IJEAR Vol. 6, IssuE 2, sPl -2, July - DEc 2016

w w w . i j e a r . o r g 38 InternatIonal Journal of educatIon and applIed research

Issn : 2348-0033 (online) Issn : 2249-4944 (print)

Spatial Distribution of Hydro-Chemical Parameters in Dwarakatirumala Mandal, Westgodavari District, AP, India

1B.Ranjith Kumar, 2R. Harinadha Babu, 3N V V S Prasad 1DST Project, Sir C R Reddy Educational Institutions, Eluru, AP, India

2Dept. of Civil Engineering & Co-PI, Sir C R Reddy college of Engineering, Eluru, AP, India3Reader in Chemistry &PI, Sir C R Reddy (A) College, Eluru, AP, India

AbstractThe suitability of groundwater quality for drinking purpose was assessed in the rural areas of Dwarakatirumala Mandal. Twenty four groundwater samples were collected and various Physico-chemical parameters like pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness(TH), Total alkalinity(TA),content of calcium (Ca2+),magnesium (Mg2+), sodium ( Na ), potassium ( K ), Iron (Fe), chloride(Cl-), fluoride (F- ) ,sulphate (SO4

2-), Nitrite(NO2) DO were determined. The spatial distribution of hydro-chemical parameters were also studied.

KeywordsGround Water, Spatial Distribution, Contour Maps, Dwarakatirumala Mandal

I. Introduction Water is one of the most important resource available on earth surface .It is the basic requirement for human activities, industrial desires, agriculture., etc. Most of the earth surface is covered with water ,but only a very little percentage of it is available as surface and ground water for human use.97% of water on the Earth is salt water. Only 3% percent is potable water in the world. yet the supply of clean, fresh water is steadily decreasing in the world. Water demand exceeds the supply in many parts of the world due to increasing population. Ground water is the major source for drinking purpose all over the world because it has inherent advantages over the surface water. Now a days ground water is being contaminated mainly due to anthropogenic activities.The main objective of the present study is to assess the quality

of the ground water in Dwarakatirumala mandal by determining various physico-chemical parameters using standard analytical methods. 24 drinking water samples were collected from different locations of Dwarakatirumala mandal during September month.

II. About DwarakatirumalaThe West Godavari district is one of the 13 districts of Andhrapradesh. It occupies an area of approximately 7700 square kilometers. It has 46 Mandals out of which 24 are in the Upland Region. Geomorphologically the district can be divided into two major regions viz., alluvial deltaic region and upland areas. The deltaic region mostly constitutes black cotton soils and the upland areas are dominated by the red soils. Dwarakatirumala Mandal consists of 24 panchayats and it lies between 16.82538 to 17.03228 Latitude and 81.21615to 81.36818 Longitude respectively.“Dwaraka Tirumala” is an ancient holy place and a popular pilgrim center in Andhra Pradesh of South India. Dwaraka Tirumala is nearer to ‘Eluru’.

III. Materials and MethodsSampling and geochemical analysis is to assess the drinking quality in different villages of Dwarakatirumala Mandal .A systematic sampling was done in Sept 2015. Twenty four drinking water samples were collected in pre washed polyethylene bottles which were cleaned with acid water and hot water followed by rinsing twice with distilled water. The water samples were analyzed by using procedures of standard methods. The samples were collected at bore wells in the previously rinsed polythene bottles.

Table 1: Instrumental and volumetric methods used for chemical analysis of groundwater in the Dwarakatirumala Mandal area in West Godavari district,Andhra Pradesh, India

IJEAR Vol. 6, IssuE 2, sPl - 2, July - DEc 2016

w w w . i j e a r . o r g InternatIonal Journal of educatIon and applIed research 39

Issn : 2348-0033 (online) Issn : 2249-4944 (print)

Table 2: GPS Details and Villages Names of Dwarakatirumala Mandal S.No Sample

CodeVillage Name Latitude & Longitude

(Degrees)S.No Sample Code Village Name Latitude & Longi-

tude (Degrees)

01 7:1:1S Pangidigudem 16.86013,81.24353 13 7:13:1s Ramasingavaram 17.00830,81.36818

02 7:2:1s M Nagulapalli 16.83916,81.26963 14 7:14:1s Marampalli 16.90731,81.32781

