SNV=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

ToAafTflNAi ClirMN ClNNbCTflNp tfTe folN altbip – bumbofMbNTAi ANa NrMbofCAi ANAiYpfp gosip AtalićNI aamir iazarevićOI Marta ŠavorP ABpToACT =mermanent=problems=with=stone=columns=in=Croatia=motivated=us=on=comprehensive=researchK=oetrofit=of=columnsI=being=noted=for=centuries=and=existing=distinct= fractures=concentrated=around=connections=with= capitals= and= bases= point= to= some= fundamental= deficiency= of= the= structural= systemK= qraditional=connections=consist=of=carefully=smoothed=contact=areas=joined=only=with=centrally=placed=iron=dowel=what= makes= them=very=sensitive= to=any=disturbance=from=vertical=positionK=Analyses= show= that= even=a=small= imperfection= in= the=construction=processI= temperature=changes=and=especially=eccentric= loads=result= in= the= leaning=of= the= contact= to=one=sideK=aescribed=contacts=do=not=have=sufficient= rotational=stiffness=to=compensate=rotationsK=bventuallyI=high=edge=stresses=cause=numerous=fracturesK=merformed=laboratory=tests=pointed=out=additional=problem=of= irregularities=of=contact=areasI=whichI=together=with=eccentric= loadI=became=critical=for=all=specimensK=qests=were=carried=out=on=almost=real=scale=samples=from=traditional=quarriesK=qesting=procedure=ensured=separate=analyses=to=centric=and=eccentric=loading=with=respect=to=actual=stress=distribution=in=structuresK=All=abovementioned=assertions=were=confirmed=with=a=range=of=numerical=modelsW=from=simple=frame=and=shell=models=to=complex=solid=modelsK=All=models= were= calibrated= with= results= of= the= laboratory= testsK= qhis= work= shows= that= it= is= essential= to=understand=real=nature=of=connections=behaviour= if= we=want= to=approximate=real= stress=distributionsI=positions=of=thrust=lines=and=finally=safety=factor=in=order=to=form=adequate=retrofit=strategiesK==heywords: iaboratory testsI kumerical analysisI ptone columnI CapitalI BaseI fron dowelI ootational

stiffnessI Contact stressI bccentric loadI frregularities of contacts areasI cracture propagation NK fNTolarCTflN

NKNK mroblem description lur=research=of=conventionally=made=columns=and=column=connections=started=with=the=reconstruction=project= of= the= oector’s= malace= in= aubrovnik= xNzK= ppecific= vestiges= of= previous= reconstructions= like=stirrups=around=columns= EcigK=NaFI=stone= insets=and=gaps= filled=with= lead=or=woodI=broken=parts=held=with=wire=EcigK=NbFI=different=types=of=stonesI=various=styles=of=column=shapes=and=capitals=were=very=intriguingK=eistorical=surveys=showed=that=many=other=researchers=in=Croatia=as=well=all=over=the=world=noticed=similar= fractures= near= column= connectionsI= but= the= essence= of= the= observed= phenomenon= is=usually=overshadowed=by=many=other=issues=related=to=historical=structures=xOzJxPzK==ft=is=convenient=to=emphasize=a=sentence=from=one=of=the=historical=reports=which=describes=the=nature=of=the=problemW=DDaamages=of=particular=parts=of=columns=seem=to=represent=a=continuous=phenomenon=which= required= unusually= large= number= of= interventionsDD= x4zK= oeconstruction= is= essential= to= avoid=fracture=propagation=around=the=column=connectionsI=which=could=eventually=endanger=the=stability=of=structure= xRzK= te= have= performed= extensive= numerical= and= experimental= research= in= order= to=understand=the=real=behaviour=of=contacts=and=to=establish=input=parameters=needed=for=adequate=retrofit=strategiesK==

================================================N=penior=research=assistantI=mhaI=caculty=of=Civil=bngineeringI=rniversity=of=wagrebI=atalic]gradKhr==O=Associate=professorI=mhaI=caculty=of=Civil=bngineeringI=rniversity=of=wagrebI=damir]gradKhr==P=qeaching=assistantI=caculty=of=Civil=bngineeringI=rniversity=of=wagrebI=msavor]gradKhr==

