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The Companies Bill, 2011
CA Rajkumar S AdukiaB.Com (Hons), FCA, ACS, ACWA, LLB, DIPR, DLL
&LP, IFRS(UK), MBA
email id: [email protected]
Mob: 09820061049/09323061049
To receive regular updates kindly send test email to : [email protected] & [email protected]
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Overview
Major Changes under Bill, 2011
Overview of Companies Bill, 2011
New Concepts under Bill 2011
Bill 2011 introduces exclusive Chapters
Companies Act, 1956 modified under Bill
2011
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The Companies Act
Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 – UK
Joint Stock Companies Act of 1850 - India
Joint Stock Companies Act of 1857 - India
Joint Stock Companies Act of 1860 - India
The Companies Act, 1866 - India
The Companies Act, 1913 - India
The Companies Act, 1956 - India
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Major Changes under Co’s Bill
2011
Board Composition
and Accountability,
Independence and
Empowerment of
Independent Directors,
Assurance and Risk
Management,
Investor Protection,
Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR)
and
Audit Accountability.
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Overview of Companies Bill,
2011E- Governance
Corporate Social Responsibility introduced
Enhanced Accountability on part of Companies
Additional Disclosure Norms
Facilitating raising of Capital by Companies
Audit Accountability
National Company Law Tribunal
Managerial Remuneration
Facilitating Mergers & Acquisitions
Protection for Minority Shareholders
Investor protection
Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO)
Woman Director
Mediation and Conciliation Panel
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The Companies Bill,
2009
The Companies Act,
1956
Report of SCF in
2010
The Companies Bill,
2011
????????????
The Companies Act,
2011????????????
Why this delay?????
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Independent Director (ID)
Definition – Cl 2(47)
CSR – Cl 135
1/3rd of Listed Company
BoD – Cl 149(3)
Who is ID? – Cl 149(5)
Schedule VI code to IDs –
Cl 149(7)
Alternate Director – 1st
proviso to Cl 161(2)
Two consecutive terms –
term of 5 years – Cl 152
Manner of Selection – Cl
150(1)
No Stock Options (Cl
197(7)
Yippee! After all the hue & cry efforts to
safeguard Stakeholder Interest
!
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Independent Director (ID)
Nominee Directors are
not IDs
Same company
appointment after 3
yrs (Cooling Period)
An ID is one who
possesses
• Integrity
• Expertise &Experience
• Not a promotor of Co,
H&S or Ass Co
• No pecuniary interest
• 2% or more
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Defining Independent Director
Director referred to in Cl 149(5)
A director other than MD or WTD or ND
Integrity, Expertise & Experience
Is Not or was not a Promotor
Not related to Promotors
No pecuniary relationship with company
Nor any of ID’s relatives have pecuniary interest
One who possesses qualifications as prescribed
Neither ID or his relatives have been
• KMP or Employee of the company
• Employee or Proprietor or Partner of
• Firm of auditors or
• Firm of company secretaries
• Legal or Consulting Firm
• Holds together with relatives 2% or more of total voting power
• Is the Chief Executive or director of NGO that receives 25% or more receipts from the company
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Brushing Corporate Governance
Every company with• NW of 500 Crs or more or
• TO of 1000 Crs or more or
• NP of 5 Crs or more
During any financial year shall constitute Corporate Social Responsibility Committee (CSRD) with at least one ID (Cl 135)
Board’s Report on CSR Initiatives (Cl 134)
CSRD recommends CSR Policy
Activities under Schedule VII
BoD ensures company spends • 2% of Avg NP made in 3
immediately preceding FYs for CSR Policy
Board explanation under Cl 134(3)(o) – where the expenditure is less
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Purchase – Cl 236
Price -Valuation by Regd Valuer
No Provision under
Co’s Act, 1956
Minority Shareholding
My interest
safe
guarded!!!