03 7:3:1S Vempadu 16.88911,81.21265 15 7:15:1s Jajulakunta 16.91888,81.31750

04 7:4:1s Gundugolanukunta 16.96320,81.23315 16 7:16:1S Rajupalem 16.91170,81.30480

05 7:5:1s Dwarakatirumala Hills 16.96073,81.25655 17 7:17:1S Tirmulapalem 16.89873,81.27531

06 7:6:1S Ralakunta 16.94966,81.28976 18 7:18:1S Gunnampalli 16.87193,81.31811

07 7:7:1S Komara 16.96753,81.28278 19 7:19:1S Narayanapuram 16.85748,81.29210

08 7:8:1S Kodigudem 16.99231,81.28520 20 7:20:1S P Kannapuram 16.83528,81.31675

09 7:9:1S Ch Pothapalli 17.00516,81.27733 21 7:21:1S Ramannagudem 16.92386,81.22583

10 7:10:1S Maddulagudem 17.01066,81.27406 22 7:22:1S Timmapuram 16.92158,81.24771

11 7:11:1s G Kot5hapalli 16.99920,81.30881 23 7:23:1S Dwarakatirmula 16.95868,81.25320

12 7:12:1s I S Raghavapuram 17.03228,81.32566 24 7:24:1S Dorasanipadu 16.96960,81.25665

Anyalysis of various hydro chemical parameters of the study area is presented in table 3 and the spatial distribution of these parameters also represented using contour maps.

Table 3: Physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples in Dwarakatirumala Mandal in September MonthS.no Sample

Code pH E.C TDS Turbidity Alkal-nity Hardness Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Iron Chloride Flouri

de Nitrite Sulphate Phos-phate DOY

01 7:1:1S 7.76 800 512 000 214 175 55 10.5 36.00 20.71 000 106 0.2340 000 27 000 4.8

02 7:2:1s 7.83 1700 1088 000 286 315 113 6.7 76.00 30.45 000 35.3 0.137 000 68 000 3.6

03 7:3:1S 7.37 700 448 000 232 175 55 4.8 42.00 17.05 000 77.2 0.307 000 53 000 4.0

04 7:4:1s 7.71 700 448 000 260 185 50 8.7 38.00 21.92 000 74.2 0.170 000 24 000 4.0

05 7:5:1s 8.06 700 448 001 298 170 53 10.5 30.00 23.14 000 56.3 0.225 000 64 000 4.4

06 7:6:1S 7.06 700 448 000 178 130 60.5 15.3 32.00 12.18 000 75.5 0.107 000 43 000 4.0

07 7:7:1S 6.60 700 448 000 40 25 0.7 5.2 2.00 4.87 000 56.4 0.006 000 71 000 5.6

08 7:8:1S 7.51 200 128 000 356 195 123 16.2 42.00 21.92 000 52.3 0.257 000 14 000 4.0

09 7:9:1S 7.46 1100 704 000 296 155 74 8.3 36.00 15.83 000 17.9 0.146 000 32 000 3.6

10 7:10:1S 7.64 600 384 001 352 220 79 9.1 48.00 24.36 000 54.6 0.082 000 14 000 4.0

11 7:11:1s 7.73 1000 640 001 490 265 40 10.2 38.00 41.41 000 173 0.441 000 32 000 4.0

12 7:12:1s 7.91 1100 704 000 266 195 01 11.8 44.00 20.71 000 111 0.151 000 14 000 3.6

13 7:13:1s 6.36 800 512 004 50 65 10 5.9 8.00 10.96 000 24.3 0.015 000 40 000 3.6

14 7:14:1s 7.21 200 128 000 108 110 44 9.2 26.00 10.96 000 62.9 0.074 000 09 000 3.6

15 7:15:1s 7.50 500 320 000 304 220 37 8.8 54.00 20.71 000 97.4 0.137 000 27 000 4.4

16 7:16:1s 6.74 500 320 001 40 35 01 5.3 4.00 6.09 000 4.40 0.082 000 14 000 3.6

17 7:17:1S 7.13 200 128 000 184 110 102 5.2 34.00 6.09 000 53.4 0.152 000 10 000 3.6

18 7:18:1s 6.85 500 320 000 236 185 108 9.7 44.00 18.27 000 107 0.149 000 14 000 4.8

19 7:19:1s 6.82 1300 832 000 44 55 147 10.7 6.00 9.74 000 15.3 0.167 000 10 000 4.0

