradesh.

However, the excessive dependence of food productionon small sized holdings has adversely curved the

*Scientists, Department of Agricultural Economics, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad—30**Research Associate, GREP, International Crops research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropies (ICRISAT), Pattancheru, Hyderabad.



potentialities of large scale commercialization of this sector.The agricultural extension programmes implemented earlierlaid more emphasis to cereals (particularly rice), rather thanon farming systems approach. Even though the state isblessed with diverse agro-climatic zones, soils, croppingpattern, food habits, culture and distribution of assets, theactual potential has not been fully exploited. This is mainlydue to several inherent weaknesses and constraints such asshortcomings in the pre and postharvest operations andmanagement low productivity of crops, lack of adequateand updated knowledge on developments taking place inthe potential and existing overseas market, infrastructuralconstraints etc. Hence an effective policy for the ameliorationof the above constraints in agriculture and efficient utilisationof states own resources is essential for boosting theagricultural exports from the state. Hence, the Governmentof Andhra Pradesh should restructure the existing patternof agricultural production and marketing so as to realise thebenefits of foreign trade. This calls for examining theStrengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)of the agricultural export potentials of Andhra Pradesh state.This is because, it helps in estimating the marketable surplusfor different commodities, studying the possible constraintsin marketing, utilisation of technology, identification ofpotential buyers, exporting the commodities based on pricetrends in the international market etc. In the short-run, it willbe useful for understanding the market demand pattern andpossibilities of meeting such demands for the availableresources. In the long run, it will form the basis forrestructuring the supplies to cater the international demandand thereby vibrate the agro-economy of the state.

1. Strengths of Andhra Pradesh Agriculture in the Context of Export Potentialities

• Stands among the top five Indian states in termsof cultivated land.

• Large population mostly living in rural areas andderiving their livelihood from agriculture and alliedactivities.

• Enterprising, receptive and hard working farmers.

• Diverse soil types which facilitate cultivation oflarge number of crops round the year.

• Strategically located in the South-central part ofIndia with easy access to all parts of the country.

• Climate is fairly congenial for a variety of agricultureand allied activities.

• Second largest coast line in the country providingseveral gateways for international trade.

• Rich natural resources

• Rich livestock

• Good scope for marine cultivation

• Leads all other states in production of poultry.

• Rich bio-diversity with respect to agriculture andhorticultural crops.

• Sincere support from the State Agriculturaluniversity (Acharya N. G. Ranga AgriculturalUniversity), presence of several ICAR institutesand an international institute, ICRISAT in the areasof education, extension, research and training forthe welfare of farming community.

Some of the highlights of activities in Agriculture andallied sectors in Andhra Pradesh are as follow:

Agriculture (Food grains)

• Andhra Pradesh contributed 14.9 million tonnes in1998-99 to the national food grains production,ranking fourth after U.P., Punjab and M.P.

• Andhra Pradesh ranks third amongst the Indianstates with respect production of Rice (11.87 milliontonnes) in 1998-99 contributing 13.3% of India totalrice production and 2.8% of world’s rice production.In terms of rice productivity, (2812 kgs/ha), AndhraPradesh ranks third in India after Tamilnadu andPunjab.

• Andhra Pradesh ranks second with respect toproduction of Maize (1.35 million tonnes)contributing to 12.6% of India's total productionand top in terms of productivity (3328 kgs/ha).

• Andhra Pradesh produces about 0.8 million tonnesof assorted pulses-Redgram, Greengram, Blackgram,Horsegram, etc.

Oilseeds and eash Crops• Andhra Pradesh produces total 2.26 million tonnes

of oilseeds in 1998-99, ranking fourth in the country.• Andhra Pradesh ranks third in India with respect to

production of Groundnut (1.92) million tonnes) andaccounts of 21% of country’s total Groundnutproduction and about 5.8% of world's production.

• Andhra Pradesh ranks third with respect ofproduction of Sunflower (0.24 million tonnes) andaccounts for 20% of country’s Sunflowerproduction.

• Andhra Pradesh produces 1.5 million tonnes ofCotton, which is 12.3% of India’s production (3rdhighest in the country and 1.7% of world’s Cottonproduction.

• Largest producer of Tobacco in the country (0.25million tonnes, 36%).

• Andhra Pradesh produces 5.6% of the country’sSugarcane (16.7 million tones) ranking 5th amongstthe Indian states. This is equivalent to 1.3% ofworld’s Sugarcane production.



Horticulture

• One of the largest producers of fruits andvegetables in the country.

• Andhra Pradesh produces an estimated over 8million tonnes of Horticultural crops (about 5.3million tonnes of fruits, 2 million tonnes ofvegetables and 1.1 million tonnes of spices) andabout 800 million Coconuts in 1997-98.

• Andhra Pradesh occupies 1st rank in the country,both in production and productivity in respect ofmango (over 3 million tonnes), orange, lime and inproductivity of papaya, grapes and oil palm. Someother leading products are banana, tomato, guava,onion, okra, sapota and cashew.

• Third largest producer of coconut in India (19.2million tonnes, 12.9%).

• Andhra Pradesh takes top rank in the counrty inarea under chilly production and produces 0.5 milliontonnes. Also large production of turmeric andcoriander.

Fisheries, Dairy, Poultry and Animal Husbandry

• Andhra Pradesh has long coastline of 974km,continental shelf area of 33,227 sq. km, river lengthof 8577 km and 102 reservoirs with spread area of2.34 lakh hectares. The fish production is 1.50 lakhtonnes of marine fish, 2.61 lakh tonnes of inlandfish in 1998-99. Andhra Pradesh ranks 2nd in inlandfish production and 1st in coastal aquaculture.About 25% of marine exports of the country arefrom Andhra Pradesh.

• Andhra Pradesh is the 7th largest milk producer inthe country, producing about 4.5 million tonnes ofmilk per year, growing at 5-6% per annum.

• 20 million cattle and buffalo population and 12million sheep population. Andhra Pradesh ranks2nd in buffalo and sheep population, 7th in cow8th in goat population in the country.

• Production of 1.5 lakh tonnes of meat.

• Andhra Pradesh is country’s largest egg 575m eggs)and poultry producer, contributing to about a thirdof country’s egg and about one fifth of broiler meatproduction.

Sericulture

• Andhra Pradesh stands second in the country inMulberry cultivation with an area of 1.12 Lakh acres.

• Andhra Pradesh stands second in the country inCocoon production with an annual production of34193 M. Tonnes of Reeling Cocoons.

• Andhra Pradesh has privilege of having worldrenowned traditional handloom centers like,

Dharmavaram, Pochampally, Gadwal, Narayanpet,Peddapuram, etc.

2. Weaknesses of Andhra Pradesh Agriculture in the Context of Export Potentialities

• Long coast line often subjected to cyclones andstorms.

• Comparatively high percentage of illiteracy of 665compared to 48% of the country.

• About 60% of the Gross Cropped Area is underrainfed farming.

• Limited irrigation infrastructure.

• Low investment capacity of the farmers.

• Lack of adequate technical manpower andinfrastructure to study the implications of WTA onthe agricultural exports.

• Low marketable surplus due to high domesticconsumption.

• No effective steps have been taken forconsolidation of land holdings.

• Rural roads are unmotorable due to poormaintenance.

• Inadequate and erratic power supply to agriculturalsector and also high cost of power.

• Lack of proper marketing infrastructure like coldstorage facilities, processing facilities, gradingfacilities, market information network, advertisementetc.

3. Opportuntities of Andhra Pradesh Agriculture in the Context of Export Potentialities

• The existing diversified agro-climatic conditions,soils and cropping pattern offers great opportunitiesfor producing diverse crops both for theinternational as well as domestic market.

• Conducive environment for direct foreigninvestment in the state to build requisiteinfrastructure.

• Since the state occupies a pride place among severalstates in the country in different crops, there existsa greater opportunity to enhance their exports bycreating requisite marketing infrastructure.

• The spread of Information Technology sector inthe state offers great opportunities to export thecommodities (importers’ need-based) by studyingthe price trends in the international markets.

• The establishment of bio-technology industries inthe state provides a greater scope for releasingpest and disease resistant varieties and promotingquality of production through cost effectiveness.



• Greater scope for private enterprises participation(ex. contract farming) for enhancing quality ofproduction and exports.

• Herbs and medicinal plants are found in abundancein different parts of the state. The ‘Ayurveda’system of medicine is still very popular outside,because of the realisation of drawbacks of syntheticchemicals and drugs. This offers an opportunity tothe state to explore marketing of such herbs andmedicinal preparations overseas.

• Location of several ICAR institutions, anInternational institution (ICRISAT) and otherinstitutions facilitate exchange of expertise andmaterials to study the implications of WTA relevantto the state.

• Large extension network system facilitate thefarmers to shift their cropping pattern towards moreprofitable crops.

4. Threats to Andhra Pradesh Agriculture in the Context of export Potentialities

• Erratic distribution of rainfall may adversely affectthe production.

• Droughts, floods and cyclones of high frequencyand intensity.

• Limited scope for expansion of area underagriculture.

• Threats of extremism, absentee landlordism lead toineffective utilisation of land and other resources.

• Superstitious beliefs of the farmers.

Conclusions and SuggestionsFrom the above analysis, it is clear that the farmers

should be motivated to take up the agricultural and alliedactivities as a profit making business and to concentratemore on profitability rather than on productivity of crops.This implies that the farmers should produce and markettheir produce through cost effective technologies. To achievethis, the following suggestions should deserve specialattention.

1. Trained and skilled manpower should be providedin the fields of agricultural research, extension andmarketing.

2. The roles and responsibilities of the existing StateAgricultural University, State Department ofAgriculture and Marketing Department should beproperly restructured.

3. Networking of different scientific organisationslocated in the state should be improved so as toexpand application of modern technology in thefields of production and marketing.

4. Since the state is having an easy access to all partsof the country and having 2nd largest coast line inthe country, there is a greater opportunity to

promote exports by developing both air-cargo andship-cargo facilities with requisite infrastructure.

5. The State Agricultural University and StateDepartment of Agriculture should conduct anextensive research for generating cost effectivetechnologies for agricultural production.

6. The WTO cell established in the state shouldconduct studies periodically regarding theimplications of WTA on the state agriculture andallied sectors, suggest steps to safeguard theinterests of the sector, should aim at exploiting theopportunities offered by this Agreement, conductmarketable surplus studies and exportcompetitiveness of different agriculturalcommodities in the international market. In order tostabilize and sustain the exports from the state, thecell must make all-out efforts to gather morecompetitive strength through cross-comparing thestates’ innate strengths and weaknesses vis-a-visestablished rivals.

7. There is a greater need to introduce sophisticatedtechnologies in place of existing and outdatedtechnologies to boost both quantum and quality ofproduction, there by, higher profits from theinternational market.

8. There is a greater need to educate the farmers toadopt IPM and INM practices with more emphasison adopting biological control and bio-fertilizers soas to reduce the cost and improve the quality ofproduction.

9. Agricultural research, extension and educationsystem should be totally re-oriented by the StateAgricultural University to meet the newrequirements in the light of WTA. There is a greaterneed to start a fresh course in the area ofInternational Agricultural Trade with a major focuson the Implications of WTA on Indian Agricultureto educate the farm graduates or post-graduates.The research agenda should focus on improvingthe profitability rather than productivity.

10. Bio-technology should be given special attentionregarding development of high yielding varietieswith drought tolerance, pest and disease resistanceand with higher quality.

11. There is a greater need to invest substantially forinfrastructure development such as cold storages,grading facilities, processing facilities, marketinformation network etc., which will have a positiveimpact on export marketing.

12. The Government should encourage private sectoragencies to take up contract farming in the state soas to diversify agricultural production,disseminating scientific technology, supply of



quality inputs, proper technical guidance etc forboosting the agricultural production and exports.

13. Export Promotion Organisations should beestablished in the state and they should be entrustedthe responsibilities of collecting marketinginformation on international trade, production, prices,quality standards, seasonality, marketable surplusetc., for analysing and disseminating informationamong the producers and exporters. The exportcompetitiveness of agricultural commodities shouldalso be studied from time to time so as to encouragetheir exports which are having more comparativeadvantage in the international market. It alsofacilitates full exploitation of market accessopportunities provided by the WTA. The expenditureincurred on export promotion activities does not go

against the spirit of WTA, because they come underthe Green Box provisions.

14. A long term policy is essential to promote theagricultural exports on a sustainable basis. Thispolicy should aim at proper selection ofcommodities for exports based on the need ofother countries rather than on surplus orientedcommodities.

Besides implementing the above suggestions in asystematic manner, adequate attention should be paid toovercome the possible threats and mitigating the weaknessesfor a proper and planned development of export-orientedagriculture in the state. This should be carried out both fromthe short-term and long-term perspective so as to carve outthe states’ due share in the world trade.

Appendix-I

Agricultural Exports from Andhra Pradesh

(Rupees Crores)

Item 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99

Agriculture and Agro-Based Products 956.02 1810.38 2426.05 2681.61 2780.82Source : Andhra Pradesh Exporters Directory, 2000

Appendix-II

Ranks of Major crops in terms of Production & Productivity

Crop Country/State Production (000 Rank Productivity RankTonnes) (Kgs/Hect)

Paddy World 573263 3827China 198471 1st 8567

(Egypt) 1st

India 123012 2nd 2915 9th

A.P. 11430 3rd in India 2781 3rd

Maize World 585828 4182USA 237897 1st 9478 1st

(Italy)India 9800 8th 1594 16th

A.P. 1350 2nd in India 3328 1st in India

Groundnut World 30169 1st 1273Myanmar 9700 2828 1st

2nd (USA)India 8000 3rd 988 12th

A.P. 1926 989 6th in India

Sugarcane World 1241260 1st 63324Brazil 306599 111111 1st

2nd (Egypt)India 265000 5th in India 69737 11th

A.P. 16680 78038 4th in India

Cotton World 19737 1st 584China 4300 1065 1st

3rd (Turkey) 321India 2856 3rd 198 11th

A.P. 1490 6th

Source : Strategy Paper of Agriculture and Allied Departments, Govt. of A.P.



Appendix-III

Export of Agricultural, Agro-based industrial Forest productsfrom Andhra Pradesh

Year Rs. (million)

1 2

1987-88 1733.8

1988-89 1783.7

1989-90 2342.4

1 2

1990-91 3009.0

1991-92 4233.0

1992-93 6217.1

1993-94 8482.1

1994-95 9560.2

1995-96 18104.0

1996-97 26460.5

Appendix-IV

Position of Andhra Pradesh state in terms of Area, Production and Productivity in Agriculture and Allied sectors.

Product Area m.ha Production Productivity % of Rank by Rank by Rank by Competitors (rank by(m. tonnes) (kgs/ha) total India area production productivity production)1998-99 production

Food grains 7.19 14.4 2003 7.1 7 4 5 UP, Punjab, MP

Rice 4.10 11.87 2812 13.3 5 3 3 West Bengal, Punjab

Jowar 0.80 0.55 695 6.3 4 5 6 Maharashtra,Karnataka, MP

Coarse cereals 1.50 2.19 1463 7 7 7 7 Maharashtra,Karnataka, Rajasthan

Maize 0.40 1.35 3328 12.6 5 1 1 Karnataka

Total pulses 1.60 0.76 487 5.1 6 5 8 MP, UP, Maharashtra

Oilseeds 2.70 2.26 827 9 3 5 8 MP, Gujarat,Rajasthan, Maharashtra

Groundnut 1.90 1.92 989 6.3 1 3 6 Gujarat, TN

Sunflower 0.40 0.24 634 20.5 2 3 5 Karnataka,Maharashtra

Cotton 1.30 1.49 198 12.2 3 3 6 Gujarat, Maharashtra

Sugarcane 0.20 16.68 78,038 5.6 5 5 4 UP, Maharashtra, TN

Fruits 5.50 51.8 9,487 18.7 1 Karnataka,Maharashtra

Vegetables 1.8 19.99 11,044 2.7 3 UP, West Bengal,Karnataka, Maharashtra

Coconut 0.10 19.22 19,220 12.9 4 3 1 Kerala, TN

Tobacco 0.19 0.25 1,316 35.7 1 1 3 Gujarat, UP

Oil palms 0.27 0.47 1,741 Na 1 Na 1 Na

Spices 3.89 11.11 2856 Na Na Na Na Na

Eggs (Lakh tonnes) — 5751 — 20.1 — 1 — TN, Punjab

Milk — 4475 — 6.3 — 7 — UP, Punjab, Rajasthan,MP, Maharashtra, TN

Fish (lakh tonnes) — 4.1 — 7.8 — 6 — West Bengal, Kerala,Gujarat, Maharashtra,TN.

Source : VISION 2020, ANGRAU



Appendix-V

Position of Andhra Pradesh in Sericulture Sector

Status State Rank CompetitiveAverage state

Area under mulberry 1.12 2nd Karnataka(in Lakh Acres)Cocoon production 34193 2nd Karnataka(M. Tonnes)Raw silk production 3757 2nd Karnataka(M. Tonnes)Productivity Levels1. Brushing per Acre (In Nos) 500 2nd Karnataka2. Cocoon production per 100 DFLs (in Kgs) 42.2 2nd Karnataka

Source : Strategy Paper of Agriculture and Allied Departments, Govt.of A.P.

Appendix-VI

Share of Andhra Pradesh in India's production in importantproducts in Agriculture & Horticulture

Item India A.P. % A.P./India

1 2 3 4

Total population (million) 1999 950 75 7.9Agro production (m. tonnes)Rice 85.99 11.87 13.3Wheat 70.80 0.06 0.1Coarse grains 31.46 2.19 7.0Maize 10.7 1.38 12.6Pulses 14.81 0.80 5.1

Total food grains 213.76 14.90 7.1

Total oilseeds 25.21 2.26 9.0Groundnut 9.16 1.92 21.0Sunflower 1.17 0.24 20.5Sugarcane 295.7 16.68 5.6Cotton 12.18 1.49 12.2Horticulture (m. tonnes) 130 8.3 6.4

1 2 3 4

Fruits (m. tonnes) 42 5.2 12.4Vegetables (m. tonnes) 71.5 2.0 2.8Mulberry acreage (Lakh acres) 7.50 1.12 29Cocoon Production (Lakh tonnes) 1.25 0.34 27

Source : Strategy Paper of Agriculture and Allied Departments, Govt.of A.P.

Appendix-VII

Comparison of average yields of different products in AndhraPradesh state, India & World

Crop Unit World India A PHighest Average Average

1 2 3 4 5

Paddy Mt/ha. 10.269 1.928 2.812

Maize Mt/ha. 9.478 1.755 3.328

Groundnut Mt/ha. 2.828 1.210 1.082

Cotton Mt/ha. 1.065 0.223 0.202

Sunflower Mt/ha. 2.888 0.584 0.634

Sugarcane Kg/ha. 136,515 72,560 77,231

Tomato Mt/ha. 467 15 8.0

Onion Mt/ha. 82 11 15.50

Grape Mt/ha. 20 1.8 37.3

Milk Kgs/animal 6815 877 700

Buffalo meat Kgs/animal 253 138 150

Mutton & lamb Kgs/animal 33 12 13

Pig meat Kgs/animal 140 35 35

Beef and Veal Kgs/animal 399 103 Banned

Source : Strategy Paper of Agriculture and Allied Departments, Govt. of A.P.