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Enhanced Accountability by
Companies
Independent Directors (ID)• Their tenure & liability
• Code for ID provided in Sch VI to the Bill
• Databanks for IDs proposed
CSRC of the Board proposed• This committee will have
IDs to bring more independence
“Promotor” definition includes his liability
Provision in respect of Vigil Mechanism proposed
CG empowered to restrict in respect of layers of subsidiaries for any class or classes of companies
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Diluted Governmental
InterferencesSchedule V
• Part I – Appmt of MD, WTD or Manager with the approval of CG
• Part II – Remuneration payable by Companies having no profit without the approval of the Central Government
•
Power to make Rules – CG
What Rules have in store for us – we will get to know once it arrives
Cl 458 – Delegation by CG of its powers other than the power to make rules (Sec 637 of the Cos Act, 1956)
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E- Governance
Maintenance of documents in electronic
form
Inspection
Books of Accounts in E- form
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Board Composition
Appointment of Key Managerial Personnel [Cl 203(1)]
Concept of Independent Directors (Cl 149)
Duties of Directors (Cl 166)
Resignation of Directors (Cl 168)
The Stakeholders Relationship Committee (Cl 178(5))
Nomination & Remuneration Committee (Cl 178(1) & 178(3))
Audit Committee (Cl 177(2)
Board Meetings through Video and Audio visual means (Cl 173(2))
Functions of Company Secretary (Cl 205)
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Appointment of Key Managerial
Personnel (KMP)
Company shall have WT KMP (Cl 203(1)
Definition of KMP – Cl 2(51) – means
CS appointed by Board Resolution (Cl 203)
No CS appointed penalty imposed on Company &KMP
MD CEO
CFO on Board Appmt
WTDor or or and CS
CEO or MD or Manager CS
Manager
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Duties of Directors – Cl 166
In accordance with the
articles of the company
Act in good faith
due and reasonable care
direct or indirect interest
No undue gain or
advantage
Shall not assign office
Contravention punishable
with fine of Rs. 1lac to 5
lacs
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Managerial Remuneration (Cl 197)
� Provisions relating to limits on remuneration provided in
the existing Act being included in the Bill. Maximum
limit of 11% (of net profits) being retained.
� For companies with no profits or inadequate profits
remuneration shall be payable in accordance with new
Schedule of Remuneration and in case a company is not
able to comply with such Schedule, approval of Central
Govt. would be necessary.
18
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Woman Director (CLAUSE 149)
At least one woman director being made mandatory in the
prescribed class or classes of companies.
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Secretarial Standards Introduced
For the first time, the Secretarial Standards has been
introduced and provided statutory recognition [refer Clause
118(10) & 205].
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Investor Protection Measures
� Issue and transfer of securitiesand non-payment of dividend bylisted companies, has to beadministered by SEBI by makingregulations. (Clause 24)
� An act of fraudulent inducementof persons to invest money ispunishable with imprisonmentfor a term which may extend to tenyears and with fine which shall notbe less than the amount involved infraud, but which may extend tothree times the amount involved(Clause 36 & 447).
� A suit may be filed by a personwho is affected by any misleadingstatement or the inclusion oromission of any matter in theProspectus or who has investedmoney by fraudulent inducement(Clause 37).
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Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) (CLAUSE 211)
Statutory status to SFIO has been proposed.
Investigation report of SFIO filed with the Court for framing of
charges shall be treated as a report filed by a Police Officer.
SFIO shall have power to arrest in respect of certain offences of the
Bill which attract the punishment for fraud.
Those offences shall be cognizable and the person accused of any such
offence shall be released on bail subject to certain conditions provided
in the relevant clause of the Bill.
Stringent penalty provided for fraud related offences.
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Committees
Stakeholder Relationship Committee
Nomination & Remuneration
Committee
CSRCommittee
AuditCommittee
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Important Definitions
Associate Company
Related Party
Small Company
Promoter
Global Depository Receipt
CEO
CFO
Employee Stock Option
One Person Company
(OPC)
Turnover
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New Chapters under Bill 2011
Registered Valuer –
Chapter 17 – Cl 247
Government
Companies – Ch 23 –
Cl 394 & 395
Companies to
Furnish Information
& Statistics – Ch 25 –
Cl 405
Special Courts – Ch
28 – Cl 435 to 446
Nidhis – Ch 26 –Cl
406
NCLT &AT – Ch 27
– Cl 407 to 434
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Registered Valuer – Chapter XVII
– Clause 247
Where a valuation is required to be made in respect of any property, stocks, shares, debentures, securities or goodwill or any other assets (herein referred to as the assets) or net worth of a company or its liabilities under the provision of this Act.