SOM=

== aF= bF= cF=

cigK N=qraditional=column=connectionW=aF=stirrup=around=damaged=columnI==bF=wire=around=fractured=capitalI=cF=contact=model=xSz=

=NKOK Column connections qraditionally=made=connections=between=columnsI=capitals=and=bases=are=made=with=great=care=what=can= be= noted= on= carefully= smoothed= contact= areasK= marts= of= the= column= are= joined= only= with= iron=dowelsI=placed=centrally= in=a=slightly= larger=hole=and=finally=filled=with=leadK=puch=traditional=craft= is=suitable= for= traditional= materials= with= respect= to= transmission= of= vertical= load= with= rather= uniform=compression=stresses=xSzK==rnfortunatelyI=uniform=compression=stresses=at=the=contact=areas=are=very=rareK=Connections=are=mostly=eccentrically= loaded=or=at= least=slightly= inclined=from=a=vertical=positionK=qhe=reasons=are=numerousI=eKgK= imperfections= from= the= construction= processI= events= throughout= history= like= earthquakesI=subsidence=xUzI=temperature=changesI=different=repairs=etcK=qhese=joints=are=not=designed=to=compensate=such= deviations= because= the= rotational= stiffness= is= very= small= due= to= the= central= position= and=insufficient=anchoring=of=the=dowel=Eusually=about=NM=cmFK=eenceI=moment=is=negligible=and=only=small=tensile= forces=can=be=transmittedK=qhe=eccentric= load=causes=relative=rotation=of= the=column=elements=and=because=the=joint=has=only=a=very=limited=ability=to=compensate=rotationsI=this=results=in=high=local=stresses =at =the =edge =of =a =column= EcigK= NcFK= then= the= stress= concentration= exceeds= the= compression=strength= of= stone= or= the= deviation= of= compression= trajectories= generates= unwanted= tensile= forcesI=fractures=are=unavoidable=xTzK==cracture=propagation=near=contact=surfaces=leads=to=splitting=of=the=columns=and=capitals=and=thereby=to=a=complete=loss=of=bending=stiffness=or=at=least=to=its=very=significant=reductionK=qhe=described=problem=is=very= local=in=nature=as=the=body=of=the=column=away=from=connections=experiences=only=moderate=uniform= compression= stresses= and= a= large= safety= factor= is= maintained= what= usually= misleads=researchersK=fn=generalI=preJcritical=and=postJcritical=behaviour=of=contacts=is=one=of=the=main=goals=of=our=researchK==OK NrMbofCAi ANAiYpbp

OKNK mreliminary models jost=of=the=abovementioned=statements=have=been=considered=with=a=series=of=numerical=modelsW=from=simple=frame=and=shell=models=to=complex=solid=modelsI=including=unavoidable=traditional=calculations=by= thrust= linesK= mroblem= was= identified= during= analysis= of= the=oector’s= malace= in=aubrovnik= xNzxVzK=kumerical=model=of=the=complete=structure=was=made=with=tetrahedral=finite=elements=using=cbAm=TK4=xNMz=combined=with=dia=SKNKOa=xNNz=for=preJ=and=postJ=processing=purposes=EcigK=OaFK=oegardless=of=the=great=effort= in=implementation=of=several=novel=subroutines= into=the=basic= linear= elastic=cbAm= model=Efor= a= better= description= of= the= connection= behaviourFI= program= code= improvements= to= exclude=overstressed=finite=elements=as= well=as= the=definition=of= failure=criterion=of= material=by=the=modified=theory=of=normal=stresses=Eoriginally=developed=by=dalileo=and=oankineFI= it=was=clear= that=additional=parameters=were=necessary=in=order=to=define=the=behaviour=of=column=contactsK==aescription= of= the= complex= connection= behaviour= with= all= nonlinearities= in= the= global= model= is=complicated= because= in= that= case= the= model= becomes= completely= impractical= for= applicationK=curthermoreI= complex= calculation= demands= reliable= parameters= which= are= always= questionable= in=