REFERENCES

Kumar K. N. Ravi, Ch. Radhika Rani, P. N. Jaya Kumar and K.P.C. Rao "Promoting Agricultural Exports from India—Need of the Hour", MANAGEExtension Research Review, Vol 2, No 1, 2001

Qamar Hasan, "From subsistence to Market economy—Possibilities of Agricultural Transformation through Agro-Export", ‘Export Potential ofIndian Agriculture’, Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2001, pp: 73-81.

Strategy Paper of Agriculture and Allied Departments—2000, Government of Andhra Pradesh

Vision 2020 Plan : Prepared by Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University

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Economics of Co-Operative Chilli Powder Making Unit inKolhapur District of Western Maharashtra—A Case Study

—N.S. KILLEDAR*, K. K. MANGAVE**, M. T. INGAVALE**, N. S. LOHAR***

Introduction

For successful farming only improvement in productivityof different agricultural products is not sufficient, but

efficient marketing of products is also equally important.Many experts have also opined that the main defect in agril.Marketing is least share of producer in consumer’s rupee.This problem, particuarly in "Post GATT Era" has becomevital as prices are going to be determined mainly in openmarket and purely on the basis of law of demand and lawof supply.

To eliminate the defects of agril. marketing, many remedieshave been suggested and selling of processed products isone of them. Due to processing, value addition is possibleand from the cultivators point of view, this will be too muchbeneficial and remunerative.

After independence, some attempts in this direction havebeen made, but these are restricted to few agriculturalproducts for instance, processing of sugarcane, cotton andsome oil seeds. In Kolhapur district many sugar factoriesand spinning mills on co-operative basis are in operationsince last 50 years. But uptill now number of agril. productsare sold in unprocessed form. As a result of this thecultivators are unable to accrue the additional value.

However, during the last decade, the approach ofcultivators is gradually changing and many agriculturalproduce processing units have come into existence. Suchunits are useful for increasing the income of cultivators.Therefore, it is now necessary to see how far such units areeconomically viable. In view of this, one processing unit,recently established in Gadhinglaj tahsil of Kolhapur districthas been selected and a case study was conducted with thefollowing specific objectives :

Objectives

(i) To study the capital requirement for the chillipowder making unit.

(ii) To estimate per unit cost of processing.

(iii) To workout the profitability of the unit.

*Assistant Professor of Agril Economics **Assistant Professor of Horticulture***Professor of Agril. Economics, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur

Methodology

A Co-operative chilli powder making unit viz., "ShriHiranyakeshi Sahakari Shetimal Phale, Bhajipala PrakriyaKarkhana Ltd Nilaji." Gadhinglaj, Dist; Kolhapur wasselected. The data pertaining to the year 1999-2000 wereobtained by personal interview and from the records of thesaid processing unit. The collected data were related to costof establishment, management expenditure, expenses onpurchase of raw material used for processing of differentagricultural products. The data were analyzed by simpletabular method.

General information of selected processing Unit

The selected unit was registered on 22-12-1993 vide KPR/GJ/PRO(A) 1101/93-94 as "Shri Hiranyakeshi SahakariShetimal Phale, Bhajipala Prakriya Karkhana Ltd. Nilaji" TahsilGadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur. The authorized share capital ofthis unit was Rs. 2.00 crores, out of which the paid up sharecapital was Rs. 66.62 lakh. In paid up capital, the contributionof state Government was to the tune of Rs. 31.60 lakh. Theremaining paid-up capital was contributed by the individualmembers (Rs. 32.46 lakh) and member institutes (Rs. 2.56lakh). The total number of share holders were 1386, out ofwhich only 77 were institute members. This unit has obtainedloan and deposits amounting to Rs. 1.24 crores and Rs.24.05 Lakh, respectively.

The first phase of establishment has been completed.The production has also been started since from 1998-99.The Gadhinglaj tahsil, where this unit is established isfamous for chilli production and hence, large quantity ofchilli is proceessed in this unit. Besides, other agriculturalproducts like turmeric and coriander are also processed. Theproduction of "Masala" and "Chatani" is also undertaken insmall scale.

Results

The analyzed data on capital investment, variable costs,marketing costs and income received for the year 1999-2000have been presented in three tables separately.



Capital investment

Though this co-operative processing unit was registeredin 1993, actual production was started from 1998-99. Thedetails of capital invested for the establishment of thisproject have presented in the Table. 1.

It is observed that the total capital investment (fixedcapital) was worked out to Rs. 1,28,81,220=00. If the itemwise investment is examined, it is found that the majorcapital were required on account of construction of buildingsand purchase of machinery and equipments, as these itemscontributed 54.36 per cent and 39.95 per cent, respectively.The other important items of capital investment were watersupply structure (2.25 per cent) and acquisition of land (1.37per cent). As far as investments in machinery and equipmentsare concerned, it is observed that major amount was requiredfor purchase of pulverisors (Rs. 25,50,000), followed by forerrection of electric powerhouse (Rs. 10,59,014) and forpurchase of vacuum packing (Rs. 12,000,00).

The minor investment items were expenses on fencing,purchase of vehicle and consultancy fee together share ofwhich was only 2.07 per cent in total capital investment.

Variable Cost and Marketing Cost

The data presented in Table 2 is related to variable costsand marketing charges incurred by the processing unit duringthe period under study. It reveals that the expenses incurredtowards purchase of variable inputs and marketing chargestogether, estimated to Rs. 49,16,874.00 of which variablecosts accounted to Rs. 46,78,441.00.

Among the different variable cost items, the expenses onaccount of purchase of raw material was the highest as itshared 37.68 per cent of the total cost. The other importantitems of costs were interest on fixed capital (26.20 percent).followed by expenditure on wages (15.72 per cent),depreciation (8.72 per cent) and electric charges (4.88 percent). The examination of different figures related to thevariable cost items, it can be seen that the cost estimatedwere relatively more, except the items of expenditure likewages, repairing and miscellaneous charges, all other itemsof costs were beyond the control of management. For profitmaximization an increase in production is not sufficient, butcost minimization measures need to be taken. In this context,the data indicated that there is a wide scope for reducingthe expenses on wages. In the total variable cost, the shareof wages, pay and allowances paid to hired and permanentlabourers was about 20 percent. This indicates that themanagement of processing unit either has employedexcessive permanent employees or has failed to exploit theproductivity from the workers.

As far as marketing charges are concerned, it has beennoticed that only Rs. 2,38,433=00 were spent on marketing.On percentage basis, it was only 4.85 per cent of the totalcost. The major item of marketing cost was transportation

charges. In the total marketing charges its share was to thetune of 82.24 per cent. Other minor items of marketing chargeswere packing charges, taxes and miscellaneous expenses.The product of this project were marketed in the cities likeKolhapur, Belgaum, Sangli, Satara and Pune. Thus, themarketing was found to be limited. Another defect was thatabsence of advertisement which is required now a days, forefficient marketing.

Returns and Profitability

The data pertaining to cost of production and returns arepresented in Table 3. It reveals that the total cost ofproduction was estimated to the tune of Rs. 49,16,874-00 forproducing 66,550 Kg of different products. During the studyyear in all five products viz. chilli powder, turmeric powder,coriander powder, onion and garlic chatani and masalaproduced. The highest production of 45000 kg with highestcost of Rs. 83.75 kg was observed in respect of chilli powder.The minimum cost of production of Rs. 44.69/kg was recordedin respect of turmeric powder, further it is also revealed that76.65 per cent of total cost was required for processing ofchilli.

As far as gross returns are concerned, it is noticed thatthe maximum gross returns of Rs. 38,25,000-00 were obtainedfrom chilli powder only. This was 75.46 per cent of totalreturns of Rs. 50,68,625-00 registered during the year understudy. The per Kg price realised was however, highest (Rs.90-00/kg) in respect of different kinds of Masala. In case ofother products the per kg prices realized were Rs. 85.00.Rs. 58.75, Rs. 58.00 and Rs. 48.75 in respect of chilli powder,chatani, turmeric and coriander powder respectively.

The product-wise profitability has also been worked outand presented in Table 3. It indicates that the production ofcoriander powder onion and garlic chatani were found to beunprofitable. The losses recorded in respect of corainderpowder production was Rs. 15,201.00 that of chatani wasRs. 13,500.00. The other three products were proved to beprofitable. The highest profit was gained by selling of turmericpowder Rs. 1,13,135.00 followed by Rs. 56,250.00 andRs. 11,067.00 from chilli powder and Masala, respectively.At aggregate level however, this unit was marginally inprofit during the year under study. The net returns workedout to Rs. 1,51,751.00.

Conclusions

(1) The total capital investment of the processing unitwas worked out to Rs. 1,28,81,220.00. The majoritems of total capital were construction of buildings(54.36 per cent) and purchase of machinery andequipments (39.95 per cent).

(2) The total production cost was estimated toRs. 49,16,874.00 for one year which includes bothvariable cost (Rs. 46,78,441.00) and marketing



charges (Rs. 2,38,433.00). The major items of costswere value of raw material, interest on fixed capitaland wages paid to labourers which accounted 37.68per cent, 26.20 per cent and 15.72 per cent of thetotal cost, respectively.

(3) Among different products chilli powder productionwas proved to be most important one. Out of totalproduction of 66,550 kg, the production of chillipowder was maximum (45,000 kg.).

(4) The highest per kg cost of production worked out toRs. 83.75 in respect of chilli powder while that waslowest in respect of turmeric powder (Rs. 44.69)

(5) The highest Per Kg price Rs. 90.00 was received byselling Masala Products followed by chilli powder(Rs. 85.00/Kg) and Chatani (Rs. 58.75/kg).

(6) The total gross returns were estimated toRs. 50,68,625.00.

(7) The production of coriander powder andChatani were found to be unprofitable asnegative net returns were received from theseitems.

(8) At overall level, the said unit was in profit duringthis year. The profit was estimated toRs. 1,51,751.00.

REFERENCES

Lohar N.S. and Bansode S.D. A study on the costs andReturns of Chillies in Gadhinglaj area of Kolhapur district(M.S.) ‘‘Agril, Banker’’ Jan-March, 1984.

Table-1

Capital investment of Co-operative proccessing unit

Sl. Item Unit Quantity Amount (Rs.) Total PercentageNo. Amount (Rs.)

1. Acquisition of land ha 2.40 165000 165000 1.37

2. Water supply structure — — 29000 2.25

a. Bore wells with No. 2 280000 submersible pumps

b. Pipeline Ft. 500 10000

Total 290—00

3. Construction of buildings No. 5 7002216 7002216 54.36(processing house,laboratory, godown, officeand guest house)

4. Fencing with angles and wire — — 50000 50000 0.40

5. Machinery and Equipments — — — 5146264 39.95

(a) Pulverisors No. 3 25,50,000

(b) Vacuum Packing No. 1 1200000

(c) Weighing balance weights — — 297250 and measuring cylinders

(d) Equipments and tools — — 40000

(e) Electric power house No. 1 1059014

Total 5146264

6. Vehicles No. 1 1164740 116740 0.90

7. Consultancy fee Rs. — 100000 100000 0.77

Total 12881220 100.00



Table-2

Variable cost and marketing charges incurred during the year

Sl. No. Item of cost Total Cost (Rs.) Percentage to total

A Variable cost

1. Wages, Pay and allowances 773076 15.72

(a) Permanent employee Rs. 383434

(b) Hired human labour Rs. 389642

Total Rs. 773076

2. Electric charges 2,40,000 4.88

3. Repairing of machinery and equipments 65342 1.33

4. Purchase of raw material 1852211 37.68

(a) Dry chilli—56250 kgs = Rs. 1518750

(b) Coriander—2800 kgs = Rs. 65828

(c) Turmeric—8631 kgs = Rs. 209733

(d) Garlic—500 kgs = Rs. 7500

(e) Salt—1500 kgs = Rs. 7500

(f) Edible oil—350 kgs = Rs. 12250

(g) Spices = Rs. 30650

Total Rs. 1852211

5. Depreciation on buildings, equipments and machinery 428994 8.72

6. Interest on fixed capital 1288122 26.20

7. Miscellaneous 30696 0.62

Total Variable Cost 4678441 95.15

B. Marketing Charges

1. Packing Charges 25998 0.52

2. Transport charges 196108 4.00

3. Taxes 15176 0.31

4. Miscellaneous 1151 0.02

Total Marketing Charges 238433 4.85

Total cost 4916874 100.00



Table-3

Cost of Production and income accrued during the year 1999-2000

Sl. Name of the product production Cost of Price realized Total Cost Total ProfitNo. in Kg Production Rs/kg (Rs.) income (Rs.) (Rs.)

Rs./kg

1. Chilli powder 45000 83.75 85.00 3768750 3825000 (+)(76.65) (75.46) 56250

2. Turmeric powder 8500 44.69 58.00 379865 493000 (+)(7.72) (9.72) 113135

3. Coriander Powder 2700 54.38 48.75 146826 131625 (—)(2.99) (2.60) 15201

4. Onion and Garlic 10000 60.10 58.75 601000 587500 (—)(12.23) (11.60) 13500

5. Masala (Mutton and Sweat) 350 58.38 90.00 20433 31500 (+)(0.41) (0.62) 11067

Total 66550 — — 4916874 5068625 (+)(100.00) (100.00) 151751

(Figures shown in parenthesis indicate percentage in total)

'AGMARK' IS THE SYMBOL, QUALITY IS THE REALITY



Some Economic Aspects of Marketing of Rangan Flower in WestBengal—A Case Study

—B.N. BANERJEE1 AND MD. H. ALI2

Rangan is a hardy tree type plant which requires littlemanagement practices for its cultivation. Because of its

low cost of production producers fetch higher profit. Floweris available and marketed during the months from April toSeptember. Because of perishable nature of flower, marketingis risky and complex. Cultivation of this flower on commercialbasis is mainly restricted to Bagnan-I Block of HowrahDistrict. Bulk of marketing of this flower takes place throughMullickghat wholesale market, Kolkata. Only a limited portionof production of Rangan flower is sold through Deuliamarket, Midnapur (E) District. Present study is, thus,restricted to examine marketing of Rangan flower grown inBagnan-I Block and marketed through Mullickghat market.The specific objectives are:

(i) to study the behaviour of wholesale price of Ranganflower; and

(ii) to analyse price spread and functional analysis ofmarket margins.

Materials and Methods

Howrah District is purposively selected for the studybecause Rangan flower is widely cultivated in this district.Bagnan-I Block of Howrah District where Rangan is cultivatedintensively and commercially, has been selected purposively.In this block, one Rangan-growing village is randomlyselected and two villages adjacent to it are added up to forma cluster of three villages. Following the ProbabilityProportional to Number, 75 sample farmers have beenselected with the help of SRSWR Method. In order toexamine the monthly fluctuation in wholesale prices, pricespread and marketing margin, one primary wholesale market(Mullickghat, Kolkata), one secondary wholesale market (NewMarket, Kolkata) and two retail market (New Market andCollege Street Market, Kolkata) are selected purposively.Selection of markets is based on the volume of flowerstransacted through the markets concerned. Twenty (20)producer-sellers coming to Mullickghat wholesale market,ten (10) wholesalers (5 from each market) and twenty (20)retailers (10 from each market) have been randomly selectedas market intermediaries. Pre-tested survey schedule hasbeen used to collect data with the help of Survey Method.This study is related to the agricultural year 1992-93.1 and 2Professor and Sr. Lecturer (Research) in Agricultural Economics, Department of Agril. Economics, F/Agriculture Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal.

The following two marketing channels—transacting majorshare of the total production of flower in Howrah Districtare being studied :

Channel-I: (65 per cent of total production is transacted)

Producer-seller → Primary Wholesale Market(Mullickghat) → Secondary wholesale Market (NewMarket) → Retail Market (New Market) → Consumers.

Channel-II: (30 per cent of total flower sold from PrimaryWholesale Market is transacted)

Producer-seller → Primary Wholesale Market(Mullickghat) → Retail Market (New Market) →Consumers.

Results and Discussion

Table 1 demonstrates monthly wholesale price of Ranganflower grown in Bagnan-I block of Howrah District and soldat Mullickghat (Kolkata) wholesale market. The table showsthat Rangan flower is available from the month of April toSeptember in the market. The table also reflects that maximumprice is recorded in the month of August and minimum inthe month of April. From the table it is also visualized thatmaximum prices are more than double than that of minimumprices at Mullickghat (Kolkata) market.

Table 2 presents price spread and marketing margin offlower Rangan sold through channel-I and channel-II. Fromtable it is observed that producer’s profit out of consumer’srupee ranges from 26.85 per cent to 50.81 per cent at minimumand maximum price levels respectively. Transport costincurred by the producer-seller constitutes major share inmarketing cost followed by packaging and loading andunloading at producer’s level. It is observed that priceincreases from the month of may and lasts through Augustand then declines.

At Mullickghat wholesale market, packing loading andunloading and helping hands are the important items ofmarketing cost. No transport cost is incurred by the primarywholesaler as producer sellers directly sell their produce toMullickghat market. Trader's profit at this level ranges from5.41 at minimum price level to 12.59 per cent at maximumprice level out of consumer's rupee.



At secondary wholesale market (New Market, Kolkata),noted items of marketing cost are packing, loading andunloading and transport. Trader's profit varies between 6.05and 10.72 per cent of consumer's rupee at minimum andmaximum price levels respectively.

At retailer's level (both at New Market and College StreetMarket), important items of cost are packing, loading andunloading and helping hands. Transport cost is only incurredby the retailers following channel-II at College Street retailmarket because the retailers of this market purchase theproduce directly from Mullickghat wholesale market. But notransport cost is accounted for in the retailer's level at NewMarket (Kolkata) i.e. channel-I because retailers of the marketconcerned collect and sell the flowers in the nearby area.Higher cost of helping hands is due to the handling offlowers from wholesale level to retail level. The table amplyreveals that profit margin at retail level is higher in channel-II in comparison to channel-I but the converse is true incase of retail price. The reason may be attributed due to thefact that number of intermediaries functioning are more inchannel-I in comparison channel-II in spite of the fact thatintermediaries operating in channel-II have fetched higherprofit.

Table 3 depicts functional analysis of marketing marginof flower Rangan sold through channel-I and channel-II.Table demonstrates that besides traders' profit packing,loading and unloading, and helping hands are the noteditems of marketing cost. Transport is also a major item ofcost at some levels. Trader's profit in both the channels atmaximum price is about four times higher than that atminimum price. It is also clear that total cost of marketingvaries with the variation in price level. This variation mayalso be due to change in time and location. At maximumprice level trader accounted for 85 per cent of marketingmargin of which more than 50 per cent are consumed byproducer sellers. This clearly reflects imperfectness ofmarketing system.

Summary and Conclusion

The study revealed that Rangan flower is available fromApril to September. In the early months the price remainslow, but high in latter months. Cost of cultivation is moderate.Producer seller accounts for more than 60 per cent of theconsumer's rupee. Higher profit margins are related to thehigher prices at all the trader's level. At producer seller'slevel, striking difference exists between profit at maximumand minimum price levels. Trader's profit comprises 58 to 83per cent of the marketing margin. Packing, loading andunloading, helping hands and transport are the major itemsof marketing cost. Marketing margin is found to vary withthe length of chain of market.

REFERENCES

1. Ali Md. H. and Banerjee, B.N., Marketing Costs and Marginsof Cock's Comb Flower in Midnapur (East) District of

West Bengal, Agricultural Marketing, October-December, 1999, pp-34-37.