It shall be valued by a person having such qualifications and experience and registered as a valuer in such manner, on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed and appointed by the audit committee or in its absence by the Board of Directors of that company
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Government Companies –
Chapter XXIIIWhere the Central Government is a member of a Government company, the Central Government shall cause an annual report on the working and affairs of that company to be—
(a) prepared within three months of its annual general meeting before which the comments given by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India and the audit report is placed under the proviso to sub-section (6) of section 143; and
(b) as soon as may be after such preparation, laid before both Houses of Parliament together with a copy of the audit report and comments upon or supplement to the audit report, made by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. (Clause 394(1))
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Government Companies –
Chapter XXIIIWhere the Central Government is not a member of a Government company, every State Government which is a member of that company, or where only one State Government is a member of the company, that State Government shall cause an annual report on the working and affairs of the company to be—
(a) prepared within the time specified in sub-section (1) of section 394; and
(b) as soon as may be after such preparation, laid before the House or both Houses of the State Legislature together with a copy of the audit report and comments upon or supplement to the audit report referred to in sub-section (1) of that section (Clause 395(1))
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Companies To Furnish Information or
Statistics – Chapter XXV
The Central Government may, by order,
require companies generally, or any class of
companies, or any company, to furnish such
information or statistics with regard to their
or its constitution or working, and within
such time, as may be specified in the order
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Special Courts – Chapter XXVIII
– Clauses 435 to 446
The Central Government may, for the purpose of
providing speedy trial of offences under this Act,
by notification, establish or designate as many
Special Courts as may be necessary.
A Special Court shall consist of a single judge
who shall be appointed by the Central
Government with the concurrence of the Chief
Justice of the High Court within whose
jurisdiction the judge to be appointed is working
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Mediation and Conciliation Panel
The Central Government shall maintain a panel of
experts to be called as the Mediation and
Conciliation Panel
Consisting of such number of experts having such
qualifications as may be prescribed for mediation
between the parties during the pendency of any
proceedings before the Central Government or the
Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal under this Act.
(Clause 442)
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Nidhis – Chapter XXVI
Power to modify Act in its Application to
Nidhis - “Nidhi” means a company which has
been incorporated as a Nidhi with the object of
cultivating the habit of thrift and savings amongst
its members, receiving deposits from, and lending
to, its members only, for their mutual benefit, and
which complies with such rules as are prescribed
by the Central Government for regulation of such
class of companies.
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National Company Law Tribunal &
Appellate Tribunal – Chapter XXVII
The Central Government shall, by notification, constitute, with effect from such date as may be specified therein, a Tribunal to be known as the National Company Law Tribunal
Consisting of a President and such number of Judicial and Technical members, as the Central Government may deem necessary, to be appointed by it by notification, to exercise and discharge such powers and functions as are, or may be, conferred on it by or under this Act or any other law for the time being in force. (Clause 408)
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National Company Law Tribunal &
Appellate Tribunal – Chapter XXVII
The Central Government shall, by notification, constitute, with effect from such date as may be specified therein, an Appellate Tribunal to be known as the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal
Consisting of a chairperson and such number of Judicial and Technical Members, not exceeding eleven, as the Central Government may deem fit, to be appointed by it by notification, for hearing appeals against the orders of the Tribunal. (Clause 410)
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New Concepts & Issues - Bill 2011
One Person Company
Nomination & Remuneration Committee
Defn of Related Party
Postal Ballot for Approval
Valuation Report from a Regd Valuer
Auditor not to render certain services
Restriction on Declaration of Dividend
Cost Records Mandated
Listing of Director’s Duties
Fast Track Merger Process
Amalgamation of Indian Company with Foreign Company
Purchase of Minority Shareholding
Transfer of Listed Company with Unlisted Company
Restriction on Investment (Subsidiary)
No Compulsory trf to Reserves
Equity Share Capital Defined
Insider trading of securities prohibited
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One Person Company (OPC)