SON=

historical= constructions= and= leads= to= only= qualitative= description= of= the= phenomenonK= ln= the= other=handI=the=frame=and=shell=model=EcigK=ObF=is=too=simple=to=describe=this=complex=behaviour=of=contactsI=especially= in= postJcritical= phasesK= ConsequentlyI= in= global= models= it= is= difficult= to= predict= the= stress=distribution=and=finally=the=safety=factorK=cor=purposes=of=this=research=we=have=been=focused=mostly=on=the=contact=behaviour=and=detailed=local=modelsK=qhe=implementation=and=verification=of=results=were=made=on=the=mathematical=model=of=a=characteristic=part=of=structure=EcigK=OcF=using=pAmOMMM=xNOzK===

== aF= bF= cF=

cigK O=kumerical=modelsW=aF=solid=elements=using=cbAm=and=dia=xRzI==bF=frame=and=shell=elementsI=cF=detailed=model=of=the=specific=part=

=OKOK Numerical model of laboratory tests A=numerical=model=of=laboratory=testsI=with=focus=on=the=contact=areasI=was=made=taking=into=account=all=the=above=mentioned=observations=EcigK=PFK=ft=was=created=with=pAmOMMM=which=was=chosen=considering=the=availability=of=input=data=and=associated=algorithmsK=denerallyI=all=models=were=entirely=based=on=the=reliable=parameters=available=from=laboratory=tests=or=comprehensive=sensitivity=testsK==qhe= main= objective= of= this= specific= model= was= to= describe= the= relative= rotation= between= column=elementsI=leaning=to=one=side=of=the=contact=and=the=high=local=stresses=at=the=edge=of=a=columnK=puch=nonlinear= behaviour= at= contact= areas= was= described= by= adjusting= the= link= elements= between= mesh=pointsI= which= included=compressionJonly=propertiesI= the= friction=between=contact= areas= and=variable=irregularities= of= the= contact= areasK= qhese= three= carefully= tested= properties= were= crucial= for= the=description= of= the= phenomenonK= kumerical= results= correspond= to= the= laboratory= tests= which= will= be=presented=and=clarified=in=the=following=textK===

= == aF= bF= cF=

cigK P=kumerical=model=of=laboratory=testsW=aF=deformed=shapeI=bF=stress=distribution=in=column==cF=stress=distribution=near=contacts=

SOO=

PK iABloATloY TbpTp

PKNK aescription of the tests

PKNKNK deneral kumerical=models=can=depict=general=behaviour=of=contactsI=but=if=we=want=reliable=design=parameters=for= the= consideration= of= an= efficient= retrofit= processI= additional= evidence= is= neededK= qaking= into=consideration= the= true= nature= of= a= historic= structureI= it= was= decided= to= conduct= laboratory= tests= to=capture=the=actual=conditions=in=structures=as=much=as=possibleK=te=tried=to=obtain=specimens=from=the=traditional=quarry=on=srnik=fsland=which=was=used=to=build=the=oector’s=malace=and=many=parts=of=the=old=aubrovnik=townK=rnfortunatelyI=it=is=long=been=abandoned=and=thereforeI=specimens=from=another=nearby=quarry=on=the=island=horčula=were=usedK==PKNK2K qest setting qhe=originally=planned=arch=and= vault= system= for= the= load= implementation= was= discarded=due= to= the=laboratory=limitations=and=safety=reasonsK=All=available=laboratory=height=was=used=to=keep=the=column=dimensions=close=to=the=real=onesI=what=was=crucial=for=the=determination=of=the=connection=behaviour=and=propagation=of=fracturesK=ioads=were=implemented=by=the=horizontally=placed=steel=beam=EcigK=4F=which= was= adapted= to= transmit= forces= from=two=hydraulic=pistonsK=lne=piston=was=placed=above= the=specimen=EcentricallyF=and=the=other=one=at=the=midspan=of=the=steel=beam=EeccentricallyFK=lne=side=of=the=steel=beam=El=Z=O4MM=mmF=was=connected=to=the=supporting=structure=which=represented=the=bearing=of=the=vault=systemK=qhe=connection=with=steel=beam=was=adjusted=to=ensure=free=rotations=while=fixing=a=horizontal=movementK=qhe=other=side=of=the=steel=beam=was=fixed=to=the=specimen=EcapitalF=with=four=anchors=to=ensure=both=fixed=rotations=and=fixed=horizontal=movementK===