2. Ali, Md. H. and Banerjee, B.N., Economic Analysis ofCultivation of Cock's Comb Flower in West Bengal,Environment and Ecology, 18(2), 2000, pp. 291-294.

3. Anonymous (1976), Report of the National Commission ofAgriculture, Part VI, Ministry of Food and Agriculture,Government of India, New Delhi, pp. 321.

4. Anonymous (1995), Kalimpong-e-Phool Chass-e-C.A.D.C.-er-Udyog (CADC's Flower production project inKalimpong), Ganashakti (Bengali News Paper) 19thJanuary, 1995, p. 5.

5. Anonymous (1995), Indo-Holland Flower Export, Aajkal(Bengali Newspaper) 9th July, 1995, p.4.

6. Banerjee, B.N. and Ali, Md. H, Economics of AnnualChrysanthemum Var. Cherrygold (Chrysanthemumcarinatum) Flower in West Bengal, Environment andEcology, 18(1), 2000, pp. 167-170.

7. De, N. (1994), Saying it with flowers, The Statesman, 9thApril, 1994, p. 2.

8. Subrahmanyam, K.V. (1986), Economics of Production andMarketing of Chrysanthemum Flowers in Karnataka,Indian Journal of Horticulture, vol. 3. No. 3 & 4, pp.281-286.

9. Subrahmanyam, K.V. (1988), Flower Marketing inKarnataka—an appraisal, Krishipete, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp.5-10.14 Subrahmanyam, K.V. (1989), Economics ofProduction and Marketing of Rose in Karnataka, TheIndian Journal of Horticulture, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 407-412.

Table 1

Seasonal Fluctuation in Monthly Wholesale Prices ofRangan Flower (1992)

Rs. per Kg

Month April May June July August September

Price range 7-11 7-11 9-14 16-21 18-24 14-18

Table 2

Price Spread and Marketing Margin of the Flower Rangan(1992)

Rs. per kg.

ChannelSl. Items I IINo. Price level Price level

Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini-mum mum mum mum

1 2 3 4 5 6

1. At producer's level :

(a) Cost of production 3.24 3.24 3.24 3.24(10.88) (26.13) (11.93) (27.62)



1 2 3 4 5 6

(b) Cost of marketing 1.18 81.04 1.18 1 . 0 4(3.96) (8.39) (4.34) (8.87)

(i) Packing 0.26 0.22 0.26 0.22

(ii) Loading and unloading 0.24 0.20 0.24 0.20

(iii) Helping hands 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.17

(iv) Transport 0.31 0.27 0.31 0.27

(v) Commission and others 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.10

(vi) Storage and maintenance 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.08

(c) Producer's profit 13.80 3.33 13.80 3.33(46.36) (26.85) (50.81) (28.39)

(d) Price received by producer 18.22 7.61 18.22 7 . 6 1(61.20) (61.37) (67.08) (64.88)

2. At primary wholesaler's level,

Mullickghat, (Kolkata):

(a) Cost of marketing 1.08 0.97 1.08 0.97(3.63) (67.82) (3.98) (8.27)

(i) Packing 0.29 0.26 0.29 0.26

(ii) Loading and unloading 0.26 0.24 0.26 0.24


(iv) Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

(v) Commission and others 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.12

(vi) Storage and maintenance 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.08

(vii) Spoilage 0.07 0.10 0.07 0.10

(c) Wholesalers's profit 2.89 0.67 3.42 0.94(9.71) (5.41) (12.59) (8.01)

(d) Price received by wholesaler 22.19 9.25 22.72 9.52(74.54) (74.60) (83.65) (81.16)

3. At secondary wholesaler's level

(New Market, Kolkata)

(b) Cost of marketing 1.04 0.86

(3.49) (6.93)

(i) Packing 0.22 0.18

(ii) Loading & Unloading 0.18 0.16

(iii) Helping hands 0.14 0.13

(iv) Transport 0.17 0.14

(v) Commission & others 0.12 0.10

(vi) Storage & maintenance 0.10 0.08

(vii) Spoilage 0.11 0.07

(c) Sec wholesaler's profit 3.19 0.75(10.72) (6.05)

(d) Price received by secondary 26.42 10.86wholesalers (88.75) (87.58)

1 2 3 4 5 6

4. At retailer's level: New Market College Street Kolkata market, Kolkata

(b) Cost of marketing 1.03 0.92 1.35 1.31(3.46) (7.42) (4.97) (11.17)

(i) Packing 0.18 0.19 0.24 0.24

(ii) Loading & Unloading 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25


(iv) Transport 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.33

(v) Commission & others 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.12

(vi) Storage & maintenance 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.09

(vii) Spoilage 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.12

(c) Retailer's profit 2.32 0.62 3.09 0 . 9 0(7.79) (5.00) (11.38) (767)

(d) Price received by retailer 29.77 12.40 27.16 1 1 . 7 3(100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)

5. Marketing margin 26.53 9.16 23.92 8.49(89.12) (73.87) (88.07) (72.38)

Figures in parentheses indicate to the percentages to the total.

Table 3

Functional Analysis of Marketing Margin of the FlowerBalsam (1992-93)

Rs. per kg.

ChannelSl. Items I IINo. Price level Price level

Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini-mum mum mum mum

1. Packing 0.95 0.85 0.79 0.72(3.58) (9.28) (3.30) (8.48)

2. Loading & Unloading 0.93 0.85 0.77 0.69(3.51) (9.28) (3.22) (8.13)

3. Helping hands 0.74 0.66 0.57 0.50(2.79) (7.20) (2.38) (5.89)

4. Transport 0.48 0.41 0.66 0.58(1.81) (4.48) (2.76) (6.83)

5. Commission & other 0.50 0.42 0.36 0.36charges (1.88) (4.59) (1.51) (4.24)

6. Storage & maintenance 1.40 0.32 0.27 0.25(1.51) (3.49) (1.13) (2.94)

7. Spoilage 0.33 0.28 0.19 0.22(1.24) (3.06) (0.79) (2.59)

8. Trader's profit 22.20 5.37 20.31 5.17(83.68) (58.32) (84.91) (60.90)

Total 26.53 9.16 23.92 8.49(100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)

Figures in parentheses indicate the percentages to the marketing margin.



Economic Analysis of Production, Resource Use Efficiency andConstraints of Onion in Indore District of Madhya Pradesh

—A.R. VERMA1, A.M. RAJPUT2 AND R.S. PATIDAR3

Introduction

The onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most importantcommercial vegetables grown and consumed almost all

over the country. It originated from the region comprisingNorth-West India, Afghanistan, Kazakistan, Uzbekistan andWestern Tienshan, Western Asia and the area around theMediterranean Sea are the secondary centres of development.

A global review of area and production of majorvegetables shows that onion ranks fourth in area andproduction of vegetables in the world among nine majorvegetables namely onion, potatoes, cauliflower, green peas,cabbage, tomatoes, okra, green beans and cucumber andgherkins. In India among these nine vegetables, onion rankssecond in area and third in production. About 47.55 milliontonnes of onions are produced in the world from about 2.69million hectares area during the year 2000. Among variouscountries where onions are grown, India ranks second inarea and production. India, China, USA, Turkey and Iran arethe five major onion growing countries of the world. Thetotal area and production of onion in India as per the FAOduring the year 2000, are 0.481 million hectares and 5.467million tonnes, respectively.

The world's onion area, production, productivity and percapita availability trends during the past decade show thatsince 1990, it has improved by about 36.26%, 70.33%, 25.00%and 48.88%, respectively. For India, area, production,productivity and per capita availability have improved duringthe last decade by about 37.51%, 66.19%, 20.86% and 35.23%,respectively (data for 2000-2001 as per NHRDF estimates).

There was 378.77% increase in export quantity evenduring 1998-99 a year when export was restricted/bannedcompared to 1979-80. The per unit value realization increasewas 475.17% during 1998-99 over 1979-80. Export has furtherincreased to 5.00 lakh million tonnes in 2001-2002. There ispossibility of increasing the export of onion further not onlythe present quality but by growing yellow onions exclusivelyfor export to European and Japanese markets. India, however,

has to be regular in export market otherwise it will be verydifficult to maintain the overseas buyers. In fact, in view ofuncertainty in continuance of export; many buyers havealready switched over to other countries like Egypt, Iran,China and Turkey. Continuance of export on regular basisis also necessary to allow farmers to get remunerative priceand also to sustain the production and availability of onionto consumers at an affordable price.

Onion has been very important crop in India both fordomestic and export market. The onion pays more economicreturns to the farmers and foreign exchange to the countrythrough export and there are more rural employmentopportunities. There has been significant increase in researchinfrastructure and development programmes on onion inIndia in the recent past, which has helped in increasing theproduction, productivity and availability. In view of increasedawareness about advantages of onion consumption,increasing population and increased urbanization, thedemand is increasing. The export requirement also isincreasing. For increasing production and thereby sustainingthe availability for meeting domestic and export requirements,there is need to increase productivity and improve qualitythrough crop management in field and post harvestmanagement. There are only few prominent studies, whichhave covered the cost of production, marketing andconstraints aspects viz., Dangat, et al. (1989), Mishra, et al.(1995), Mohapatra (1999), Shah (1999) and Shyamasunderand Achoth (1996) and analysed various factors affectingits profitability to the producer and intermediaries in the saleof onion.

Onions are used as salad and are cooked in various waysin all curries, fried, boiled, bakes, soop making and in pickles.Onions are also dehydrated in the form of powder and flakesfor use as spice. Oil and pectin are also extracted from onions.Onions have many medicinal values, Dropsy, kidney, heart,lever cirrhosis, diabetes, T.B. and heart stokes are the majordiseases and disorders which are cured by regular use ofonions. Though common onion is not rich in food value, these

1 Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, J.N. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of veterinary Science andAnimal Husbandry, Mhow, Distt. Indore (M.P.)

2 Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, J.N. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of Agriculture, Distt.Indore (M.P.)

3 Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, J.N. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of Agriculture, Distt. Indore (M.P.)



have got considerable quantity of cellulose and Sugar.Common onion ranks medium in the supply of proteins calorievalue and vitamin B and C. Small onions are, however, morenutritive than big onions.

During 1989-90 to 1999-2000, the annual compound growthrates (ACGR) of onion in India for area, production andproductivity were 5.07 per cent, 1.61 per cent and –0.38 percent, respectively. The annual compound growth rate of onionin Madhya Pradesh for area, production and productivity were2.54 per cent, 0.85 per cent and –1.70 per cent, respectivelyduring the year 1996-97 to 2000-2001. In Madhya Pradeshonion area was 0.023 million hectares and a total productionof 0.27 million tonnes and average yield 11470 kg per hectareduring the year 2000-2001. In Madhya Pradesh area underonion and its production are 5.83 per cent and 5.22 per centrespectively of the total onion area and production in thecountry. In Indore district, it was grown on an area of 644.00hectares during 2000-2001. Its total production in the districtduring 2000-2001 was estimated at 155.20 thousand tonnes.The average yield of onion in the district was around 24100 kgper hectare during the the year 2000-2001. The major oniongrowing districts in the state are Indore, Dhar, Khargone,Khandwa, Ujjain, Ratlam, Shajapur and Morena.

Keeping in view the important role played by onion inagricultural economy of the state, an attempt was made in thepresent study entitled "Economic analysis of production,resource use efficiency and constraints of onion in Indoredistrict of Madhya Pradesh" with the following objectives :

1. To study the economics of production of onion on thefarms of different size-groups.

2. To examine the input-output relationship and resourceuse efficiency in onion enterprise on different sizes offarms.

3. To work out the growth rate of export of onion fromIndia, quantity of onion in tonnes and values of Rs.lakh for the period 1980-81 to 2000-2001.

4. To identify various constraints in onion production andmarketing and to suggest measures for improvement.

Methodology

A Multi-stage random sampling technique was adoptedfor data collection. The study was conducted in Indore blockof Indore district of Madhya Pradesh where onion is animportant crop. Stratified random sampling procedure wasadopted for the selection of villages and onion producers. Asample of 8 villages was selected for the study of onionproducers. Further, it was decided to select a sample of 80farmers from the selected onion producing villages. The onionproducing farmers were then categorized as small (0-2 ha),medium (2-4 ha) and large (4.1 ha and above), based on landholding size of the farmers. The farmers to be selected fromeach village were distributed among these three categories inproportion to the number of farmers in each category. The

number of selected onion producing farmers were in 40 insmall, 25 in medium and 15 in large category. The primary dataregarding cost of cultivation, fixed assets, yield, returns andconstraints of production and marketing were collected fromthe sampled farmers for the reference year 2000-2001 by surveymethod.

Analytical frame work

In order to assess the profitability and economic viabilityin potato cultivation, various components of costs wereestimated. The details of these cost concepts are given asfollows :

Cost A1 = It is the actual paid out cost by the farmers,cost of inputs such as seed, manure, fertilizers,insecticides and pesticides + value of hiredlabour + value of hired as well as owned bullocklabour + hired machinery charges + value ofowned machine power + depreciation onimplements and farm buildings + irrigationcharges + land revenue + other taxes + intereston working capital + miscellaneous expenses.

Cost A2 = Cost A1 + rent paid for leased in land.

Cost B1 = Cost A2 + interest on value of owned fixedcapital assets (excluding land).

Cost B2 = Cost B1 + rental value of owned land.

Cost C1 = Cost B1 + imputed value of family labour.

Cost C2 = Cost B2 + imputed value of family labour.

Cost C3 = Cost B2 + 10% of cost C2 to account formanagerial input of the farmer.

Apart from the cost of cultivation, various marketingexpenses have also been estimated. The marketing costincluded various expenses such as cost of transportation,loading and unloading, cost of gunny bags, commission andfee and certain other marketing expenses.

The Cobb-Douglas production function which gave thebest fit was selected to establish the input-output relationsper farm as dependent variables eight inputs viz., land, seed,manures and fertilizers, human labour, bullock labour, machinepower, irrigation and plant protection chemicals expenditureas independent variables. The general form of the functionfitted was specified as follows :

Y = ax1b1 x2

b2 x3b3 x4

b4 x5b5 x6

b6 x7b7 x8

b8

The marginal value product (MVP) of each input wasworked out at its geometric mean level of inputs.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Cost of cultivation

Analysis of cost of cultivation of onion per hectare onthe basis of cost concepts on the farms of different sizeshas been given in table-1.



Table-1

Analysis of cost of cultivation of onion per hectare on the basis of cost concepts on the farms of different sizes

(Rs. per hectare)

Particular Farm size group AverageSmall Medium Large

Hired human labour 4451.41 4702.39 4946.30 4693.71(20.04) (20.26) (21.20) (20.47)

Male 1400.41 1740.35 2140.40 1920.49(6.30) (7.50) (9.17 (8.37)

Female 3051.00 2962.04 2805.90 2773.22(13.74) (12.76) (12.03) (12.10)

Bullock labour 1146.12 1411.98 1387.37 1311.97(5.16) (6.08) (5.95) (5.72)

Machine power 941.13 1238.92 1087.80 1086.71(4.24) (5.34) (4.66) (4.74)

Seed 3070.77 3356.77 3508.81 3306.93(13.82) (14.46) (15.04) (14.42)

Manures and fertilizers 3236.84 3331.13 3504.54 3353.87(14.57) (14.35) (15.02) (14.63)

Plant protection 1029.67 1238.38 1244.21 1168.26(4.64) (5.34) (5.34) (5.09)

Irrigation charges 1194.73 1243.05 1344.75 1255.92(by tubewell) (5.38) (5.36) (5.76) (5.48)

Land revenue 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00(0.23) (0.21) (0.21) (0.22)

Depreciation, repairs of 301.41 331.45 341.47 324.54implements and machinery (1.36) (1.43) (1.46) (1.42)

Interest on working capital 461.16 507.11 522.44 496.54(2.07) (2.18) (2.24) (2.16)

Sub Total or cost A1/A2 (I)* 15883.24 17411.18 17937.69 17048.44(71.50) (75.02) (76.88) (74.34)

Interest on owned fixed capital 317.66 348.22 358.75 340.96(1.43) (1.50) (1.54) (1.49)

Sub-total or cost B1 16200.90 17759.40 18296.44 17389.40(72.93) (76.52) (78.42) (75.83)

Rental value of owned land 2196.78 2143.50 2128.65 2191.02(9.89) (9.24) (9.13) (9.55)

Sub-total or cost B2 18397.68 19902.90 20425.09 19580.43(82.82) (85.75) (87.54) (85.38)

Imputed value of family labour 1797.10 1197.00 785.00 1266.81(8.08) (5.16) (3.36) (5.52)

Male 1322.40 720.00 595.00 765.80(5.95) (3.10) (2.55) (3.34)

Female 474.70 477.00 190.00 501.01(2.14) (2.06) (0.81) (2.18)

Sub-total or cost C1 (cost B1 + 17998.00 18956.40 19081.44 18656.22imputed value of family labour) (81.02) (81.67) (81.79) (81.35)

Sub-total or cost C2 (Cost B2 + 20194.78 21099.90 21210.09 20847.24imputed value of family labour) (90.91) (90.91) (90.91) (90.91)

10% on cost C2 2019.47 2109.99 2121.00 2084.72(9.09) (9.09) (9.09) (9.09)

Total cost or cost C3 22214.25 23209.89 23331.09 22931.96(100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)

Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage to total cost.(I)* No leased in land involved, hence Cost A1 and cost A2 are the same.



Table 1, shows that, on an average, the cost of cultivationper hectare of onion over cost A1, cost B1, cost B2, costC1, cost C2 and cost C3 were worked to Rs. 17048.45, Rs.17389.41, Rs. 19580.43, Rs. 18656.22, Rs. 20847.24 and22931.96, respectively. Cost of cultivation per hectare ofonion showed an increasing trend with the increase in thesize of farms. Among various components of operationalcosts, hired human labour accounted for 20.47 per cent oftotal cost followed by expenditure on manures and fertilizers16.63 per cent, seed 14.42 per cent, bullock labour 5.72 percent, irrigation charges 5.48 per cent, plant protectionchemicals 5.09 per cent and machine power 4.74 per cent. A

size group-wise comparison showed that large farms havemade higher investment per hectare than small farms. It wasdue to their investment capacity for different inputs. Itvaried from Rs. 22331.09 per hectare on large farms to Rs.22214.25 on small farms.

Economics of onion production

The per hectare yields, cost of cultivation, cost ofproduction per quintal, gross returns, net returns, family labourincome, farm business income and input-output ratio in onionproduction on the farms of different size groups on the basisof cost concepts have been given in table-2.

Table-2

Economics of onion production per hectare on the basis of cost concepts on the farms of diferent sizes.