A minimum of one person, where thecompany to be formed is to be OnePerson Company that is to say, a privatecompany”
The memorandum of OPC shallindicate the name of the other person,who shall, in the event of thesubscriber’s death become the memberof the company
The words ‘‘One Person Company’’shall be mentioned in brackets belowthe name of such company
Annual Return in relation to OPC theannual return shall be signed by thecompany secretary, or where there is nocompany secretary, by the director ofthe company
The financial statement, including consolidated financial statement, if any, shall be approved only by one director, for submission to the auditor
Every company shall have a Board of Directors Every company one director in the case of a One Person Company
In case of a One Person Company an individual being member shall be deemed to be its first director until the director or directors are duly appointed by the member
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Companies Act, 1956 - Modified
Transfer of shares
Public company shares freely transferable, subject to contracts and agreements (Cl 58(2))
Buy Back – No buy back upto1 year from the date of previous buy back • Buy back not prohibited if
default in repayment of deposits remedied and a 3 years has lapsed since then (Cl 70(1)(c)
Section 111(1)&(2) of the Companies Act, 1956. no provision on contracts & agreements
Buy Back - It is 365 days under Sec 77A(2)
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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DividendNo Compulsory Transfer of Profits
to Reserves Cl 123 (1)(b)
Declaration in case of insufficient
profits – not allowed, rule to be
followed (Cl 123(1)(b)
In case of losses interim dividend
shall not be more than the avg of
dividend declared in the immediately
preceeding 3 FYs
Compulsory transfer of the profits to
reserves
Company has to comply with
Companies (Declaration of Dividend
out of Reserves) Rules, 1975
No such provisions under Companies
act, regarding Interim Dividend
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Subsidiary
Restriction: Investment through not more than 2 layers of investment companies (Cl 186(1))
Annual Return: Particulars of holding, subsidiary and associate companies as they stood on the close of the FYin the annual return of the company (Cl 92(1)(a)
Consolidated Financial Statement:where there is more than 1 subsidiary CFS to be prepared and laid before the AGM of the Company (Cl 129(3))
Requriements of Section 212 dispensed with (reqt to attached the FS, auditor’s report, BoD reports of the company)
Auditor not to render certain services ( Services directly or indirectly related to the company or its holding and subsidiary or assoiciate company) (Cl 144)
No such restrictions under Companies Act
No such requirement under the Companies Act
Corresponds to section 211 of the Companies Act
Section 212 of the Companies Act
No such restriction
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Acceptance of Deposit from Public by certain companies
Only banking companies, NBFC and such companies permitted by CG are permitted
A company may accepts deposits subject to the fulfilling of the following conditions
• Credit rating to be obtained
• Providing Deposit Insurance
• 15% of the amt of deposits maturing to be deposited in “Deposit Repayment Reserve Account”
• Certification that no default is committed
Public companies are permitted to accept deposits from public –Companies (Acceptance of Deposit) Rules
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Inter-Corporate Loan, Security, Guarantee and Investment – Cl 186
Exemptions: • A loan made, guarantee given or
security provided by • a banking company or
• an insurance company or
• a housing finance company in the ordinary course of its business or
• a company engaged in the business of financing of companies or of providing infrastructural facilities
• Any acquisition made by • a NBFC registered under Chapter IIIB
of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
• A company whose principle business is acquisition of securities
• Of Shares pursuant to further issue of capital ( allotted in pursuance of Clause 62(1)(a))
l
Section 372A –
Exemption:A loan made , guarantee given or security provided by in addition to the list provided in the Bill 2011 the following are included• Companies established with the object
of financing industrial enterprises or providing infrastructural facilities
• Any company whose principle business was acquisition of shares, stock debentures or other securities
• A private company unless it is a subsidiary company
• Holding company to its WOS
Any investment made in shares allotted pursuant to further issue of capital
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Related Party Transactions
Scope of Cl 188 increased• No company shall enter into any contract or
arrangement with a related party with respect to
• (a) sale, purchase or supply of any goods or materials;
• (b) selling or otherwise disposing of, or buying, property of any kind;
• (c) leasing of property of any kind;
• (d) availing or rendering of any services;
• (e) appointment of any agent for purchase or sale of goods, materials, services or property;
• (f) such related party's appointment to any office or place of profit in the company, its subsidiary company or associate company; and
• (g) underwriting the subscription of any securities or derivatives thereof, of the company:
In order to enter into the above transactions Approval is Required (Clause 188)