=

cigK 4=qest=setting==

qhe =capital =Ed =Z =PMM =mmI =h =Z =RMM =mmF =was =placed =on =the =top =of =the =circular =column=Ed =Z =ORM =mmI =h=Z=NRMM=mmF=and=connected=only=with=the=centrically=placed=iron=dowelK=aowel=was=placed=in=a=slightly=larger=hole=without=fixing=it=with=leadK=fn=the=same=wayI=the=column=was=placed=and=connected=with=the=base=Ed=Z=PMM=mmI=h=Z=OMM=mmFK=Both=the=capital=and=the=base=were=without=any=ornaments=because=the=focus=was=to=place=the=carefully=finished=contact=areas=without=any=damages=on=top=of=one=anotherK=qhe=

SOP=

base=was=placed=in=a=fixed=steel=ring=to=prevent=horizontal=displacementsK=qhe=described=setting=ensured=testing=of= the=contact= behaviour= due= to= centric= and=eccentric= loadingI= but= also=ensured= safety= in=postJcritical=phases=when=parts=of=specimen=were=falling=and=when=specimen=lost=stability=EcigK=VFK=

=PKNKPK ioading phases peveral=different=testing=procedures=were=usedI=and=all=were=representative=of=real=structure=behaviourK=corces=were=implemented=by=two=hydraulic=pistons=using=displacement=controlK=fn=the=first=phase=of=the=experiment= centric= force= is= applied= Episton= above= specimenF= to= maintain= an= appropriate= level= of=compression= stressK= ievels= of= the= required= stresses= were= based= on= previously= developed= numerical=models=or=defined=according=to=results=of=measurements=on=real=structuresK=qhe=second=phase=was=the=implementation=of=an=eccentric=force=Episton=at=midspan=of=the=steel=beamF=in=order=to=produce=beam=deflection=and=consequently=the=rotation=of=the=capital=EcigK=PaFK=qhe=beam=deflection=was=always=small=but=nevertheless= enough=to=cause=leaning=of= the=capital= to=one=side=of= the=columnK= ft= is= important= to=note=that=total=level=of=the=centric=force=in=column=increases=in=the=second=phase=as=wellI=which=needs=be=taken=into=accountK=qhe=final=phase=was=the=application=of=loads=until=the=specimen=failed=by=losing=its=stabilityK=qhe=procedure=was=calibrated=on=three=unreinforced=concrete=EcheaperF=specimensK==PKNK4K Measuring places qests= on=concrete= specimens= were=also=very=useful= for= improving= measuring=proceduresK= cirstlyI= tests=were= performed= with= only= ON= measuring= locations= and= mostly= using= iinear= sariable= aifferential=qransformers=EisaqF=sensors=with=different=sensitivityK= ft=was=planned=to=capture=displacements=along=the=whole=specimenI=the=rotation=of=the=capitalI=the=deflection=of=the=steel=beam=and=relative=deformations=on=the=specimenK=jeasuring=locations=for=relative=deformations=EstressesF=were=placed=at=the=top=ENM=cm=from=edgeFI= at=the=middle=and=at= the=bottom=of=the=column=ENM=cm=from=edgeFK=After= few=samples=and=analysesI=we=have=added=several=isaqJs=for=the=control=of=any=out=of=plane=displacementsI=displacement=of= the=bearing=structure=and=the=rotation=EtorsionF=of=steel=beamK=An=important=change=in=the=procedure=was= a= replacement= of= isaqJs= used= for= measuring= relative= deformations= with= much= more= and= better=placed=strain=gauges=EcigK=4FK=cinallyI=there=were=over=PR=measuring=locationsK===

== aF= bF= cF=

cigK R=frregularities=of=contacts=areasW=aF=usage=of=caroArm=deviceI==bF=measured=points=in=plain=viewsI=cF=measured=points=in=three=dimensional=views=