(Rs. per hectare)

Sl. Particular Farm size groupNo. Small Medium Large Average

1. Total yield (q/ha) 236.80 246.40 252.80 245.10

2. Gross returns (Rs.) 53283.52 55442.88 56875.08 55144.20

3. Cost of cultivation over cost (Rs.)

Cost A1 15883.24 17411.18 17937.69 17048.45Cost B1 16200.90 17759.40 18296.44 17389.41Cost B2 18397.68 19902.90 20425.09 19580.43Cost C1 17998.00 18956.40 19081.44 18656.22Cost C2 20194.78 21099.90 21210.09 20847.24Cost C3 22214.25 23209.89 23331.09 22931.96

4. Net returns over cost (Rs.)


5. Cost of production per quintal (Rs.)


6. Family labour income (Rs.) 32866.37 33429.99 34328.99 33479.05

7. Farm business income (Rs.) 33645.19 34285.32 35210.18 34316.55

8. Input-output ratio over cost

Cost A1 1:3.35 1:3.18 1:3.17 1:3.23Cost B1 1:3.28 1:3.12 1:3.10 1:3.17Cost B2 1:2.89 1:2.78 1:2.78 1:2.82Cost C1 1:2.96 1:2.92 1:2.98 1:2.95Cost C2 1:2.64 1:2.63 1:2.68 1:2.64Cost C3 1:2.40 1:2.38 1:2.43 1:2.40

9. Average price received per quintal (Rs.) 225.00 225.00 225.00 225.00



Table 2, reveals that onion, on an average, gave a yieldof 245.10 quintals per hectare. The average gross returnswere worked out to Rs. 55144.20 per hectare. It was highestbeing Rs. 56875.08 on large farms and lowest Rs. 53283.52on small farms. The average yield and gross returns perhectare increased with the increase in the size of farms,because the large sized farmers had incurred higherinvestment per hectare on modern inputs in the productionof onion which in turn resulted into higher yield and grossreturns on these farms. The average net returns over costA1, cost B1, cost B2, cost C1, cost C2 and cost C3 werecalculated at Rs. 38095.75, Rs. 37754.79, Rs. 35563.77, Rs.36487.98, Rs. 34296.96 and Rs. 32212.24 per hectare of onion,respectively. The average cost of production per quintal ofonion was worked out to be Rs. 69.56 on cost A1, Rs. 70.94on cost B1, Rs. 79.90 on cost B2, Rs. 76.11 on cost C1, Rs.85.06 on cost C2 and Rs. 93.57 on cost C3. The averagefamily labour income and farm business income werecalculated at Rs. 33479.05 and Rs. 34316.55 per hectare,respectively. The average input-output ratio at cost A1, costB1, cost B2, cost C1, cost C2 and cost C3 were worked outto be 1:3.23, 1:3.17, 1:2.82, 1:2.95, 1:2.64 and 1:2.40,respectively. The return per rupee of investment of onionwas higher in large size group of farms.

The per farm cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns,family labour income, farm business income and input-outputratio in onion production on the farms of different sizeshave been worked out in table-3.

Table-3

Per farm cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns,family labour income, farm business income and input-

output ratio in onion production on the farms of differents izes .

(Rs. per farm)

Particular Farm size groupSmall Medium Large Average

Per farm area (ha) 0.72 1.12 1.85 1.06

Gross returns (Rs.) 38364.13 62096.02 105218.89 58452.85

Cost of cultivation 15994.26 25995.07 43162.52 24307.88cost C3 (Rs.)

Net returns (Rs.) 22369.87 36100.95 62056.37 34144.97

Family labour 22663.78 37441.58 63508.63 35487.79income (Rs.)

Farm business 24224.53 38399.56 65138.83 36375.54income (Rs.)

Input-output ratio 1:2.40 1:2.38 1:2.43 1:2.40

Table 3, shows that, on an average, cost of cultivation(cost C3) per farm of onion came to Rs. 24307.88. The averagegross return was worked out to Rs. 58452.85 per farm, whichin general showed an increasing trend with the increase inthe size of farms. It was highest being Rs. 105218.89 per farmon large farms. On an average, net return was worked out

to Rs. 34144.97 per farm. It was the highest on large farms.The average values of family labour income and farmbusiness income were calculated at Rs. 35487.79 and Rs.36375.54 per farm, respectively. These values in generalshowed an increasing trend with incresse in the size offarms. The average input-output ratio came to 1:2.40. Thereturn per rupee of investment was also higher on largefarms.

Functional Analysis

The technique of functional analysis was employed forevaluating the resource productivities and resource-useefficiency. The Cobb-Doublas production function whichgave the best fit was selected to establish the input-outputrelations with returns per farm as dependent variables andeight inputs viz., land, seed, manures and fertilizers, humanlabour, bullock labour, machine power, plant protection andirrigation expenditure as independent variables. Theregression coefficients of different inputs use in theproduction functions were estimated separately for eachsize group of sample farms.

The general form of the function fitted was specified asfollows :

Y = aX1b1 X2

b2 X3b3 X4

b4 X5b5 X6

b6 X7b7 X8

b8

Y1 = Gross returns of onion in rupees

Where,

a = Constant

X1 = Area under crop in hectare

X2 = Value of seed in rupees

X3 = Value of manures and fertilizers in rupees

X4 = Value of human labour in rupees

X5 = Value of bullock labour in rupees

X6 = Value of machine power in rupees

X7 = Value of plant protection chemicals in rupees

X8 = Value of irrigation in rupees

bi = The regression coefficient of the ith independentvariable (i = 1 to 8)

Marginal Value Product (MVP)

The marginal value product (MVP) of each input wasworked out at its geometric mean level. To examine theeconomic efficiency of resource use, the marginal valueproduct of each input was compared with its acquisitioncost. The marginal value product (MVP) of each resourcewas worked out by using the following formula :

MVP1 = P1 (acquisition cost per unit)

MVP with reference to resource Xi = bi Y—Xi—



Y = Geometric mean of gross return of the onion

Xi = Geometric mean of ith independent variable

bi = The regression coefficient of ith independent variable

After estimating the marginal value of each input, it wascompared with its marginal cost. The marginal cost of allinputs was considered as one rupee, since these inputshave been measured in value terms.

Production function analysis of onion

The eight regression equations fitted to the data, log-linear regression was found to be best fit on the basis ofR2 value and standard error of regression coefficients. Theregression coefficient of production functions of onion fordifferent sizes of farm in Indore district have been workedout in table-4.

Table-4

Regression coefficient of production functions of onion fordifferent sizes of farms.

Particulars Farm sizesSmall Medium Large All farms

Constant 1.2499 4.6143 3.8839 3.1772

Land 0.0122 0.9884***0.7547 0.5531**(0.1398) (0.3238) (1.1274) (0.2050)

Seed 0.2498** -0.0084 -0.6258 0.0909(0.1080) (0.2775) (0.7009) (0.1414)

Manures and fertilizers 0.0636 0.1940 1.2947* 0 . 1 4 6 5 *(0.0678) (0.3565) (0.9356) (0.1299)

Human labour 0.6756***-0.2019 0.0315 0.2161*

(0.1496) (0.3242) (1.3542) (0.1992)

Bullock labour -0.0728 -0.0937 -0.4860 -0.1438(0.0666) (0.1046) (0.6634) (0.0838)

Machine power -0.0603 -0.0237 0.6393* 0.0733(0.0679) (0.1131) (0.5367) (0.0823)

Plant protection 0.0107 0.0454 -0.1725 -0.0320(0.0784) (0.1292) (0.6983) (0.0788)

Irrigation 0.0937* 0.1456* -0.4797 0.0832*(0.0704) (0.0824) (0.5806) (0.0637)

Coefficient of 0.9906 0.9900 0.9495 0.9756determination (R2)

F-value 410.5313 198.0915 14.0979 354.3761

Returns to scale (∑bi) 0.9725 1.0457 0.9562 0.9873

Number of obervations 40 25 15 80(N)

Note : Figures in parentheses are the standard errors of theregression coefficients.

*Significant at 10 per cent level.

**Significant at 5 per cent level.

***Significant at 1 per cent level.

Table-4, reveals that the all farms eight variables includedin the analysis explained 97.56 per cent of the variation ingross returns by the coefficient of multiple determinations(R2). The value of R2 were low in large (95.62 per cent)followed by medium (99.00 per cent) and quite high in small(99.06 per cent) farms. The elasticity of production withrespect to all farms seed and machine power were 0.0909and 0.0733, respectively. This implied that 1 per cent increasein seed and machine power would increasse in gross returnsof onion by 0.0909 per cent and 0.0733 per cent evaluatedat the geometric mean level. The regression coefficients ofmanures and fertilizers, bullock labour and irrigation were0.1465, 0.2161 and 0.0832, respectively and significant at 10per cent level. Therefore, an increase in manures andfertilizers, human labour and irrigation by 1 per centevaluated at the geometric mean level would increase thegross returns by 0.1465 per cent, 0.2161 per cent and 0.0832per cent, respectively.

The elasticity of production with respect to all farms landwas 0.5531 positive and significant at 5 per cent level. Thisimplied that 1 per cent increase in land evaluated at thegeometric mean level would increase in gross returns by0.5531 per cent. All farms, the sum of elasticities was 0.9873and showed constant returns of scale. The positive but lessthan unity production elasticities of seed, manures andfertilizers, human labour, machine power and irrigationindicated the use of these variables stood in the rationalzone of the production surface. The coefficients ofexpenditure on manures and fertilizers, human labour, machinepower and irrigation were positive and statistically significantfor small and large farms. Hence, it may be inferred thatmanures and fertilizers, human labour, machine power andirrigation were the important inputs which significantlyincreased farm returns on small and large farms. Theproduction coefficients of seed, human labour, plantprotection and irrigation were positive and statisticallysignificant for small farms. In casse of large farms, theproduction elasticities of seed, plant protection and irrigationturned out to be negative indicating excessive use of seed,plant protection and irrigation on large farms. The grossreturns of land was positive on small, medium and largefarms but it was statistically significant on medium farms.Bullock labour have a negative elasticity coefficientsindicating a decrease in gross returns due to increase in theuse of this resource on small, medium, large and all farms.When the use of all other resources were kept constant attheir respective geometric mean levels. The regressioncoefficients of seed, human labour and machine power werealso found to be negative in the case of medium farmsindicating excessive use of seed, human labour and machinepower on the farms. The medium farms experiencedincreasing returns to scale 1.0457 while decreasing returnsof scale on small 0.9725 and large 0.9562 farms. The regressioncoefficients of some of the important variables were negativewhich regulated in negative MVPs of resources. The results



revealed that the farmers could increase the gross returnsin onion by applying more manures and fertilizers, irrigation,human labour, seed and machine power. The coefficients ofother variables were not statistically significant, showingthat any increase in their application would not increase ingross returns of onion.

In order to examine the resource use efficiency, the ratioof marginal value product to their acquisition cost per unitof onion were calculated for each size of farm are presentedin table-5.

Table-5

Marginal value product of inputs to acquisition cost perunit for different size of farms.

Inputs Farm sizesSmall Medium Large Overall

Land 0.32 53.80 21.10 47.55

Seed 0.34 -0.01 -0.90 0.12

Manures and fertilizers 0.09 0.26 1.86 0.20

Human labour 0.89 -0.26 0.04 0.28

Bullock labour -0.12 -0.14 -0.80 -0.22

Machine power -0.10 -0.04 1.09 0.12

Plant protection 0.02 0.07 -0.29 -0.05

Irrigation 0.15 0.22 -0.80 0.13

The MVP's were compared with Re. 1.00.

Table 5, shows that marginal value product of land wasRs. 53.80 relatively high on medium farms in comparison toRs. 21.10 on large farms. This shows that medium farmswere utilizing the land with high intensity. On an average,marginal value product of land was Rs. 47.55 on all farms.The ratio of marginal value product of seed, manures andfertilizers, human labour, machine power and irrigation to itsacquisition cost were Re. 0.12; Re. 0.20, Re. 0.28, Re. 0.12and Re. 0.13, respectively positive considerably lower thanunity in all farms. This indicates that seed, manures andfertilizers,, human labour, machine power and irrigation wereunderutilized on all farms. In case of expenditure on bullocklabour and plant protection were Re. -0.22 and -0.05,respectively negative value on all farms. This indicates thatthe all farms were utilizing bullock labour and plant protectionexcessively on the farms. There is need to reduce itsapplication to the recommended level.

The marginal value product of seed, manures andfertilizers, human labour, plant protection and irrigation wereRe. 0.34, Re. 0.09, Re. 0.89, Re. 0.02 and Re. 0.15 positive onsmall farms while it had negative value of bullock labour andmachine power Re. -0.12 and Re. -0.10, respectively. Thisimplied that the small farms were utilizing seed, manures andfertilizers, human labour, plant protection and irrigationunderutilized and bullock labour and machine powerexcessively on the farms. In case of large farms, marginal

value product of manures and fertilizers, human labour andmachine power were Rs. 1.86, Re. 0.04 and Rs. 1.09 positivewhile it had negative value of seed, bullock labour, plantprotection and irrigation Re. -0.90, Re. -0.80, Re. -0.29 andRe. -0.80, respectively. This implied that large farms wereutilizing manures and fertilizers, human labour and machinepower underutilized and seed, bullock labour, plant protectionand irrigation excessively on the farms. Hence, there isscope for increasing their use upto the optimum level wherethe efficiency of the input use is maximum. These revealedthat the application of the above mentioned inputs might beincreased for obtaining higher gross returns.

The growth of export of onion

Trends in export was estimated from the time series data.Simple linear trend equations of the form: Y = a + bt werefitted by the least square method, where Y is export/valuesin Rs. lakhs of onion, a is the intercept, b is regressioncoefficient or trend value and t is the number of the year.The percentage annual growth rates in export and values inRs. lakhs of onion were computed by least square techniqueof fitting the exponential function Y=ab1 where, t is the timevariable, Y is the variable for which growth rate is calculatedand b = 1 + r with 'r' as compound growth rate.

Export of onion from India, quantity of onion in tonnesand values of Rs. lakh from period 1980-81 to 2000-2001have been given in table-6.

Table-6

Year-wise export of onion from India, quantity of onion intonnes and values in Rs. lakhs

Year Quantity Value PUV(MT) (Rs. in lakhs)

1980-81 193658 2767.68 1429.161981-82 169771 2943.81 1733.991982-83 181313 3165.98 1746.141983-84 181510 3560.12 1961.391984-85 274803 5368.71 1953.661985-86 207709 4124.45 1985.691986-87 265845 5844.78 2198.571987-88 141325 4344.47 3074.101988-89 228174 6693.30 2933.421989-90 360227 8455.00 2347.131990-91 289380 11803.00 4078.721991-92 406135 16278.89 4008.251992-93 395685 16256.06 4108.331993-94 446440 24411.11 5467.951994-95 496881 25675.56 5167.351995-96 434655 30873.81 7103.061996-97 512879 33163.35 6466.121997-98 448169 33761.88 7533.291998-99 261812 23082.36 8816.391999-00 260475 20270.14 7781.982000-01 343254 27621.91 8047.08



Growth of export of onion from IndiaEstimates growth rate of export of onion from India,

quantity of onion in tonnes and values in Rs. lakhs fromperiod I : 1980-81 to 2000-2001, period II : 1980-81 to 1989-

90 and period III : 1990-91 to 2000-2001, respectively areanalysed. Trend regression coefficients, coefficients ofdeterminations of analysis of export of onion from Indiahave been worked out in table-7.

Table-7

Regression coefficients, standard errors, coefficient of determinations and F-Value of trend analysis of export of onionfrom India for period I, period II and period III.

Sl.No. Form Constant Coefficient R2 F-Valuea b

A Linear

(a) Quantity of onion in tonnes

Period I: 1980-81 to 2000-2001 173143.31*** 12016.751*** 0.4551 1 5 . 8 7 1 4(37874.67) (3016.331)

Period II: 1980-81 to 1989-90 157303.07*** 11478.261* 0.2909 3 . 2 8 1 3(3917.17) (6336.535)

Period III: 1990-91 to 2000-01 470931.05*** –5526.269 0.0484 0 . 4 5 8 3(133145.90) (8163.70)

(b) Value of onion in Rs. Lakh

Period I: 1980-81 to 2000-2001 –3041.524 1629.359*** 0.7961 7 4 . 1 7 5 5(2375.507) (189.1848)

Period II: 1980-81 to 1989-90 1763.5473** 539.1059*** 0.7802 2 8 . 4 0 4 1(627.6453) (101.1542)

Period III: 1990-91 to 2000-01 3153.1722 1309.8792** 0.3316 4 . 4 6 4 4(10110.91) (619.9396)

B Exponential

(a) Quantity of onion in tonnes

Period I: 1980-81 to 2000-01 5.2534*** 0.0184*** 0.4827 1 7 . 7 2 6 5(0.0549) (0.0044)

Period II: 1980-81 to 1989-90 5.2227*** 0.0191* 0.2373 2 . 4 8 8 7(0.0753) (0.0121)

Period III: 1990-91 to 2000-01 5.6943*** –0.0076 0.0631 0 . 6 0 5 6(0.1595) (0.0098)

(b) Value of onion in Rs. Lakhs

Period I: 1980-81 to 2000-2001 3.3577*** 0.0603*** 0.8948 1 6 1 . 6 3 6 6(0.0593) (0.0047)

Period II: 1980-81 to 1989-90 3.3773*** 0.0490*** 0.8359 4 0 . 7 4 0 4(0.0476) (0.0077)

Period III: 1990-91 to 2000-01 –0.0069 0.7838* 0.2821 3 . 5 3 3 7(2.3226) (0.4167)

Note : Figures in parentheses are the standard errors of the regression coefficients. Estimated compound growth rate between periodI, II and III.

* Significant at 10 per cent level.** Significant at 5 per cent level.

* * * Significant at 1 per cent level.

Table 7, reveals that the trend analysis indicates that thequanity of onion in tonnes from period I and period II haveincreased at the rate of 12016.751 tonnes and 11478.261tonnes per year, respectively. However, the period III quanityof onion in tonnes has been decreased at the rate of 5526.269tonnes per annum. The values of onion in Rs. lakhs for

period I, II and III have increased at the rate of Rs. 1629.359lakhs, Rs. 539.1059 lakhs and Rs. 1309.8792 lakhs per year,respectively. The compound annual growth rate of quantityof onion in tonnes indicated that the period I and period IIis increasing at the rate of 1.84 per cent and 1.91 per centper annum respectively which was found positive and



statistically significant. There was negative and statisticallynon-significant growth in period III for decline in quantityof onion in tonnes—0.76 per cent per annum. There waspositive and statistically significant of compound growthrates in values of onion in Rs. lakhs from period I, II andIII have increased by 6.03 per cent, 4.90 per cent and 78.38per cent per annum. respectively. The coefficient of variationfor quantity of onion in tonnes from period I, II and III were48.27 per cent, 27.73 per cent and 6.31 per cent, respectively.The coefficient of variation in values of onion in Rs. lakhsfrom period I, II and III were calculated at 89.48 per cent,83.59 per cent and 28.21 per cent, respectively. Hence,urgent remedial measures are needed to accelerate the growthrate in quantity of onion in tonnes and value in Rs. lakhsthrough technological improvement.

Constraints in production and marketing of onion

The selected farmers were contacted through opinionsurvey for analysing the constraints in production as wellas in the marketing of onion. They expressed number ofconstraints, which are listed in table-8.