• Consent of the BoD given by a resolution
• Prior Approval by the Company – in cases where the paid-up capital of the company or transaction amount exceeds the prescribed limit
Section 297 of the Companies Act• A company cannot enter into the contracts
relating to • Sale purchase or supply of any goods or material
• Sale purchase or supply of any services
• Underwriting the subscription of any shares, debendtures of a company
• Approval required• Consent of BoD by resolution
• Prior Approval of Regional Director in case the paid up capital of the company is exceeding 1 crore
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Specified Persons• Related Party Cl 2(76)
• (i) a director or his relative;
• (ii) a key managerial personnel or his relative;
• (iii) a firm, in which a director, manager or his relative is a partner;
• (iv) a private company in which a director or manager is a member or director;
• (v) a public company in which a director or manager is a director or holds long with his relatives, more than two per cent. of its paid-up share capital;
• (vi) any body corporate whose Board of Directors, managing director or manager is accustomed to act in accordance with the advice, directions or instructions of a director or manager;
• (vii) any person on whose advice, directions or instructions a director or manager is accustomed to act:
• Provided that nothing in sub-clauses (vi) and (vii) shall apply to the advice, directions or instructions given in a professional capacity;
• (viii) any company which is—
• (A) a holding, subsidiary or an associate company of such company; or
• (B) a subsidiary of a holding company to which it is also a subsidiary;
• (ix) such other person as may be prescribed;
• (More coverage when compared to Companies Act, 1956)
Persons covered under Cos Act are• Director of the Company
• Relative of the Director
• A firm in which such related or director is a partner
• Any other partner of such firm in which director or relative is a partner
• Private company in which such director is a director or member
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Exemptions
• Purchase or sale of goods for cash
at prevailing market price
• Purchase or sale of goods and
material or services the cost of
which does not exceed Rs. 5000 in
any year during the period of
contract
• Any transaction of a banking or
insurance company in the ordinary
course of business
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
Exemptions
• Any transactions entered into by
the company in its ordinary course
of business other than transactions
which are not on an arm’s length
basis (Proviso to Cl 188)
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Loan to Directors Cl 185
Restriction on Loan to directors – applicable to both private and public company
Scope of applicability• No company shall, directly or indirectly, advance
• any loan,
• including any loan represented by a book debt,
• to any of its directors or
• to any other person in whom the director is interested or
• give any guarantee or
• provide any security in connection with any loan taken by him or such other person
Exemptions• (a) The giving of any loan to a MD or whole-time
director—• (i) as a part of the conditions of service extended
by the company to all its employees; or
• (ii) pursuant to any scheme approved by the members by a special resolution; or
• (b) A company which in the ordinary course of its business provides loans or gives guarantees or securities for the due repayment of any loan and in respect of such loans an interest is charged at a rate not less than the bank rate declared by the Reserve Bank of India. -
Section 295
Restriction applicable to only public company
No public company shall directly or indirectly • make any loan or
• give any guarantee or
• provide any security
• to its directors or any other specified persons
• except with the approval of the CG
The said section does not apply to • Private companies
• Holding to its subsidiaries
• Banking Companies
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Compromise, Arrangement and Amalgamation Cl 230
Approval by majority representing 3/4th in the value of creditors or members or class thereof present and voting in person or by proxy or by postal ballot
Valuation Report report to be given to hareholder/Creditors along with notice convening meeting.
Objection to Compromise, Arrangement and Amalgamation - Any objection to the compromise or arrangement shall be made only by
• persons holding >10% of the shareholding or
• having outstanding debt amounting to > 5% of the total outstanding debt
• as per the latest audited financial statement.
Section 391
Approval by majority representing 3/4th in the value of creditors or members or class thereof present and voting in person or by proxy
No valuation report required
Objection to Compromise, Arrangement and Amalgamation can be made by any
• Shareholder or
• Creditor
Irrespective of their shareholding or outstanding debt
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Buy Back of Share - No compromise or arrangement in respect of any buy-back of securities under this section shall be sanctioned by the Tribunal unless such buy-back is in accordance with the provisions of section 68.
Take Over Offer - Any compromise or arrangement may include takeover offer made in such manner as may be prescribed. Provided, that in case of listed companies, takeover offer shall be as per the regulations framed by the Securities and Exchange Board.