=PKOK oesults of the tests

PK2KNK deneral qhe=behaviour= of=one=of= the= specimens= tested=earlier= have=been=presented= xTzK=qhe=serious=problem=during= the= test= was= to= apply= an= ideal= centric= forceK= aespite= well= controlled= laboratory= conditionsI=precision=made=and=installed=components=and=a=careful=orientation=of=the=pistonI=it=proved=impossible=to= obtain= reasonably= uniform= compression= stressesK= All= specimens= presented= the= same=problem=and=eventually=after= many=attemptsI=caro=mhoton=and=caro=Arm=devices= to= measure= irregularities= of= the=specimen=and=especially=contact=areas=were=adoptedK==qhe= caro= Arm= device= with= a= precision= of= OLNMM= mm= finally= helped= to= explain= the= problem= EcigK= RaFK=oegardless=of=the=precisely=fabricated=specimensI=contact=areas=had=irregularities=below=MKP=mm=EcigK=RbI=cigK=RcFK=qhis=was=enough=to=prevent=ideal=leaning=of=contact=areas=and=uniform=stress=distributionK==daps=between=contact=areas=on=the=installed=specimens=were=measuredI=but=only=around=edgesK=daps=inside=the=cross=section=were=predicted=by=measurements=with=the=caro=Arm=device=and=corrected=with=

SO4=

results= from= numerical= modelsK= All= measured= values= were= assigned= to= the= link= elementsI= used= in=numerical= models= which= had= confirmed= the= problem= and= simulation= results= matched= testing= results=fairly=wellK=lne=can=only=imagine=many=problems=the=old=masterbuilders=and=stone=masons=had=with=traditional=construction=tools=and=on=real=construction=sites=at=the=timeK==PK2K2K Centric force All=tests=had=a=control=phase=at=the=level=of=NMM=kk=and=problem=of=irregularities=on=contact=areas=was=always=detected=at=the=end=of=phaseK=ptress=distribution=at=the=qop=of=the=Column=EqCF=and=Bottom=of=the=Column=EBCF=obtained=during=one=of=the=test=is=shown=EcigK=SFK=oed=border=line=represents=column=edge=without=gaps=EmeasuredF=between=the=column=and=the=capital=EcigK=SaF=and=between=the=column=and=the=base=EcigK=SbFK=qhe=values=in=white=boxes=represent=gap=openings=measured=before=the=start=of=the=testK=Blue=prisms=show=values=for=compression=stresses=xkkLmOz=obtained=from=measured=relative=deformationsK =jaximum =value =at =the =qC =is =VKM =jmaI =and =at =the =BC =is =NMKT =jmaK =ff =a =uniform =compressive=stress=is=assumed=along=the=whole=cross=sectionI=it=would=only=amount=to=about=OKM=jmaK=iight=gray=regions=represent=contacts=obtained=by=testing=and=numerical=modelsK==bven=by=these=simple=resultsI=critical=places=can=be=easily=predicted=for=the=next=phase=of=experimentK=qhe=first=crack=opened=at=centric=force=of=NPT=kkI=near=the=maximum=value=of=stress=at=BC=EcigK=ScFK=qhe =same =location =was =detected =by =numerical =models =EcigK =PFK =phades =of =blue =on =cigK =P =represent =compressive=stresses=and=the=red=ones=indicate=tension=stresses=in=the=columnK=After=the=crack=openingI=new= contact= between= the= column= and= base= is= formed= and= the= new= stress= redistribution= is= clearly=establishedK =qest =was =continued =until =the =load =level =reached =OMM =kkI =which =is =comparable =with =the =values=measured=at=the=oector’s=malace=in=aubrovnikK=rnder=the=assumption=of=a=uniform=compressive=stressI=the=obtained=value=is=only=RB=of=the=capacity=loadK===

== aF= bF= cF=

cigK S=aF=ptress=distribution=during=control=phase=at=measuring=places=–=qCI=bF=ptress=distribution=during=control=phase=at=measuring=places=–=BCI=cF=cirst=crack=at=the=bottom=of=the=specimen=