Table-8

Constraints faced by the sample farmers in productionand marketing of onion

Sl. Constraints relating No. of Per cent toNo. sampe farmers total

expressed the (N = 80)problem

1 2 3 4

Production1 Non-availability of good quality 52 65.00

of seed

2 High price of seed, fertilizers, 62 77.50pesticides and fungicides

3 High wage rate of labour 53 66.25

4 Ignorance of severe infestation 41 51.25of insect-pest disease control

5 Non-availability of funds from 55 68.75institutional sources

Marketing

6 Lack of transportation 36 45.00

7 High charges of transportation 46 57.50

8 Lack of link road 25 31.25

9 Lack of market yard 33 41.25

10 Traders collusion 28 35.00

11 Malpractices by traders 60 75.00

12 Higher market charges 55 68.75

13 No correct weighing 24 30.00

14 Late payment 30 37.50

15 Lack of credit facilities 20 25.00

1 2 3 4

16 Lack of packing material 23 28.75

17 Price fluctuations and crashes 59 73.75

18 Lack of price information 65 81.25

19 Lack of storage in market yard 58 72.50

20 Non-availability of adequate storage 71 88.75facilities

Table 8, reveals that the high price of seed, fertilizers,pesticides and fungicides were the main problem expressedby 77.50 per cent of the sampled onion farmers in productionfollowed by non-availability of funds from institutionalsources 68.75 per cent, high wage rate of labour 66.25 percent, non-availability of good quality of seed 65.00 per centand ignorance of severe infestation of insect-pest diseasecontrol 51.25 per cent. Non-availability of adequate storagefacilities of onion was the main problem expressed by 88.75per cent of the sample farmers did not store onion on theirfarm due to lack of storage structure followed by pricefluctuations and crashes 73.75 per cent. Various types ofmalpractices such as deducting certain amount of quantityextra (Karda) etc. were common in almost all markets. SinceIndore Vegetable Mandi is regulated market no charges arepayable by the seller (farmers) in the market. But still traders(agents) deducted from sale proceeds to farmers variouscharges, such as market fee, etc. The problem of collusion(secret agreement) between commission agents and thebuyers (outside traders) during the auction was also reported35.00 per cent of the sample farmers. Problem of highermarket charges was reported by 68.75 per cent of totalsample farmers. The problem of cheating in weighing by thetraders was 30.00 per cent of sample farmers. Undue delayin receiving payment after the sale of their produce wasreported by 37.50 per cent of sample farmers. Problem ofgetting credit to meet the marketing cost was also reportedby 25.00 per cent of sample farmers. About 72.50 per centof farmers felt there is need for temporary storage facilitiesin the market because some times farm produce could notbe sold on the same day due to low price or lack of adequatenumber of buyers in the market. About 81.25 per cent of thetotal sample onion growers felt that there should be somesystem where by in addition to All India Radio informationabout the prices prevailing in other markets could reach thefarmers. The main source of price information for farmerswas through neighbours/fellow farmers or by personal visits.Lack of packing material of onion was reported by 28.75 percent of sample farmers. Unremunerative prices during thepeak season and lack of storage facilities were reported tobe the important constraints by onion growers. Besides,high price of seed, fertilizers and pesticides, costlytransportation and market charges, inadequate skilled labourand lack of information about arrivals and prices in themajor consuming markets were main problems reported byonion producers.



The following are the major suggestions for furtherimprovement in Indore Vegetable Mandi (i) fixing price basedon quality (ii) regulation of crowds at peak periods (iii)provision of storage facilities to avoid forced sales at lessprice and (iv) farmers may be given business orientation.

The following issues which require added attention forimproving the production and marketing:

1. Bank credit and financial assistance should beavailable to the individual farmers for developingproduction technology and marketing infrastructure.

2. Training of farmers in the areas of productiontechnology, grading, standardization of produce,quality control and modern methods of marketing willprove to be a viable move.

To conclude the main areas of concern are restricting ofagricultural marketing channel and adoption of modernagricultural marketing (Indore Vegetable Mandi) to ensurebetter prices to the farmer and availability of agriculturalcommodities to the consumers.

The Cobb-Douglas production function which gave thebest fit was selected to establish the input-output relationswith returns and provided the highest R2 value. The studyreveals that all farms were utilizing manures and fertilizers,human labour, irrigation, machine power and seedunderutilized and bullock labour and plant protectionexcessively on the farms. The negative marginal valueproduct of bullock labour and plant protection, which wereavailable in abundance on all farms, was used excessivelyand inefficiently. There is scope of increasing their use uptothe optimum level where the efficiency of the input use ismaximum. The coefficient of multiple determinations washigh on small farms 0.9906, on medium farms 0.9900 andquite low on large farms 0.9495 and on all farms 0.9756,

respectively and indicating the goodness of fit. Hence, thereis a lot of scope for increasing the use of these inputs uptothe optimal level in order to achieve their efficient use.

The analysis indicates that adequate input facilities andtimely supply of cheaper credit by the financing agencies tothe producers, processors and traders would help inincreasing the productivity as well as efficiency in themarketing of the produce. Since increase in production ofonion is a must for meeting domestic and export requirementsand for increasing income of farmers so also for helping inincreased rural employment, it is necessary to identify thethrust areas of development and prioritize the same foreffective achievement of the goal at a faster rate.

REFERENCES

Dangat, S.D. pagire, B.V. and Ratnaparkhe, A.N. (1989).Economics of production and marketing of onion inMaharashtra, Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing,Seminar Special Issue, September, p.119.

Mishra, S.N. Tripathi, S. and Prusty, B.K. (1995). Productionand marketing of onion in Kalahandi district of Orissa.Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing, Conferencespecial, p.167.

Mohapatra, S.C. (1999). Production and marketing of onionin Bolangir district of orissa, Indian Journal of AgriculturalMarketing, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp.40-43.

Shah, Deepak. (1999). An economic evalduation of onionproduction and its marketing in Maharashtra, IndianJournal of Agricultural marketing, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp11-19.

Shyamasunder, M.S. and Achoth, Lalith. (1996). Price spreadin marketing of irrigated onion in chick Ballapur Taluk ofKolar district, Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing,vol. 10, No. 1, pp52-57.

USE 'AGMARK' GRADED SPICES



Producers vs. Consumers Price Parity for the Vegetables in Ruraland Urban Markets of Southern Karnataka

— T.S. DEVARAJA*

Introduction

These days farming has not remained specialised becauseof more risk and uncertainty in the output as well as in

prices. Farmers have diverted their efforts towards growingvegetables rather than any other crops. It fetches themcontinuous flow of income either throughout the year or atleast in the season. Income so received depends upon, howthe marketing of the vegetables is undertaken by theproducers. Time of sale, place of sale, form in which productis sold and agency through whom it is sold are some of theimportant factors which influence the net prices received bythe farmers for their vegetables. Among these factors, 'placeof sale' is very important. It has been reported in the literaturethat there is wide variation in the prices realised by thegrowers if the vegetables are sold in two different marketsviz., rural and urban. There is also a notion that the pricesrealised in urban markets are higher than the rural. In otherwords, farmers realise price parity for the some products inthese markets. However, this may be true for one or groupof similar commodities, or for one or two markets, certainlynot for all. Similarly, there may be variation in the consumersprice, but the net prices realised by the growers may perhapsbe the same for selling vegetables in either of the markets.All these questions can only be answered through fieldstudies.

Objectives

The present investigation, therefore, probe into thefollowing objectives :

(1) To estimate the per quintal cost of marketing ofselected vegetables in Mysore (rural) and Bangalore(urban) markets, and

(2) To estimate the net prices received by the growersand paid by the consumers for the selectedvegetables sold in rural and urban markets.

Research Methodology

The sampling design adopted for the study is three stagestratified random sampling with tehsil as primary unit, villageas the secondary unit and the vegetable grower as theultimate sampling unit.

Bangalore rural and Mysore districts are selectedpurposively, since they cover more than 60 per cent areaunder vegetables in Southern Karnataka. The villages areselected from each of the selected tehsils randomly withprobability proportion to area under five vegetable cropsviz., tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, brinjal and bhendi. In all260 vegetable growers spread over in 12 villages formed thetotal sample of the study. The data referred to the year 1998-99 and collected by survey method. Simple tabular analysisis done to arrive at the results.Results

The common marketing channel through which theselected vegetables are sold in the market are as under :

(1) Tomato :

(i) Producer — Terminal market(ii) Producer — Assembling market(iii) Producer — Local traders(iv) Producer — Consumers

(2) Cabbage :

(i) Producer — Terminal market Primary market(ii) Producer — Assembling market(iii) Producer — Local traders

(3) Cauliflower :

(i) Producer — Terminal market(ii) Producer — Primary market

(4) Brinjal :

(i) Producer — Terminal market(ii) Producer — Assembling market(iii) Producer — Local traders(iv) Producer — Consumers

(5) Bhendi :

(i) Producer — Terminal market(ii) Producer — Local traders

Per quintal cost of marketing of these selected vegetablesis worked out and same is presented in Table 1.

*Assistant Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Management Studies, S.J.C. Institute of Technology, Visveswaraiah TechnologicalUniversity, Chickballapur, Karnataka.



It is seen that the total marketing cost for selling all thevegetables in Mysore market (rural) are comparatively lowerthan that or selling in Bangalore market (urban market). Ofthe total cost, packing material, transportation andcommission are the major items sharing more than 60 percent of the total marketing cost. Absolute costs on accountof these items are lower for all vegetables if they are soldin Mysore market. This is because of the packaging materialrequired is not as superior as it requires if the vegetablesare to be sent to Bangalore market. Since Bangalore is thecapital city and the commission charge is 8 per cent ratherthan 7 per cent as it in Mysore market, therefore the coston account of transport and commission are higher for tosale in Bangalore market.

Prices realised by the producers and prices paid by theconsumers for the vegetables marketed at Mysore andBangalore are given in Table 2. It is seen that consumers arerequired to pay higher prices at Bangalore than that inMysore for all vegetables except cabbage. The pricedifferential in consumers price at these two places isstatistically significant. Total marketing cost and margins ofintermediaries show that they are higher for Bangalore marketthan the Mysore market for all the vegetables. The lastcolumn of the table indicates the net prices received by theproducers for the selected vegetables. It is interesting tonote that the net prices realised by the producers for selling

tomato, cabbage, cauliflower and onion in Mysore marketare higher than that of Bangalore market. While the netprices realised in case of brinjal and bhendi are same forselling it in either of the markets. Therefore, the producersshare in consumers rupee is higher incase of all vegetablesmarketed at Mysore than at Bangalore. The producers shareare 41.10, 40.72, 53.94, 48.47, 58.79 and 72.68 per centrespectively for tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, bhendi, brinjaland onion respectively. While they are 23.07, 29.50, 29.61,40.9,, 42.78 and 53.12 per cent for the respective vegetablesto be sold at Bangalore.

Conclusions

The number of marketing channels differed for differentvegetables including the types of buyers (agencies). Theper quintal cost of marketing of selected vegetables is higherfor Bangalore market than that in Mysore market. The majorcomponents of marketing cost are packing material, transportand commission.

The consumers price which is comparatively higher inBangalore market for all vegetables is to the extent ofdifference in transportation cost, commission charges andcost of packing material. The price parity even though is tobe reduced at consumers level between rural and urbanmarkets, the difference is bound to be there to the extent ofdifference in costs on account of these items.

Table-1

Break up of per quintal cost of marketing of selected vegetables in Bangalore and Mysore Markets

(Figures in Rs.)

Different Marketing Cost

Vegetable Market Labour/ Packing Packing Transporting Hamali Weighing Commission Miscella- Totalgrading charges material neous marketing

expenditure cost

Tomato Bangalore 2.90 4.36 75.50 40.90 9.78 2.14 32.52 6.62 174.82(1.66) (2.49) (43.10) (23.45) (5.59) (1.22) (18.60) (3.80) (100.00)

Mysore 3.88 3.70 32.68 24.40 4.14 1.38 25.04 2.16 97.38(3.98) (3.80) (33.56) (25.06) (4.25) (1.42) (25.71) (2.22) (100.00)

Cabbage Bangalore 1.72 2.08 8.16 24.40 3.60 1.04 25.52 2.78 69.30(2.48) (3.00) (11.77) (35.22) (5.19) (1.50) (36.83) (4.01) —

Mysore — 2.92 9.22 14.40 3.58 1.06 24.42 1.46 57.06— (5.12) (16.16) (25.24) (6.26) (1.86) (42.80) (2.56) (100.00)

Cauliflower Bangalore 1.05 3.40 24.36 44.86 7.88 2.20 41.24 3.46 128.44(0.81) (2.65) (18.97) (34.93) (6.14) (1.71) (32.10) (2.69) (100.00)

Mysore — 1.80 2.98 18.80 2.92 0.64 34.56 0.42 62.12— (2.90) (4.80) (30.26) (4.70) (1.03) (55.63) (0.68) (100.00)

Brinjal Bangalore 12.8 2.04 12.06 33.34 4.18 1.64 30.94 3.50 88.98(1.44) (2.29) (13.55) (37.47) (9.40) (1.84) (34.77) (4.94) (100.00)

Mysore — 1.88 3.94 17.16 3.92 0.60 23.26 0.22 50.98— (3.69) (7.73) (33.66) (7.68) (1.18) (45.68) (0.43) (100.00)

Bhendi Bangalore 2.18 2.40 19.70 36.30 5.98 1.58 51.52 5.02 124.70(1.75) (1.92) (15.80) (29.11) (4.80) (1.27) (41.32) (4.03) (100.00)

Mysore 0.46 2.44 7.92 19.00 3.82 0.82 31.06 0.34 65.06(0.70) (3.70) (12.03) (28.75) (5.80) (1.25) (47.15) (0.62) (100.00)

(Figures in parenthesis are the percentages to the total)



Table-2

Prices realised by the producers and the prices paid by the consumers for selected vegetables in Bangalore and MysoreMarkets

(Figures in Rs.)

Vegetable Market Consumers Marketing Wholesale Cost and margin Net price receivedPrice Cost Price of intermediaries by the producer

Tomato Bangalore 840.00 133.84 327.62 512.38 193.78(100.00) (15.93) (39.00) (61.00) (23.07)

Mysore 614.00 72.34 324.68 289.34 252.34(100.00) (11.78) (52.88) (47.12) (41.10)

Cabbage Bangalore 720.00 43.78 256.18 463.82 212.40(100.00) (6.08) (35.58) (64.42) (29.50)

Mysore 716.00 32.62 324.16 391.84 291.54(100.00) (4.55) (45.27) (54.73) (40.72)

Cauliflower Bangalore 1000.00 87.20 383.26 616.74 296.06(100.00) (8.72) (38.33) (61.67) (29.61)

Mysore 900.00 27.56 459.06 340.94 431.50(100.00) (3.44) (57.32) (42.62) (53.94)

Brinjal Bangalore 650.00 58.04 336.12 313.88 278.08(100.00) (8.93) (51.71) (48.29) (42.78)

Mysore 478.00 27.74 308.76 169.24 281.02(100.00) (5.80) (64.59) (35.40) (58.79)

Bhendi Bangalore 940.00 73.16 450.92 489.08 377.76(100.00) (7.78) (47.97) (52.03) (40.19)

Mysore 772.00 34.80 408.98 363.02 374.18(100.00) (4.51) (52.98) (47.02) (48.47)

(Figures in parenthesis are the percentage to the consumers price)

'AGMARK' STANDS FOR PURITY AND QUALITY, BUYAGMARK PRODUCTS



Linkages Estimation with On-Farm Irrigation under RainfedFarming System at Raipur District of Chhattisgarh State

—A.K. KOSHTA* & M. R. CHANDRAKAR**

It is a major concern of economy to the linkages betweenagricultural and non-agricultural sectors (synonyms : rural

& urban) of developing countries. There is a weak linkagebetween these two sectors caused to the poor economicdevelopment. The economy of Chhattisgarh state is muchconsistent with the theory propounded by Lewis in two-sectors model. On-farm irrigation has made substantial netaddition to the income of rainfed rice by means of changein cropping pattern. Utilization of additional income forrapid economic development under rainfed farming systemin which savings transform into capital investment togenerate long term growth. The initial investment togenerate irrigation facilities has been created imbalances inthe demand and supply of agricultural and non-agriculturalcommodities in farming communities as well as other sectorsin the economy. However, these imbalanced forces generatepotential for the growth of demand and supply of domesticproduce commodities in agricultural and non-agriculturalsectors.

Present study seeks to the following objectives forestimation of linkages between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors with the development on-farm irrigationunder rainfed farming system.

Objectives

1. To examine the change in cropping pattern and incomeof the farmers with on-farm irrigation under rainfedfarming system.

2. To find out the relationship of expenditure and savingpatterns of initial & added income.

3. To estimate the effect on distribution of benefits intothe marketing of agricultural commodities andstructural demand for the other commodities.

Methodology

Tilda and Abhanpur blocks of Raipur district inChhattisgarh state were selected purposively because ofthese two blocks are identified as for the rainfed and on-farm irrigation farming system, by the team of IRRI

*Scientist **Technical Assistant. Department of Agril. & Natural Resource Economies, Indira Gandhi Agril. university, Raipur. Department ofAgricultural & Natural Resource Economics, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur-492012 (C.G.)

scientists under the project for "Food Security" Tarpongiand Raveli villages were selected randomly from Tilda andAbhanpur blocks, respectively. Ten per cent respondentswere undertaken from medium and large size groups offarms. Totally, 66 respondents for the study i.e., 36 fromTarpongi and 30 from Raveli, it is because of on-farmirrigation was found under these two categories of farms.The primary data were collected from the sampledrespondents as per schedule designed in the light ofseveral aspects covered in the study viz., cropping pattern,income from the different crops, production andconsumption expenditure on agricultural and non-agricultural commodities, saving of excess income etc. forthe year 1998-99 and summarized in tabular form by usingsimple averages and percentages statistical tools.

Results and Discussion

This study provides many useful results, which arepresented in the following sub-heads:

Cropping Pattern and Income

A general insight into the cropping pattern and incomeearned by the sampled households under rainfed and on-farm irrigation system indicating overall picture of the studyarea and same is presented in table-1. It shows that averagefarm size and area allocation under crops was comparativelymore in rainfed farming system than that of on-farmirrigation. The percentage area to gross cropped area inKharif rice was 54.70 per cent under rainfed farming andthe farmers grew no other crops in Kharif season. Thesample households under on-farm irrigation possess lessarea in Kharif rice i.e. 42.29 per cent to the gross croppedarea. Kharif rice was found to the area of 83 per cent fromtotal Kharif crops area and remaining 17 per cent area wasplanted to Kharif vegetables like chilly, okra, cowpea,cauliflower and brinjal. It confirms from the fact thatirrigation facilities enhanced the crop diversification andgenerates additional income through cultivation of highvalued crops especially where mono cropping is prevalent.In Rabi season, more acreage was found under rainfedfarming than on-farm irrigation system, while the farmerstook all the crops, which come under food grains.



Table-1

Cropping pattern and income received by the sampled households under rainfed and on-farm irrigation system.

Farming system

Sl. No. Particular Rainfed On-farm irrigation

Area (ha) Income (Rs.) Area (ha) Income (Rs.)