Transfer of Listed Company with Unlisted Company –
• Where the transferor company is a listed company and the transferee company is an unlisted company,—
• (A) the transferee company shall remain an unlisted company until it becomes a listed company;
• (B) if shareholders of the transferor company decide to opt out of the transferee company, provision shall be made for payment of the value of shares held by them and other benefits in accordance with a pre-determined price formula or after a valuation is made, and the arrangements under this provision may be made by the Tribunal
A scheme of compromise or arrangement can include any buy back of securities
A scheme of compromise or arrangement cannot include a takeover offer
No provision under the Act
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Expediting Merger Process – Clause 233 (1)• A scheme of merger or amalgamation may be entered
into between two or more small companies or between a holding company and its wholly-owned subsidiary company or such other class or classes of companies as may be prescribed, subject to the following, namely
• Approval of the ROC
• Approval of Official Liquidator
• Members or class of members holding atleast 90% of the total number of shares
• Majority of creditors or class of creditors representing 9/10th in value
Merger or Amalgamation of an Indian Company with a Foreign Company – Clause 234 - A foreign company, may with the prior approval of the Reserve Bank of India,
• merge into a company registered under this Act or
• vice versa and
• the terms and conditions of the scheme of merger may provide,
• among other things,
• for the payment of consideration to the shareholders
• of the merging company in cash, or
• in Depository Receipts, or
• partly in cash and partly in Depository Receipts,
• as the case may be,
• as per the scheme to be drawn up for the purpose.
No Provision under Companies Act
No Provision under Companies Act
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Purchase of minority shareholding –Clause 236
• In the event of an acquirer, or
• a person acting in concert with such acquirer,
• becoming registered holder of ninety per cent. or
• more of the issued equity share capital of a company, or
• in the event of any person or group of persons becoming ninety per cent.
• Majority or holding ninety per cent. of the issued equity share capital of a company,
• by virtue of an amalgamation, share exchange, conversion of securities or
• for any other reason, such acquirer, person or group of persons, as the case may be,
• shall notify the company of their intention to buy the remaining equity shares
• The acquirer, person or group of persons shall offer a price determined on the basis of valuation by a registered valuer in accordance with such rules as may be prescribed
No provision under the Companies Act
Companies Bill, 2011 Companies Act, 1956
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Rehabiliation, Liquidation and Winding
Up –Chapter XIX & Chapter XX
The entire rehabilitation and liquidation process has been made time bound (Clause 254).
Winding up is to be resorted to only when revival is not feasible.
The Company Administrator shall prepare a scheme of revival and rehabilitation [Clause 261].
If revival scheme is not approved by the creditors, the Tribunal shall order for winding up of the company (Clause 258).
The Tribunal may appoint Provisional Liquidator of the company till the making of a winding up order (Clause 273).
The Company Liquidator may, with the sanction of the Tribunal, appoint one or more professionals including Company Secretaries to assist him in the performance of his duties and functions under the Act (Clause 291)
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About the Author
CA. Rajkumar S Adukia is an eminent business consultant, academician, writer, and speaker. He is the senior partner of Adukia & Associates.
In addition to being a Chartered Accountant, Company Secretary, Cost Accountant, MBA, Dip IFR (UK), Mr. Adukia also holds a Degree in Law and Diploma in Labor Laws and IPR.
Mr. Adukia, a rank holder from Bombay University completed the Chartered Accountancy examination with 1st Rank in Inter CA & 6th Rank in Final CA, and 3rd Rank in Final Cost Accountancy Course in 1983.
He started his practice as a Chartered Accountant on 1st July 1983, in the three decades following which he left no stone unturned, be it academic expertise or professional development.
.
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About the Author
He has been coordinating with various Professional Institutions, Associations, Universities, University Grants Commission and other Educational Institutions.
Authored more than 50 books on a vast range of topics including Internal Audit, Bank Audit, SEZ, CARO, PMLA, Anti-dumping, Income Tax Search, Survey and Seizure, IFRS, LLP, Labour Laws, Real estate, ERM, Inbound and Outbound Investments, Green Audit etc.
The author can be reached at [email protected]
Mob – 09820061049 / 09323061049
For more details log on to www.caaa.in