20 7:20:1s 7.41 200 128 001 338 290 190 11.8 54.00 37.76 000 192 0.161 000 14 000 6.8

21 7:21:1S 7.90 700 448 001 296 150 62 15.3 40.00 12.18 000 35.1 0.392 000 38 000 4.4

22 7:22:1S 7.42 1000 640 001 288 215 115 6.1 54.00 19.49 000 91.8 0.755 000 25 000 4.4

23 7:23:1S 7.80 500 320 001 204 135 52 3.6 28.00 15.83 000 30.7 0.216 000 80 000 4.4

24 7:24:1S 7.67 900 576 001 268 200 135 3.2 44.00 21.92 000 76.4 0.131 000 42 000 4.4

IJEAR Vol. 6, IssuE 2, sPl -2, July - DEc 2016

w w w . i j e a r . o r g 40 InternatIonal Journal of educatIon and applIed research

Issn : 2348-0033 (online) Issn : 2249-4944 (print)

The concentration of pH in the study area varies from 6.36 to 8.06 .The value of pH is low in the central part of the study area and increases towards southwest and northwest direction as shown in fig. 1.

The EC values in the study area are lies in between 200 to 1700 and TDS values are ranges from 128 to 1088. The spatial distribution of EC and TDS were similar with higher values in south direction. as shown in figure 2&3.

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

EC DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

TDS DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

The Alkalinity values in the study area are lies in between 40 to 490 and the Total Hardness values are ranges from 25to 315.The Spatial distribution of TA,TH Were almost similar which are having lower values in the central part and increses towards north, south east directions as shown in figure 4&5.

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

ALKALINITY DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

HARDNESS DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

The Calcium values in the study area are lies in between 02 to 54 and the Magnesium values are ranges from 4.87 to 37.76.The Spatial distribution of Ca,Mg Were almost similar which are having lower values in the central part and increses towards north, south east directions as shown in figure 6&7.

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

CALCIUM DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

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w w w . i j e a r . o r g InternatIonal Journal of educatIon and applIed research 41

Issn : 2348-0033 (online) Issn : 2249-4944 (print)

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

MAGNESIUM DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

The concentration of sodium varies in the study area is 01-147.The concentration of Sodium decreses from southeast directions towards central part as in figure 8.

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

SODIUM DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

The concentration of potassium in the study area varies from 3.2-15.3ppm.The maximum concentration is present in the central part of the study area and towards west direction as shown in the fig. 9.

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

POTASSIUM DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

The spatial distribution of Chloride in the study area is as shown in the fig 10,which has low concentration in central part of the study area and increases towards outer part.The concentration of Chloride ranges from 4.4 to 173ppm.

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

CHLORIDE DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

The concentration of Fluoride in the study area ranges from 0.006 to 0.755ppm. The spatial distribution of Fluoride is different compared to remaining parameters as shown in fig. 11, which has two different zones having maximum value.

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

FLOURIDE DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

The concentration of Sulphate in the study area lies in between 9-80 ppm.The concentration is maximum in central part and decreases towards outer part of the study area except in southwest direction.

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02Latitude

SULPHATE DISTRIBUTION

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

Long

itude

16.84 16.86 16.88 16.9 16.92 16.94 16.96 16.98 17 17.02

81.22

81.24

81.26

81.28

81.3

81.32

81.34

81.36

IJEAR Vol. 6, IssuE 2, sPl -2, July - DEc 2016

w w w . i j e a r . o r g 42 InternatIonal Journal of educatIon and applIed research

Issn : 2348-0033 (online) Issn : 2249-4944 (print)

Table 4: Classification of Ground Water Samples on the basis of HARDNESSs.no Description Hardness(mg/L) No of samples1 soft 0-75 042 Moderately hard 75-150 053 Hard 150-300 144 Very hard >300 01

Table 5: Classification of ground water samples on the basis of TDS

s.no Description TDS Value(mg/L)

No of samples

1 Very low mineral concentration 0-50 00

2 Low mineral concentration 50-500 15

3 Intermediate mineral concentration 500-1500 09

4 High mineral concentration >1500 00

IV. AcknowledgementThe authours are thankful to SIR CR REDDY Group of Educational Institutions, Eluru to provide necessary infrastructure to complete this work.

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