1. Av. Farm size 5.37 — 3.61 —2. Season/Crop

A. KharifRice 4.71(100) 41740.20(100) 2.88(83.00) 39432.96(59.61)Chilli — — 0.06(1.73) 3018.30(4.56)Okra — — 0.08(2.30) 2688.11(4.06)Cowpea — — 0.23(6.63) 8519.30(12.88)Cauliflower — — 0.05(1.44) 3483.92(5.27)Brinjal — — 0.17(4.90) 9007.11(13.62)

Sub-total 4.71(100) 41740.20(100) 3.47(100) 66149.70(100){54.70} {79.12} {50.95} {40.95}

B. RabiWheat 0.20(5.13) 712.15(6.46) — —Gram 0.30(7.69) 1536.32(13.95) — —Lathyrus 3.00(76.92) 7530.79(68.37) — —Lentil 0.40(10.26) 1236.24(11.22) — —Chilli — — 0.20(19.61) 10063.92(22.26)Okra — — 0.09(8.82) 1513.82(3.40)Cowpea — — 0.28(27.45) 9555.20(21.43)Cauliflower — — 0.22(21.57) 11998.98(26.92)Brinjal — — 0.23(22.55) 11444.11(25.67)

Sub-total 3.90(100) 11015.50(100) 1.02(100) 44576.03(100){45.30} {20.89} {14.98} {27.60}

C . SummerRice — — 2.03(87.50) 40217.55(79.15)Chilli — — 0.04(1.72) 1956.24(3.85)Okra — — 0.04(1.72) 681.72(1.34)Cowpea — — 0.03(1.30) 929.95(1.83)Brinjal — — 0.07(3.02) 3513.33(6.92)Bitter-gourd — — 0.11(4.74) 3510.32(6.91)

Sub-total — — 2.32(100) 50809.11(100){34.07} {31.45}

3. Grand-total 8.61{100} 52755.70{1000} 6.81{100} 161534.84{100}Note : { } Figures in the parentheses are the percentages of gross total. ( ) Figures in the parentheses are the percentages of sub total.

It was a just reverse condition in the on-farm irrigation,farmers, which accounted 14.98 per cent to the grosscropped area, grew only vegetable crops. Area undersummer crops was found comparatively more than Rabicrops in on-farm irrigation. Summer rice was occupied bymaximum percentage area than other summer crops in theon-farm irrigation, which is accounted by 87.50 and 12.50per cent, respectively. Thus, it could be concluded fromthe empirical results that nearly, 15 per cent area is undercultivation of vegetable crops in all the three crop seasons.Therefore, it is suggested to the Govt. that to generateirrigation facilities in rainfed areas of the state. So, thefarmers of the state can grow high valued crops forgenerating more net additional income.

Income of Kharif (79.12) and Rabi (20.88) crops underrainfed farming has been noticed from the cultivation of riceand other food grain crops, respectively. Income share underon-farm irrigation registered by 40.95, 27.60 and 31.45 per centunder Kharif, Rabi and Summer crops, respectively in whichrice and vegetables were contributed by 49.31 and 50.69 percent income share, irrespective to the crop seasons. It is to benoticed that on farm irrigation required more input cost forincreasing the additional income through cultivation of crops.

Distribution of Income to the Resource Inputs

Payments to different resource inputs have been estimatedfrom the income received by the sampled households and it ispresented in table-2



Table-2

Division of increased income in to resource inputs under rainfed and on-farm irrigation system

Sl. Particular Farming system PercentNo. Rainfed On-farm increased

irrigation

1 . Gross value of production 9824.15 44746.50 355.47

2. Payment (cost) other than family labour, land & capital 3968.98 16634.14 319.10

(A) Fartilizer 697.90 2430.60 248.27

(B) Hired labour 1098.58 5657.95 415.02

(C) Other inputs 2172.50 8545.59 293.35

3 . Payment (Net return) to family labour, land 5855.71 28112.36 380.13& capital

4 . Payment (Impute value) of family labour 1416.37 1737.73 22.69

5 . Payment (Net return) to land & capital 4438.80 26374.63 494.18

The obtained income under rainfed and on-farm irrigationconditions have noticed much variability for the paymentsto the different resource inputs involved for the cultivationof crops. The tremendous relative changes to incomereceived and payments made to resource inputs (factors ofproduction). The relative percentage changes in grossincome and net income to family labour; land and capitalwith on-farm irrigation have been accounted by 355.47 percent and 380.13 per cent, respectively. The total labourused under on-farm irrigation increased by 194 per centand out of that benefit, family and hired labour shared by22.69 and 415.02 per cent, respectively, which generatefour times more employment to the hired labour. There isvery usual relationship between on-farm irrigation andemployment generation. Thus, it could be concluded thatin an assumption of consultant wages rates, the income ofhired labour was substantially higher than cultivators’ class.The requirement of current production expenditure issufficiently increase by 319.10 per cent, which stimulatethe demand of commodities produced from non-farmsectors.

In the shift from rainfed to on-farm irrigation, there waslarge increment in the gross income and found to be 63.70per cent (payment to family labour, land & capital) whichis available for consumption expenditure to the cultivatorsand rest 36.30 percent of the incremental productionexpenditure went to labourers for payment of wages,purchase of fertilizers and payment to other inputs. It

indicates that on-farm irrigation condition generate moreemployment and create greater demand for domesticconsumers’ goods (table-3).

Table-3

Incremental sift from rainfed to on-farm irrigation system

Sl. Particular Rs./ha. Percent ofNo. increment

1. Gross value of production 34922.35 100.00

2. Payment to family labour 321.36 0.92

3. Payment to hired labour 4559.37 13.06

4. Payment for fertilizer 1732.70 4.96

5. Payment to other inputs 6373.09 18.25

6. Payment (Net return) to land & capital 21935.83 62.81

Consumption and Production Expenditure Linkage

Rainfed farming is well known for a weak linkage to growthstimulation and uses few capital goods purchased from non-farm sectors in the economy. Even though, farmers belongingto rainfed farming system substantially purchase the non-agricultural consumer’s goods. On the other side, involvementof capital goods is more to the farmers belonging to on-farmirrigation system, which stimulate the purchase from othernon-farm sectors because of increase in net aggregate income.For this reason, consumption expenditure pattern has beenworked out and presented in table-4.



Table-4

Division of incremental consumption expenditure

(In Rs./capital/Annum)

Sl. No. Particular Farming system Percent Proportion ofRainfed On-farm increased incremental

irrigation expenditure

1 . Av. Family size 8.21 7.76

2 . Per capita expenditure

A. Agricultural commodities 2093.06 2830.21 35.22 0.50

(a) Foodgrains 1257.74 1402.58 11.52 0.10

(b) Non foodgrains 835.32 1427.63 70.91 0.40

Milk 121.32 451.24 271.94 0.22

Edible oil 143.97 182.47 26.74 0.03

Vegetable & fruits 272.59 490.52 79.95 0.15

Spices 78.93 135.46 71.62 0.04

Tobacco 218.51 167.94 –23.14 –0.04

B. Non agricultural commodities 1260.78 1997.89 58.46 0.05

Textiles 436.72 446.68 2.28 0.10

Medicine 216.63 386.44 78.39 0.11

Fuel & Light 86.11 204.18 137.12 0.08

Education 66.57 130.28 95.70 0.04

Recreation 101.58 290.13 185.12 0.13

Ceremony 72.66 141.34 94.52 0.05

Transport 190.50 285.98 50.12 0.06

Detergents 90.01 112.86 25.39 0.02

Total 3353.84 4828.10 43.96 1.00

It showed the consumption expenditure pattern variesconsiderably with the increase of net aggregate income.This relationship has been depicted in two sub-classes i.e.agricultural & non-agricultural commodities. Two-thirdconsumption expenditure has been made on agriculturalcommodities by the sampled households and out of it, 60per cent for food grains under rainfed farming. However,sampled households under on-farm irrigation spent 58.62per cent on agricultural commodities. The expenditure spenton non-agricultural commodities was 37.58 and 41.38 percent by the sampled households under rainfed and irrigatedfarming system, respectively. The incremental expenditureof 43.96 per cent was due to on-farm irrigation and sharedby 50 per cent each for agricultural and non-agriculturalcommodities. Over the total incremental consumptionexpenditure, only 10 per cent spent on food grains and rest90 per cent on non-food grains commodities. Thus generatedincome through on-farm irrigation has developed a marketof other commodities, which is equivalent to 90 per centvalue of increments to consumption expenditure. It providesa marketing of food grains to sustain the increased labourforce in other sectors of the economy. These sales provide

the cash income to promote the purchase of goods andservices, which helps to add more labourers. Non-agriculturalcommodities are generally textile, medicine, fuel & light,education, transport etc. where the expenditure is met outfrom the incremental income. There was great effect on cashflow or stimulate to other sectors in the economy.

Table-5

Income distribution into expenditures and saving.

(In Rs./Farm/Annum)

Sl. Particular Farming system PercentNo. Rainfed On-farm increased

irrigation

1 2 3 4 5

1. Production expenditure 21313.42 60049.25 181.74(40.44) (37.17)

2. Consumption expenditure

A. Agricultural commodities

(a) Food grains 10326.05 10884.02 5.40(19.57) (6.74)



1 2 3 4 5

(b) Non foodgrains 6857.98 11078.41 61.54(13.00) (6.86)

B. Non agricultural 10351.00 15503.63 49.78Commodities (19.62) (9.60)

3. Total expenditure 48848.45 97515.31 99.63(92.59) (60.37)

4. Total income from 52755.70 161534.84 206.19agriculture (100.00) (100.00)

5. Saving 3907.25 64019.53 1538.49(7.41) (39.63)

Note : Figures in parentheses denotes the percentage of the totalincome from agriculture.

Overall, distribution of income into production &consumption expenditure and saving of the sampledhouseholds under rainfed and on-farm irrigation systemhave been presented in table-5. It indicates that production& consumption expenditure and saving were to be veryhigh in amount by the sampled households under on-farmirrigation. The saving ultimately goes for the further initialinvestments like purchase of irrigation pump, digging oftubewell, fencing of farmland, land improvement etc. Theseempirical facts strengthen the linkages between farm andnon-farm sectors.

Conclusion

The changes in cropping pattern were observed with on-farm irrigation under rainfed farming system. Nearly, 15 percent crop area was allocated in vegetables in all the threecrop seasons and contributed 50.69 per cent to the grossincome under on-farm irrigation. The income of sampledhouseholds under on-farm irrigation farming was three timesmore than sampled households of fainfed farming. It confirmsthat irrigation facilities enhanced the crop diversificationand generates enough additional income through the

cultivation of high value crops. Over incremental income63.70 percent was available for consumption expenditureand rest for production expenditure. One third of incrementalcurrent production expenditure went to labourers for paymentof wages. The incremental consumption expenditure wasonly 10 per cent on food grains and rest 90 per cent in non-food grain commodities.

Increased income has potential for the growth of linkagesin other sectors of the economy which is sufficient toinfluence the demand of domestic produce commoditiesfrom non-agricultural sectors and potential increase tosupport a higher labour force not only in agricultural sectorbut non-agricultural sectors also.

Irrigation has developed strong linkages by providingthe employments. Therefore, it is suggested that governmentshould come forward and generate irrigation facilities inrainfed areas' so the farmers and labourers can earn moreincome.

REFERENCES

Arya, S.L. and J. C. Kalla (1992) "A Study in Estimation ofLinkages for Crop-Cattle Production on Activities inHaryana" Indian Journal of Agricultural economics, Vol.47(4): 653-659.

Ghos, A.D; Chakravarti and A, Sinha (1988) "Impact ofRural Incomes on the Market Urban Manufactures"Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 23(44): 2290-2293.

Mellor, J.W. and U. Lele (1973) "Growth Linkages of theNew Foodgrain technologies" Indian Journal ofAgricultural Economics Vol. 18(1): 35-55.

Peter, B.R. Hazell and Steven Haggblade (1991) "Rural-UrbanGrowth Linkages in India" Indian Journal of AgriculturalEconomics Vol. 46(4): 514-529.

'AGMARK' ENSURES CONSUMERS PROTECTION



Processing of Animal Casings by Small Scale Entrepreneur—KAMAL CHAKRABARTI*

Since time immemorial different portion of gastrointestinaltracts of food animals have been used as edible food

containers are generally termed as Animal Casings. Thevarious portions of the gastrointestinal tracts are : (1) Runner(small-intestine) (2) middle (Remaining part of the largeintestine) (3) Fat end (terminal-end portion of the largeintestine measuring about 1.5 mts. in length from the anus,(4) Bungs (caecum portion of the intestine) (5) Bladders (6)Weasands (oesophagus).

Average Length of Intestines of Different species of Food

Animals

Species of Animals Small Intestine Large Intestine

Cattle. 36.5 Mts. 9.0 Mts.

Sheep 25.5 Mts. 6.0 Mts.

Pig 17.0 Mts. 4.8 Mts.

The ratio of the length of the small intestine to large intestine

is 4:1.

The source of best quality Animal Casings based on thefollowing conditions :

(A) Healthy Animals: Prior to slaughter the food animalsshould be offered for ante-mortem inspection and if passedthen only be slaughtered. Such slaughtered carcass & itsorgans, visceras should be thoroughly checked Post-Mortemly by qualifed Veterinarian.

(B) Sound raw Materials: The thorough checking shouldbe caried out so that the viscera should be free from ulcers,parasitic infestations nodules or any other defects.

(C) Sanitary & Hygienic handling: Should be maintainedthroughout the entire procedure, including personal hygiene.While processing & handling, ensure that only clean healthyintestines are processed.

(D) Prompt handling/Processing: Processing should startas quick as possible after slaughter of animals. Thusprocessing should be done at the vicinity of slaughterhouse/abattoir so that no delay takes place in betweenprocurement of raw material and subsequent processing.

Besides this, the food animals chose Ante-mortemly fitfor slaughter should be kept for 24 hours in a suitablelairage under veterinary care and should not be given food,only plenty of water is to be given. (E.E.C. Regulations). Itwill help complete evacuation of ingesta from the entiregastrointestinal tracts. It has been proved that less ingestain the tracts have got a direct effect on casings quality inaddition it also helps in easy processing of casings.

Before going to processing procedure of Animal casings,it is better to know histological structure (MicroscopicAnatomy) of intestines. The intestinal wall distinctlyConsists of four layers namely (a) Tunica Mucosa (b) TunicaSub mucosa (c) Tunica-muscularis (d) Tunica Serosa.

(a) Tunica Mucosa : Mucosa lining the intestinallumen comprises of mucousmembranes of epithelialcells.

(b) Tunica Sub Mucosa : Collagen and elastics fibresare collagenous is charac-ter. This is important fromthe commercial productionof animal casings.

(c) Tunica Muscularis : The muscularis mucosae,lymphatic tissues andcarries blood vessels.

(d) Tunica Serosa : External thin layer consistsof collagenous elasticfibres and loose connectivetissue cells.

*Marketing officer Dte. of Marketing & Inspection, R.O. Mumbai.



Tunica mucosa

Cross sectionOut of these 4 distinct layers the Tunica sub mucous layersare most important for the commercial production of casings.The Tunica serosa layer in Pig is thinner than other foodanimals and much less tightly bound to the adjacent layerwhich makes it very difficult to process. The casingprocessing procedure is almost same for different species ofanimals except in Pig, Sheep & Goat casing processingbecause of its histological structure of gastrointestinal tracts.In case of pig, as already stated the reasons. Similarly incase of Sheep & Goat, the intestines are very much curledwhich makes it very difficult to process, that is why sheep,goat and pig casings are processed very carefully ascompared to those of beef casings.

PROCESSING FLOW CHART

EVISCERATION↓↓↓↓↓

COLLECTION(RUNNING)

↓↓↓↓↓PRESERVATION

(GREEN MATERIALS)CHILLING

↓↓↓↓↓FERMENTING

↓↓↓↓↓STRIPPING

↓↓↓↓↓TURNING & DESLIMING

↓↓↓↓↓GRADING AT PACKER’S LEVEL

↓↓↓↓↓

↓↓↓↓↓SALTING & CURING

(in case of sheep & goat casings additionof salts and ground pepper powder is used

for dried cattle casings)↓↓↓↓↓

PACKING.↓↓↓↓↓

REPRESERVATION.(by previous method i.e. salting & ground

peppered powdered)

Eviseration : Is the procedure in which brisket region iscarefully split by sharp knife or by mechanical round brisketsaw and then complete viscera removed from the abdominalcavity.

Running : Running is the process of removing fat fromthe intestines. In case of cattle casings, after collection ofraw materials the fat adhering to the intestines are quicklyremoved by a sharp knives without injuring the intestines.

Preservation (Green Material) Chilling : Chilling is onlyrequired when the distance between the collection of rawmaterials and place of subsequent processing is too far, aslow temperature reduces, the chance of microbial &fermentation spoilages, whereas the chilling is must forsorted out salted sheep casings. In tropical countries,microbial spoilage is of less importance, but for fermentationcontrol chilling is desirable.

Stripping : This process involves the removal of intestinalingesta by simple thumb & finger method or by a bluntobject like bamboo sticks.



Desliming & Turning : In case of cattle casing thedesliming is done by stripping the intestines generally witha blunt bamboo stick. After proper desliming the water ispassed through the intestines to flush out all the remainingmocous membranes. Later on, the intestines are turned insideout and again scrapped with bamboo sticks. The properlycleaned casings are then filled with air and hung in betweentwo poles by passing a rope through the circle of thecasings for the purpose of drying. In case of sheep casings,the intestines are not turned inside out while desliming andalso not dried instead are preserved in brine till exported orused up.

Grading at Packer's Level : The initial sorting accordingto calibration, colour, number of pieces in hanks, free fromany defects (salt burns, rust, domestics, black nodes, slimes,mucous, mould, fungus, holes, blisters, lacerations, nodules,cicatrices) is most important part and basically carried outby processor which reduces the chance of rejection duringfinal grading taken up by the agencies prior to export

consignment. The sorted out animal casings are rolledthrough roller to make a strip and make into hanks of 200yards each and in case of sheep casings these are made intohanks tying 18 hanks together make a ring of 300 fts.

The dried cattle casings as well as salted sheep casingsare rolled according to their diameter.

Available Calibrations in India are as follow :

CALIBRATION CALIBRATION(Salted sheep casings) (Dried cattle casings)

< 35 m.m. to 35 m.m. 35 m.m. to 40 m.m.

14 m.m. to 16 m.m. 40 m.m. to 45 m.m.16 m.m. to 18 m.m. 45 m.m. to 50 m.m.18 m.m. to 20 m.m. 50 m.m. to 55 m.m.20 m.m. to 22 m.m. 55 m.m. to 60 m.m.

22 m.m. to upwards. 60 m.m. to upwards.

Grade Calibration Special Characteristics General CharacteristicsDesignation

1 2 3 4

Prime quality By flat measures : (i) Be of uniform natural colour, The Casings shall : (i) Be obtained(i) in steps of 5m.m.e.g.35 & lustrous throughout, without any from healthy animals slaughtered<35 to 40 m.m. and so on spot or mark and shall be free in licensed premises and subjectedupto 60m.m.-or; (ii) in steps from discolourations; (ii) be in to ante & post mortem inspectionsof 2m.m e.g.-35m.m & f a c t , f r e e f r o m a n y t e a r o r according to prescribed procedures;below ,35 to 37, 37 to 39m.m lacera t ion ; ( i i i ) be per fec t ly (ii) be prepared under hygienic &and so on up to 60m.m. or rolled; (iv) be free from salt- sanitary condition, wholesome, and(iii) as agreed to between the burns, rust, domestics, back nodes otherwise fit for humanpurchaser and the exporters. slimes, mucous, dung, moulds or consumption; (iii) be free from

fungus infestations; (v) be free parasitic infestation and scars fromfrom defects like holes, blisters, healed up wounds; (iv) not havelacerations, nodules and cicatrides been subjected to any bacterial

activation or fermentation.