=PK2KPK bccentric force bccentrically= placed= force= caused= a= relative= rotation= of= the= capital= Ein= relation= to= columnF= and=consequently=a=complete= leaning=to=one=side=of=the=contact= EcigK=PaFK=qhis=new=critical= location=was=detected= even= at= the= control= phase= at= the= qC= EcigK= SaF= and= also= confirmed= by= numerical= models= ==

== aF= bF= cF=

cigK T=aF=ptress=distribution=at=measuring=places=before=second=crack=opened=–=qCI=bF=ptress=redistribution==at=measuring=places=after=second=crack=opened=–=qCI=cF=mosition=of=second=crack=–=qC=

SOR=

=

cigK U=cracture=propagation=–=top=of=the=column=EqCF==

=

cigK 9=Collapsed=specimen==EcigK=PcFK=At=the=centric=force=of=NU4KR=kk=and=the=eccentric=force=of=SSKU=kk=specimen=cracked=once=again=EcigK =TcFK =As=all =phases=of =the=test =cannot =be=presented=in=the=articleI =we=tried=to=point =out =the=specific= onesI= like= the=stress= distribution=before= new= crack=appeared= EcigK= TaF= and= redistribution= of=stresses=around=crack=EcigK=TbFK=Crack=after=crackI=the=new=equilibrium=state=of=specimen=was=always=

SOS=

established=and=the=test=was=continuedK=An=additional=increase=of=forces=Ecentric=and=eccentricF=caused=propagation=of=present=fracturesI=opening=of=new=onesI=leading=to=the=rupture=of=column=parts=EcigK=UF=and=finally=to=the=collapse=of=the=entire=specimen=EcigK=VFK=rndoubtedlyI=one=can=point=out=to=the=high=sensitivity=of=contacts=with=respect= to= irregularities=of=contact= areasI=which=governs=future=behaviourK=Any=load=changeI=especially=eccentricityI=causes=stress=concentration=and=fracturingK=

=4K ClNCirpflNp =oesults= presented= in= the= paper= emphasize= high= sensitivity= of= traditional= column= connections= to= the=irregularities=of=contact=areas=and=especially=to=eccentric=forcesK=qhe=usually=assumed=uniform=or= linear=stress= distribution= may= grossly= overestimate= the= safety= factorK= kumerous= fractures= around= column=connections=with=both=capitals=and=bases=prove=fundamental=deficiency=of=such=structural=systemsK=pmall=rotational=stiffness=of=the=contact=is=unable=to=maintain=a=state=of=equilibrium=during=many=disturbances=of=the= structural= system= like= earthquakesI= support= settlementsI= fires= EexplosionsFI= temperature= changesI=previous=reconstructionsI= many=unknown= interventions= and=possible=imperfections= emanating=from=the=construction= processK= cracture= propagation= is= inevitable= and= according= to= present= fracturesI= parts= of=structure=may=be=in=a=dangerous=postJcritical=stateK=cractures=are=common=in=historical=constructionsI=but=according=to=the=results=of=laboratory=testsI=a=collapse=is=possible=if=material=and=structural=capabilities=to=redistribute=stresses=are=exhaustedK==qhereforeI=by=ignoring=or=not=fully=appreciating=the=real=nature=of=connections=we=can=easily=endanger=both =local =as =well =as =global =stability =of =the =structureK =qhe =importance =of =a =correct =analysis =must =be =clearly=emphasizedI=along=with=complexities=and=difficulties=associated=with=such=a=processK=bxtensive=numerical=and=experimental=analyses=were=and=will=further=be=made=to=assess=better=the=real=behaviour=of= contacts= and= to= provide= more= realistic= parameters= needed= for= adequate= analyses= and= retrofit=strategies=xTzK==AChNltibadbMbNTp =qhe= authors= would= like= to= thank= aepartment= of= qechnical= jechanics= and= aepartment= of= jaterials=from=caculty=of=Civil=bngineeringI=rniversity=of=wagreb=for=supporting=the=researchK=marticular=thanks=are =due =to =the =iaboratory =for =all =performed =testing =of =structuresI =to =cabris =Brothers =company =for =provided=specimensI=to=bugen=iokošek=for=useful=advices=and=professor=Almin=Đapo=from=the=caculty=of=deodesyI=rniversity=of=wagrebI=for=measurements=of=specimensK===obcbobNCbp xNz iazarević=aKI=avornik=gKI=cresl=hK=EOMM4F=Analysis=of=damages=to=the=oector’s=malace=Atrium=in=