Grade I –Do– (i) As per P.Q., except that a slightdeviation in colour and folds and afew black nodes shall be permitted;(ii) total fat streaks shall not exceed40 per meter; (iii) the middle ofthe seam shall be free from fatstreaks and (iv) A streak of fatshall not exceed 3c.m. in lengthand 1c.m. in breadth;

Grade II –Do– Casings not conforming to P.Q. orGrade 1 due to defects in rollingand/or having larger black nodes,rough texture or streak of fat notexceeding 60 in a meter.

Grade III –Do– Short pieces of any or all the abovegrades and/or having fat streaks inexcess of 60 in a meter.

Grade Standards as Stipulated in Grading and Marking of Animal Casings under AgmarkSchedule 1

(See Rule 4&5)Grade Designations and Definitions of Quality of Dried Cattle Casings known Commercially as "Beef Casings" and

Produced in India



1 2 3 4

Bladders –Do– Bladder otherwise conforming tocharacteristics of P.Q.

Weasands –Do– Weasands otherwise conforming tocharacteristics of P.Q.

Bungs –Do– Bungs otherwise conforming tocharacteristics of P.Q.

Fat ends –Do– Fat ends otherwise conforming tocharacteristics of P.Q.

Grade x * As agreed to between the As agreed to between the purchaserpurchaser and the exporters. and exporters.

Note : *Grade designation : Grade x shall be applicable under the following Conditions :

That the consignment is meant for export against a firm order from foreign importers.

The phrase "firm order" shall mean either that the whole of the purchase money is to be paid in cash beforehand or in guaranteedin some other way.

Schedule II(See rule 4 & 5)

Grade Designations and Definitions of Quality of Salted Sheep Casings (Including Goat Casings) known Commercially as"Sheep Casings" and Produced in India.

Grade Calibration Special Characteristics General CharacteristicsDesignation

1 2 3 4

P.Q./Grade 1 (1) 12–26m.m. in steps of 2m.m. (a) The casings shall : (a) The casings shall :e.g. 12 to 14, 14 to 16 etc. or (i) Be of natural colour through- (i) Be obtained from healthy

(2) 13 to 27m.m. in steps of 2m.m. out without any discolouration. animals slaughtered in licensede.g. 13 to 15, 15 to 17 etc. or (ii) Be free from defects, like premises and subjected to ante

(3) As agreed between the purchaser holes, blisters, lacerations, mortem and post mortemand the exporter. nodules and cicatrices. inspections according to the

(iii) Be intact and not torn or prescribed procedures.lacerated. (ii) Be prepared under hygienic

(iv) Be free from salt-burns, rust, and sanitary conditions;domestics, black nodes, slime, (iii) Be wholesome or otherwise fitmucous, dung and moulds or for human consumption.fungus infestations. (iv) Be free from parasitic infesta-

(v) Not burst when filled with air tions and from scars of healedor water to it's normal capa- up wounds.city and slightly pressed. (v ) Not have been subjected to

(b) The rings or hanks shall have any bacterial activation orbeen cured properly with common fermentation.salt. (b) Preservatives other than edible

common salt shall not have beenused.

Grade II –Do– As per grade P.Q. except that a slightdeviation shall be allowed in respect ofcolour and/or strength and pin holes onwall not exceeding two in a meter. Thematerial should be fit for use in preparationof sausages.

Grade III –Do– As per grade II except that nodules willbe permitted in addition.

Grade x * –Do– As agreed to between the purchaser andthe exporter.

Note : *Grade designation "Grade x" shall be applicable under the following Conditions :

Namely : That the consignment is meant for export against a firm order from foreign importers. The phrase "firm order" shall mean eitherthe whole of the purchase money is to be paid in cash beforehand or is guaranteed in some other way.



Packing : The dried cattle casings are packed in bales whilestoring or prior to export. In general 50/100 hanksof casings are placed one above the other andpressed by manually operated bailing press. Nowa days an repelant agent like black pepper powderis applied on all sides of casings or in betweenlayers of casings, it is edible protein in nature. Itdoes not have any detrimental or deleterious effecton health. Pressed casings are covered by a layerof polyethylene cloth (inner) and the outer layerby bituminised-hessian cloth. Whereas, saltedsheep casings are packed in plastic barrels witha round lid at the top. First a polyethelene clothis put inside the barrel, and then salted sheepcasings are kept inside. In general 200-hanks ofsalted sheep casings are packed in one barrel.

Uses : The use of different parts of intestines vary fromcountry to country as they use different containersfor processing of different products i.e. for exampleall cocktail sausages requires a smaller calibrecasings whereas, salami, bologna, mortedelarequire a bigger calibre of casings. Besides themost important use of animal casing as ediblefood container, it has many other uses such asmanufacturing of surgical suture (Catgut), stringsof tennis rackets, use in stitching of shoes intemperate zones, sewing machine cords, stitchingof cricket ball etc. When the intestines are notused for the above purposes, are converted intopet foods, meat meal, or fertilizer etc. But the best& financially beneficial use of intestine isprocessing for animal casings. Although, it seemsvery attractive venture, but it is very difficult toobtain a good casings (international Standard)which requires experience and sound knowledgefor converting a most unclean material intohealthy clean edible food containers.

Commercial Prospects of Dried Cattle andSalted Sheep Casings

About 6 animals' intestines would be sufficient to prepareone hank of dried cattle Casing and the cost of which isabout Rs. 28/- per intestine.

If at least 100 intestines are procured per day for 30 daysi.e. 30 × 100 = 3000 intestines. As such the available numberof hanks will come : 3000/6 = 500 hanks. The cost of 500hanks @ Rs. 100/- per hanks (processed) would be :Rs. 500 × 100 = Rs. 50,000/-

Considering the cost involved in processing of one hankof animal casing is 70% (procurement of raw materials,processing, preserving, packing, transportation charges etc.),thus, the profit will come 30% i.e. Rs. 15000/- per month. Incase of salted sheep casing the cost of raw intestine isRs. 3-5/- per intestine, suppose all other cost involvedremains same (only the difference in cost of raw intestineand the discarding % is more than other casings). Thus, theprofit in salted sheep casing may go up to 35 to 40%. Soin the light of the above fact, the export of animal casingsis a profitable venture and that can be recommended/or canbe taken up by small scale entrepreneur.

Explanation :

(a) Black nodes—Means black knot usually causedby the residue of the ingesta or slime left behindin the casing.

(b) Cicatrix : Means any scar or healed up wound.

(c) Domestic : means any small grease spot in thecasing.

(d) Kink : Means any twisted loop in the casing.

(e) Nodule : Means a small rounded structure.

(f) Rust : Means black spots caused by putrefactiondue to bacterial or fungal action.

(h) Salt burn : Means areas of discolouration generallycaused by entry of air into the air-tight tincontainers in which sometimes casing are kept oruse of poor quality salt.

(i) Calibration : Means measurement of the diameterof the casing in case of salted sheep casing whereasin case of dried cattle casing, flat measure (halfcircumference).



Export Market Potential of Cane Jaggery in India—D.S. NAVADKAR1, K.S. BIRARI2 AND B.V. PAGIRE3

Introduction

Trade in agricultural goods can play a significant role inpromoting economic development, especially in less

developed countries (LDC). Many less developed countrieshave a comparative advantage in the production ofagricultural goods and the exports of these goods are themain source of foreign exchange earnings. India is dominantlyan agrarian economy, which has great potential in this regard.Inspite of the high potential, India's export performance inagricultural sector was rather dismal. The total export ofagricultural products during 1999-2000 was $ 5475 million. InIndia, the share of agricultural exports to total exports wasonly 14.60 per cent during 1999-2000 and per share in worldtrade in agricultural commodities was only 0.60 per centmainly because of unfavourable terms of trade towardsagriculture against industry.

Sugarcane is one of the most important crops in India,which meets the requirements of people for sugar, jaggeryand other products. It supports the processing industries,gives employment to a large number of persons and earnsforeign exchange. India is the home of sugarcane. Our nationis world's largest producer of sugarcane and sugar when allthe sweetening agents including jaggery and khandasari areconsidered. It has been recognised that jaggery provides analternative market to sugarcane growers in factory areaswhen the entire production of sugarcane can not be crushedby the factories. The cane producers have a tendency todivert sugarcane to manufacture of jaggery. Sugarcaneproduced is either supplied to sugar factory for preparationof sugar or used for preparation of jaggery. Utilization ofsugarcane for preparation of jaggery is an old age practice.However, the percentage utilization for manufacture ofjaggery is on declining trend affecting consumption ofjaggery and export earnings of the nation. As such, it isattempted in this paper to go into the details of trend insugarcane production and its utilization for manufacture ofjaggery, production and export potentials of jaggery andmajor destinations for export market of Indian jaggery.

Data and Method of Analysis

The data on the above aspects were collected andscanned from various recognized journals, govt. reports,

1, 2 and 3 Asstt. Statistician, field Officer and Officer Incharge, respectively, Deptt. of Agril. Economics, M.P.K.V., Rahuri-413722, Dist.-Ahmednagar.

etc. The collected data were molded accordingly with thehelp of statistical tools like percentages and averages. Theresults of the same are presented below :

FINDINGS

1. Area, output and yield of sugarcane

The information relating to area, production andproductivity of sugarcane in India over the time period isdepicted in Table 1.

Table 1

Area, Output and yield of sugarcane in India

Year Area Percent- Output Percent- Yield Percent-('000'ha.) age ('000'ton) age (ton./ha) age

change change changeover over overearlier earlier earlieryear year year

1983-84 3110 — 174076 — 56.0 —

1984-85 2953 -5.05 170319 -2.16 57.7 3.04

1985-86 2862 -3.08 171681 0.80 60.0 3.99

1986-87 3079 7.58 186090 8.39 60.4 0.67

1987-88 3279 6.50 196737 5.72 59.5 -1.49

1988-89 3329 1.52 203057 3.21 61.0 2.52

1989-90 3438 3.27 225569 11.09 65.6 7.54

1990-91 3686 7.21 241045 6.86 65.3 -0.46

1991-92 3844 4.29 253995 5.37 66.1 1.23

1992-93 3572 -7.08 228033 -10.22 63.8 -3.48

1993-94 3422 -4.20 229659 0.71 67.1 5.17

1994-95 3867 13.01 275540 19.98 71.3 6.26

1995-96 4147 7.24 281099 2.02 67.8 -4.91

1996-97 4174 0.65 277560 -1.26 66.5 -1.92

1997-98 3930 -5.85 279541 0.71 71.1 6.92

1998-99 4076 3.72 295725 5.79 72.6 2.11

(Source : Indian Sugar, January, 2000, 876-878.)

India has about 4 million hectares of land under sugarcanewith 290 million tonnes of production resulting into only72.50 tonnes yield per hectare. There is a need to increasethe yield to at least 100 tonnes per hectare. Over a 15 years



time period the area, output and yield of sugarcane in Indiaincreased with 31.06, 69.88 and 29.64 percentage changeover the base year, respectively. There was continuousincrease in these parameters over the time period withshortfalls during some years. The only year 1992-93, wasregistered with fallen area, output and yield of sugarcane.On the contrary, the year 1994-95 registered the highest uptrend in area, output and yield of sugarcane over the previousyear. (13.01, 19.98 and 6.26 percentage change over the baseyear, respectively).

II. Utilization of sugarcane for diferent purposes

As could be seen from Table 2 that the production ofsugarcane rose from 126368 thousand tonnes at the end of1970-71 to 282945 thousand tonnes in 1995-96. That meansit increased by 2.24 times. The sugarcane produced wasused for manufacturing white sugar (38204000 tonnes),jaggery and khandasari (72991000 tonnes) and for seed,feed and chewing purpose (15173000 tonnes) during 1970-

71. The corresponding figures for 1995-96 were 174357, 75002and 33586 thousand tonnes. It indicated that the magnitudeof sugarcane utilization for producing white sugar, jaggeryand khandasari and seed, feed and chewing purposesincreased by 4.56, 1.03 and 2.21 times, respectively. Thatmeans the rate of growth of cane utilized for manufacturingjaggery was the least. In absolute terms it seemed that thequantity of cane utilized for manufacturing jaggery remainedmore or less the same.

The percentage utilization of cane for manufacture ofwhite sugar doubled over the time period. There was nosignificant change in the percentage of cane used for seed,feed and chewing purpose (12.00 and 11.90). However, thepercentage use of sugarcane for manufacturing of jaggeryis on a declining trend. Initially, during the year 1970-71 thepercentage of sugarcane productions for preparation ofjaggery was 57.80 but it decreased to 26.5 per cent in 1995-96.

Table 2

Utilization of sugarcane for different purposes

Sugarcane Cane use for (000 tonnes) Utilized for percentage of sugarcane productionYear production

(000 tonnes) White Seed, Gur & White Seed, JaggerySugar feed & Khandasari Sugar feed & Khandasari

chewing chewing

1970-71 126368 38204 15173 72991 30.2 12.0 57.81971-72 113569 30974 13514 69081 27.3 11.9 60.81972-73 124867 40406 14999 69461 32.4 12.0 55.61973-74 140805 42283 16802 81720 30.0 11.9 58.11974-75 144289 48425 17188 78676 33.5 11.9 54.51975-76 140604 41849 16692 82063 29.8 11.9 58.31976-77 153007 48967 18317 85723 32.0 12.0 56.01977-78 176965 67288 71029 88648 38.0 11.9 50.11978-79 151855 59715 17957 73983 39.4 11.8 48.81979-80 128883 39043 15104 74681 30.3 11.7 58.01980-81 154248 51572 18201 84475 33.4 11.8 54.81981-82 186358 87360 21787 77211 46.9 11.7 41.41982-83 185906 82669 22304 84533 43.6 11.8 44.61983-84 174076 58970 20803 94283 33.9 11.9 54.21984-85 170319 60049 20115 90155 35.3 11.8 52.91985-86 170648 68560 20205 81883 40.2 11.8 48.01986-87 186090 85184 22242 78664 45.8 12.0 42.31987-88 196737 93910 23562 82477 47.7 12.0 41.91988-89 203037 85669 24114 93254 42.2 11.9 45.91989-90 225569 111116 26718 87735 49.3 11.8 38.91990-91 241046 122287 28552 93207 50.7 11.9 37.41991-92 253995 133999 26829 93367 52.8 10.5 36.71992-93 228033 102971 27098 97964 45.1 11.9 43.01993-94 229659 98052 27260 104347 42.7 11.9 45.41994-95 275540 147598 32708 95235 53.6 11.9 34.51995-96 282945 174357 33586 75002 61.6 11.9 26.5

(Source : Indian Sugar, January, 2000, 888)



III. Production of jaggery and khandasari

The production of jaggery and khandasari during thetime period from 1982-83 to 1997-98 as presented in Table 3indicated that the output increased from 86.65 lakh milliontonnes to 98.57 lakh million tonnes. That means it rose by1.14 times only over a period of 15 years. Most of the yearsregistered a negative percentage change over their earlieryears. The highest negative percentage change was noticedin the year 1995-96 (-22.82).

Table 3

Output of jaggery and Khandasari

(Lack M.T.)

Year Output Percentage Year output Percentagechange over change over

previous previousyear year

1982-83 86.65 — 1990-91 90.73 5.83

1983-84 95.41 10.11 1991.92 89.67 -1.17

1984-85 91.05 -4.57 1992-93 92.00 2.60

1985-86 82.48 -9.41 1993-94 105.18 14.33

1986-87 79.25 -3.92 1994-95 96.00 -8.73

1987-88 83.00 4.73 1995-96 74.09 -22.82

1988-89 93.91 13.14 1996-97 108.07 45.86

1989-90 85.73 -8.71 1997-98 98.57 -8.79

(Source : Indian Agriculture, 1999, 586.)

Fortunately, the output increased from 74.09 to 108.07lakh million tonnes during 1996-97 with 45.86 percentagechange. Again it decreased in the succeeding year by 8.79per cent.

In view of an anticipated shortfall in the production ofsugarcane and hence sugar, the Union Governmentpromulgated the 'Gur Control Order 1986', in November1997 limiting the storage of jaggery by any trader to 25tonnes to reduce the diversion of sugarcane for gurproduction and increase the sugar production in thecountry. The gur industry makes prompt payments tosugarcane growers and no arrears are created. So thefarmers prefer to supply their cane to jaggery makers ratherthan sugar mills. Another advantage of jaggery making isthe extracted cane from jaggery making units can beconverted into cattle feed by cutting it, which otherwisecan only be used as a fuel in sugar mills. However, bypromulgating the 'Gur Control Order' from time to time theGovernment has been able to control the diversion ofsugarcane for making jaggery and khandasari. The

sugarcane consumption of jaggery and khandasari industryfell from 104.35 million tonnes in 1993-94 to 95.23 milliontonnes in 1994-95 and 75 million tonnes in 1995-96.

IV. Export of Indian jaggery

The information on quantity and value of export ofjaggery from India as presented in Table 4 reported thatit rose by 5.39 and 8.12 times, respectively from 1994-95 to1997-98.

Table 4

Export of Indian jaggery

Year Quantity Value Percentage change over earlier year(M.T.) (Rs. lakh) Quantity Value

1994-95 8493 957.30 — —

1995-96 31677 4360.44 272.98 355.49

1996-97 23505 2594.27 –25.80 –40.50

1997-98 45767 7775.39 94.71 199.71

(Source : Indian Agriculture, 1999, 587).

The area, production and yield of sugarcane increasedspontaneously during the year 1994-95 which resulted inthe increased export with 355.49 percentage in the year1995-96. However, the succeeding year reported negativepercentage change of export of jaggery. Again in 1997-98,the export value of jaggery increased with nearly 200-percentage change over 1996-97.

In recent years, there has been quantum jump in theexports of jaggery from India due to its wider acceptancein terms of quality in a number of countries including EUand USA.

V. Destinations for export market of jaggery

During the year 1994-95, the major markets for Indianjaggery were Kenya and Malaysia (Table 5). The quantityof jaggery exported to these countries worked out to 2621MT. and 4134 MT., respectively. The percentage share ofthe total quantity exported worked out to 42.79 and 32.41,respectively. It indicated that Kenya and Malaysia imported75 per cent of the total exported quantity of jaggery.Though the quantity of jaggery exported to Malaysia wasalmost double than the quantity exported to Kenya, theIndian jaggery fetched better price in Kenya market andearned more foreign exchange. The UAE was the anothermarket and it shared nearly 10 per cent of the total exportof jaggery from India in the year 1994-95.

The major markets for export of Indian jaggery duringthe year 1997-98 were France, Pakistan and Portugal. Thepercentage share of exported jaggery to these countriesaccounted to 35.74, 35.43 and 20.82, respectively.



Table-5

Major destinations for export market of Indian jaggery

(Quantity-M.T., Value-Rs. in lakhs)

Country 1994-95 1997-98

Quantity Value Percentage Quantity Value Percentageshare share

Bhutan — — — 401 41.64 0.54Canada 130 18.03 1.88 227 39.65 0.51France — — — 10032 2779.23 35.74Germany — — — 21 3.68 0.05Kenya 2621 409.62 42.79 16 5.83 0.07Kuwait — — — 41 9.14 0.12Malaysia 4134 310.22 32.41 1468 173.45 2.23Pakistan — — — 21196 2754.99 35.43Portugal — — — 10500 1619.21 20.82Oman 95 15.53 1.62 57 11.49 0.15Saudi Arabia — — — 44 8.70 0.11Singapore 121 9.30 0.97 79 13.05 0.17South Africa — — — 7 1.17 0.02Sri Lanka 167 11.52 1.20 — — —UAE 597 86.75 9.06 528 95.90 1.23UK 245 33.68 3.52 547 102.00 1.31USA 227 38.11 3.98 395.31 80.87 0.04Yemen — — — 51 7.90 0.10

Total* 8493 957.30 100.00 45767 7775.39 100.00

*Including others (Source : Indian Agriculture, 1999, 587.)

Nearly these three countries purchased 92 per cent of thetotal export of jaggery together. The Indian jaggery fetchedrelatively higher price in France market.

The strategy, therefore, should be adopted in such a waythat the Indian jaggery be exported to those countrieswherein it fetches higher price in order to earn more foreignexchange.Summary

The findings of the present study can be summarizedbriefly as follows :

The productivity of sugarcane in India during 1998-99was 72.6 tonnes/ha. However, there is a need to increase theyield to at least 100 tonnes/ha. Over the time period thearea, production and productivity registered uptrend. Themagnitude of sugarcane utilized for producing white sugar,jaggery and khandasari and seed, feed and chewing purposesincreased by 4.56, 1.03 and 2.21 times, respectively from1970-71 to 1995-96. It showed that the rate of growth of caneutilized for manufacturing jaggery was the least. Thepercentage use of sugarcane for manufacturing of jaggeryis on a declining line. It decreased from 57.8 per cent (1970-71 to 26.5 per cent (1995-96). As against this, the proportionof sugarcane utilized for manufacturing white sugar increasedfrom 30.2 to 61.6 per cent during the time period. The output

of jaggery increased from 86.65 lakh million tonnes to 98.57lakh million tonnes during 1982-83 to 1997-98. Most of theyears registered a negative percentage change over theirearlier years. By promulgating the 'Gur Control Order' fromtime to time the Government has been able to control thediversion of sugarcane for making jaggery and Khandasariand increase the sugar production in the country. In recentyears, there has been a quantum jump in exports of jaggeryfrom India due to its wider acceptance in terms of qualityin a number of countries including EU and USA. During theyear 1994-95, Kenya and Malaysia imported 75 per cent ofthe total exported quantity of jaggery. During the year 1997-98 major markets for Indian jaggery were France, Pakistanand Portugal. These markets together imported 71.99 percent of the total exported quantity of jaggery from India.The Indian jaggery fetched better prices in Kenya and Franceduring the years 1994-95 and 1997-98, respectively. Thestrategy adopted should be such that the Indian jaggery beexported to those countries wherein it fetches higher pricein order to earn more foreign exchange.

REFERENCES

Economic Survey of India, 2000-2001.Indian Agriculture, 1999.Indian Sugar, January, 2000.



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dkUVªsDV Qk²ex fdlkuksa ds fy, ,d yk–dkjh O;oLFkk gSA blesauqdlkunsgh le; esa –h [kjhnnkj vius –ko esa ifjorZu ugha djldrk gSA pkgs cktkj –ko ifjofrZr gh D;ksa u gks tk,A ,d vksjljdkjh O;oLFkk fdlku ds fy, rjg&rjg dh ;kstukvksa ds varxZryk– nsus ds fy, rS;kj jgrh gS] ogha nwljh vksj dkUVªsDV daifu;ksa dks–h ;g yk– gksrk gS fd mUgsa mit vius le; ds vuqlkj vf/kdrko xq.koÙkk ds lkFk feysA

,d iz–ko'kkyh izca/k ds }kjk gh dkUVªsDV Qk²ex ls cktkj cuk;ktk ldrk gS vkSj rduhdh fuiq.krk dk vknku&iznku bl izdkj gks]ftlesa [kjhnnkj o fdlku nksuksa ds fy, Qk;nsean gksA

dkUVªsDV Qk²ex fdlkuksa dks ubZ Qlyksa dh fofo/krk] tks fd fcukcktkjh lqfu/kkvksa ds mxk ugha ldrk] mUgsa mxkus dk volj iznkudjrh gS vkSj bu Qk;nksa ds lkFk fdlku dks –aMkj.k ls –h NqVdkjkfey tkrk gSA ysfdu ;g –h lgh gS fd vxj daiuh vius ok;ns lseqdj xbZ rks fdlku Ç.kh –h gks ldrk gSA

dkUVªsDV Qk²ex ;kstuk dk izca/kdkUVªsDV Qk²ex ;kstuk dk izca/kdkUVªsDV Qk²ex ;kstuk dk izca/kdkUVªsDV Qk²ex ;kstuk dk izca/kdkUVªsDV Qk²ex ;kstuk dk izca/k

µ ,sls {ks=ksa dk pquko djas tks fd mRiknu ds fy, mi;qDr gksvkSj vklkuh ls ifjogu o vU; ennxkj lk/ku miyC/k gksldas(

µ izf'kf{kr ,oa dk;Z n{k fdlkuksa dk p;u gksA p;u dk rjhdkQly ds vuqlkj o vuqca/k ds laca/k ds vuqlkj gks(

µ dk;Z djus okyksa dk lewg gksuk pkfg,(

µ ,slk izca/k gks ftlesa vko';drkuqlkj fuos'k dh miyC/krkvkSj fdlkuksa dks Ç.k ysus dh lqfo/kk miyC/k gks(

µ izlkj f'k{kk dk Kku gksuk vfr vko';d gSA izlkj dk;ZdrkZogka dh LFkkuh; ifjogu rduhd ds iwjs tkudkj gkas] lkFk ghfdlkuksa dh tkx:drk dk –h Kku gksA

µ Qlyksa ds fu/kkZj.k ds vuqlkj vuqca/k gks(

µ izlkj Kkrkvksa ds }kjk fdlkuksa dks izf'k{k.k nsuk(

µ mékr fdLeksa dh [kkst vkSj mxkus dh fof/k;ksa dks crkuk(

dkUVªsDV Qk²ex ds yk–dkUVªsDV Qk²ex ds yk–dkUVªsDV Qk²ex ds yk–dkUVªsDV Qk²ex ds yk–dkUVªsDV Qk²ex ds yk–

dkUVªsDV Qk¯ex dh tkudkjh okys jkT;ksa iatkc] gfj;k.kk] rfeyukMqegkjk"Vª vkSj e/;izns'k ds fdlku cqokbZ djds lk/kkj.kr;k bl iz.kkyhls yk– dekrs gSaA

izeq[k yk– fuEukafdr gSaizeq[k yk– fuEukafdr gSaizeq[k yk– fuEukafdr gSaizeq[k yk– fuEukafdr gSaizeq[k yk– fuEukafdr gSa

µ Qly mRiknu dk ewY; igys ls gh r; gksus ls vPNh dekbZgksrh gS(

µ vPNs mRiknu ds fy, cht] moZjd] [kkn] dhV&jksx fu;a=.kokyh nok,a o fuos'k ¼#i,½ vkfn feyrk gS(

µ vPNh fuiq.k [ksrh ls vf/kd mRiknu gksrk gS(

µ foi.ku vkSj –aMkj.k dh ykxr ls de djrk gS(

µ ubZ Qly dh tkudkjh dh la–kouk,a c<+rh gSa(

µ foLr`r lsok,a & blds varxZr futh {ks= dbZ ubZ O;kolkf;d;kstuk,a pykrs gSa ftlds varxZr mit ds {ks=] mRiknu rFkkforj.k dks c<+kok feyrk gS(

µ Qly mxkus dh ubZ rduhd dks LFkkfir djuk ftllsvf/kd mRiknu feyrk gSA

dkUVªsDV Qk²ex esa vkus okyh leL;k,adkUVªsDV Qk²ex esa vkus okyh leL;k,adkUVªsDV Qk²ex esa vkus okyh leL;k,adkUVªsDV Qk²ex esa vkus okyh leL;k,adkUVªsDV Qk²ex esa vkus okyh leL;k,a

µ fdlkuksa dks ubZ Qly dh rduhdh tkudkjh dk v–kogksuk(

µ ubZ Qly dk cktkj vokLrkfod gksrk gS] tks fd fdlkuksa ds–fo"; ds fy, vlQyrk dk dkj.k gks ldrk gS(

µ futh {ks=ksa esa dBksj fu;eksa o ok;nksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS(

µ futh {ks+=ksa dh =qfV esa dksbZ fu;a=.k ugha gksrk gS(

µ dkUVªsDV Qk²ex esa vf/kd fdlkuksa ds 'kkfey gksus ij daiuh}kjk mRiknu {ks=ksa esa izca/k djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS(

µ cM+h daifu;ksa ds L=ksr dherh gksrs gSa(

µ mit dk vf/kd laxzg.k gksus ij daiuh mit dks oSKkfudrduhd ls O;ofLFkr ugha dj ikrh gS(

µ cktkj dh ekax vf/kd gksus ij fdlku viuh mit dksdaifu;ksa dks ugha cspuk pkgsxk] ysfdu daiuh iwjh rjg ls



viuh idM+ cukus ds fy, igys ls gh ewY; r; dj ysrh gS(

µ lQkbZ djuk] NVkbZ djuk] jksfxax djuk vkfn ykxr ewY; dksc<+krh gS tks fd fdlkuksa ds yk– dks de djrh gSA

dkUVªsDV Qk²ex esa ;g t:jh gksrk gS fd fdlku viuh mit ,dgh laLFkk dks cspsA vxj fdUgha dkj.kksa ls mit dh ekax cktkj esavf/kd gks tk, rks –h fdlku viuh mit dks iwoZ fu/kkZfjr nkeksa ijmlh laLFkk dks nsuk vko';d gksrk gS] ftlls igys le>kSrk gqvk FkkA

NÙkhlx<+ esa dkUVªsDV Qk²ex dh la–kouk,aNÙkhlx<+ esa dkUVªsDV Qk²ex dh la–kouk,aNÙkhlx<+ esa dkUVªsDV Qk²ex dh la–kouk,aNÙkhlx<+ esa dkUVªsDV Qk²ex dh la–kouk,aNÙkhlx<+ esa dkUVªsDV Qk²ex dh la–kouk,a

µ vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa tSls vkaoyk] esaFkk] lQsn ewlyh] yseuxzklvkfn dk pquko dj mUgsa [ksrh ds fy, viukuk pkfg,A

µ lqxaf/kr /kku dks c<+kok(

µ e/kqeD[kh ikyu o yk– mRiknu esa c<+kok(

µ vkyw dks fpIl ds fy, mfpr <ax ls mRikfnr djuk(

µ lks;kchu Qly dks c<+kok nsdj mfpr lks;k nw/k ls izksVhu]lks;k cM+h o lks;k nky vkfn dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djuk(

µ fof–ék Qlyksa ds vf/kd mRiknu gsrq dhV o jksx jks/kh fdLeksadks viukuk pkfg,(

µ Qlyksa dks mudh fu/kkZfjr ek=k o le; ds vuqlkj yxkukpkfg,A

Lkzksr%&&d`"kd txr] jk"Vªh; d`f"k v[kckj] 2&8 Qjojh] 2004]–ksikyA

(v) Report on Agmark Exhibition Held at Bhubaneswar from 17-2-2004 to 20-2-2004

A National Agmark exhibition was held at Bhubaneswarfrom 17-2-2004 to 20-2-2004 IDCO Exhibition Ground, unitIII, Bhubaneswar to create awareness among consumersabout quality and purity of food products and popularizeAGMARK. The Exhibition was inaugurated at 1700 hrs on17-2-2004 by Dr Bhagirathi Senapati, Vice-Chancellor, OrissaUniversity of Agriculture and Technology. Shri Amar Patnaik,Director of Agricultural Marketing, Govt of Orissa addressedthe occasion as Guest of Honour. Among others, Shri HarPrasad, Dy Agricultural Marketing Adviser, Directorate ofMarketing & Inspection, Eastern Region, Kolkata and Dr SC Mishra, Dy Director, the representative of the PrincipalSecretary, Dept of Agriculture and Food Production, Govtof Orissa shared the dias.

Inaugurating the Exhibition, the Vice-Chancellor saidthat Quality is very important in our life. We should workhard to produce qualitative output and should try to befirst-line workers. The Director of Agricultural Marketing,Govt of Orissa told that AGMARK is not a new name forIndian household. He urged that the consumers shouldprefer Agmark products while purchasing food items ofdaily use. The Dy Agricultural Marketing Adviser, Eastern

Region, Kolkata discussed about the benefits of AGMARKto all sections of Society. He also highlighted the otherschemes of the Govt of India. A number of Govt Depttsand AGMARK Packers participated in the exhibition.

The exhibition was opened from 17-2-2004 to 20-2-2004daily from 3 PM to 9 PM. A large number of visitors visitedthe exhibition daily. The inaugural function and the exhibitionwere covered by local TV Networks and telecast in theirprogrammes. The event was also covered by the press andnews items appeared in the local newspapers.

(vi) Report on AGMARK Exhibition at Chandigarh Venue : Kisan Bhawan, Chandigarh.

The Chairman, Punjab State Agricultural Marketing Boardand Chairman COSAMB inaugurate the Agmark exhibition19th to 21st Feb. 2004 at Kisan Bhawan, Chandigarh, on19th Feb. 2004. The exhibition was colourful and vibrant, thevenue looked like a Kisan Mela. Crowd of farmers, officers,Market Secretaries of different APMCs of Punjab State andconsumers etc. had first to beat the premises of KisanBhawan blues before entry into the conference Hall, theconference venue.

Shri Sant Ram Singla, Chairman Punjab State AgriculturalMarketing Board & Chairman COSAMB who spared time tointeract with the participants and press. The event organizedwas stalls display by about 20 stalls. He also took a roundof the each stall which displayed varieties of Agmarkproducts like Mustard Oil, Honey, Spices, Ghee etc., withthe Secretary Punjab State Agricultural Marketing BoardShri A. Venu Prasad, Joint Director, General Manager andDy. General Manager, Punjab State Agricultural MarketingBoard. Other participants include a large number of marketcommittees secretaries, farmers, entrepreneurs, traders,industries, apart from Govt, officials from different statemarketing departments. They visited the exhibition andappreciated the exhibition of Agmark products. Dr. B.C.Gupta, IAS, Financial Commissioner Development & PrincipalSecretary, Govt. of Punjab, Deptt. of Agriculture and Shri P.K. Agarwal, IAS, Joint Secretary (Marketing) AgriculturalMarketing Adviser to the Govt. of India, could not make itconvenient to grace the inaugural function due to theirpreoccupation with some urgent official work. However,their message was published in the important nationalnewspapers. The function started with welcome address bySh. Lallan Rai, Asstt. Agricultural Marketing Adviserfollowed by welcome song by Song & Drama Division Govt.of India.

Dr. G. R. Bhatia, Additional Agricultural MarketingAdviser in his address gave a detailed account of Agmarkcertification scheme including Agmarknet, Rural Godownand proposed marketing infrastructure schemes of theDMI.



Shri A. Venu Prasad, Secretary, Punjab Mandi Board, inhis address highlighted the importance of qualitycertification of agricultural and allied products and the roleof Agmark in this field. He stressed that in the liberalizedand globalized atmosphere the world markets have becomebigger and the necessity to enforce strict quality certificationis need of the hour so that the products find place in theinternational markets at competitive rates. This exhibitionwill give insight of desired information to all the consumersincluding farmers who have to become more qualityconscious, if they have to stand in competitive markets forsale of their agricultural produce. Sh. Prasad dwelt upon theschemes of Agmarknet, Rural Godown and said that marketinformation is one area which will facilitate farmers to takemarketing decisions for sale of their produce in time in themarkets where prices are favourable to them. They invitedall the stake holders including farmers to avail the benefitsof these schemes. He requested the Govt. of India to providecomputer connectivity to rest of the markets and assuredthat there will be wholehearted support from Govt. of Punjabto make the scheme a great success. Shri Venu Prasad alsoinformed that the Punjab State Agricultural Marketing Boardis establishing a world class laboratory with the help ofGovt. of India to get tested various Agriculture productsbefore they come in the market.

It was interesting to note that a progressive farmer ShriA. S. Grewal also shared his experience in sale of farmproduce which is not homogenous thereby farmers are notin position to reap the benefits of better price realisation oftheir produce. He requested for providing the gradingfacilities at farm level so that farmers are in a position toavail this facility and sell the products in the market as perquality/grades.

Shri Sant Ram Singla was happy in inaugurating theexhibition, in his inaugural address he said that this willbenefit the farmers, traders and consumers. Highlightingthe role of I.T., he thanked the Govt. of India for providingcomputers to the APMCs and said that all the 145 marketcommittees in his state will be computerized and connectedwith the market in other states by the end of this financialyear with the help of Dte. of Marketing & Inspection. ShriSingla said that Agmark should cover more commoditiesand be made compulsory so that quality certified productsare made available to a large number of consumers.Emphasising the need for development of marketinfrastructure Shri Singla stated that the programmes run bythe Board are not sufficient to cope with the demand. Heappealed the Govt. of India to provide necessary help to thePunjab State in this field. Shri Singla also highlighted the

new programmes initiated by the Punjab state in the field ofAgricultural marketing, namely contract farming, ApniMandis and Introduction of Information Technology in theMandis etc. Emphasising the need of diversification fromtraditional cropping pattern to high value cash crops. ShriSingla talked about latest developments in the field ofdiversification. He appealed to producers to diversify theircropping pattern to reap the benefit in terms of steadyincome & resultant prosperity and to meet with W.T.O.challenges/competition. He also advised the producers toset their mind upon diversification of cropping pattern.

A live demonstration of Agmarknet portal was also madein the inaugural function by Shri Ajay Malhotra, PrincipalSystem Analyst, NIC Punjab which had a good responsefrom the visitors.

A mini laboratory to test the detection of adulteration inedible food products was also set up in the exhibition andsimple methods for determination of adulteration in thedifferent agricultural products were demonstrated to thevisitors in the exhibition.

The stall of Punjab State Agro Industries CorporationLtd., was of main attraction to the farmers where contractfarming was displayed as the vision to create profitableopportunities to the farmers.

The inaugural function came to end with a vote of thanksto the Chair and all the participants by Shri K.V. S. Pundhir,Asstt. Agricultural Marketing Adviser, DMI, Chandigarh.

After the inaugural function a Kisan Gosthi was alsoorganized in which the problems related to Agmarknet, Directmarketing, contract farming etc. were discussed across thetable. The farmers were also informed about the benefit ofRural Godown and inswing infrastructure scheme for whichthey come forward to avail the benefit. The farmers fromPatiala region informed that there is bumper Potato crop andthere is distress sale. The present market rate range is fromRs. 100 to 130 per quintal. Govt. should initiate action tosupport the farmers in this region.

The function was covered by the different mediachannels and appeared in important national dailies. TheT.V. Channel ‘PUNJAB TODAY’ also covered highlights ofthe inaugural function and continued to display for entireday on 20 & 21st Feb. 2004.

The exhibition continued upto 21st Feb. 2004 and declaredclosed. The closing function was chaired by Shri G. D.Bhardwaj, Project Officer, Punjab State Agricultural MarketingBoard. About 50 participants attended the closing function.



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izzcU/kd] –kjr ljdkj eqnz.kky;] Qjhnkckn n~okjk eqfnzr],oa izdk'ku fu;a=.k] fnYyh }kjk izdkf'krA



[k.M&46] vad&4Vol. XLVI—No. 4

iks"k&&pS=] 1925&26 ¼'kd½ ISSN. 0002–1555JANUARY—MARCH, 2004