aubrovnikK drađevinar=RSENMFW=SMNJSNOK=Ein=CroatianFK=xOz iokošek=bKI= hleiner= fK= EOMM4F=oeplacement= of= stone= columns= at= the=ground= floor= of= the= seliki=

qabor=CastleK=drađevinar=RSERFW=OSTJOTSK=Ein=CroatianFK=xPz rglešić= aKI =Banić= ŽK =EOMMSF =cranciscan =jonastery =ptK =crances =in =wadarW =ptructural =repair =of =

cloister= vaultK= fnW= mrocK of the fntK Conference eeritage mrotection J Construction Aspects=aubrovnikI=pecon=eadhI=4NNJ4NUK==

x4z pteinman= sK= ENVT4F= oesearch work on oector’s malace in aubrovnik with basic recommendations for reconstruction – Book ffK= Civil= bngineering= fnstitute= of= CroatiaW= wagreb=Ein=CroatianFK=

xRz Atalić= gKI= iazarević= aKI= cresl= hK= EOMMUF= fnfluence= of= ootational= ptiffness= between= Column=blements= on= dlobal= ptability= of= eistorical= ConstructionsK= fnW= mrocK of the 8th buropean Conference on oesearch for mrotectionI Conservation and bnhancement of Cultural eeritage=ijubljanaI=kational=and=university=libraryI=SMJSOK=

xSz iazarević=aKI=Atalić=gK=cresl=hK=EOMMVF=oeconstruction=of=oector’s=malace=Atrium=in=aubrovnikW=a=key=role=of=column=connectionsK= fnW=ptructural ptudiesI oepairs and Maintenance of eeritage Architecture uf qallinnI=tfq=mressI OUVJPMPK=

xTz iazarević=aKI=Atalić=gKI=hrolo=gKI=rroš=jKI=Šavor=jK=EOMNMF=bxperimental=and=kumerical=Analysis=of= qraditional= Column= Connections= with= the= mossible= oetrofit= ConceptK= Advanced Materials oesearch=solsK=NPPJNP4W=4TVJ4U4K=

SOT=

xUz jeli=oKI=panchezJoamirez=AK=oK=ENVVTF=ptructural=aspects=of=the=rehabilitation=of=the=jexico=City=CathedralK=fnW=fntK pemK ptructural Analysis of eistorical ConstructionsK mossibilities of numerical and experimental techniques=BarcelonaI=CfjkbI=NOPJN4MK=

xVz iazarević= aKI =avornik =gKI =cresl =hKI =oak =jK =EOMMSF =kumerical =analysis =of =damages =of =the =oectors’s= malace= atrium= in= aubrovnikK fnW= mrocK of the fntK Conference eeritage mrotection – Construction Aspects=aubrovnikI=pecon=eadhI=NMVJNNSK=

xNMz cbAm=EOMMNF A cinite blement Analysis mrogramI sersion TKPK mrogrammer=janualI=rniversity=of=CaliforniaK=

xNNz dia= EOMMMF qhe universalI adaptive and user friendly pre and post processing system for computer analysis in science and engineeringK oeference=janual=sersion=SI=CfjkbK=

xNOz pAmOMMM= EOMNNF fntegrated poftware for ptructural Analysis and aesign – Analysis reference manualK CpfW=BerkeleyK=

xNPz dubane=AKI=diuriania=bK= EOMM4F=ptructural= restoration=of=vaults=with= extrados= tiesK= fnW= fntK pemK ptructural Analysis of eistorical Constructions fsK mossibilities of numerical and experimental techniques=madovaI=AKAK=BAihbjA=mrBifpebopI=T4RJTROK=

xN4z qheodossopoulos= aK= EOMMUF= ptructural= design= of= high= gothic= vaulting= systems= in= bnglandK=fnternational gournal of Architectural eeritage=OENFW=NJO4K=