nxapp guide1 shooting 2

7/25/2019 Nxapp Guide1 Shooting 2

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Settings for intermediate users


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42 Shooting Guide Book

Once you have become quite accustomed to camera operations,

it is time to move on from automatic shooting to bring out your

personality through your shots. It is a lot of fun to depart from

Smart Auto or SCENE mode and use Aperture Priority Mode (A),

Shutter Priority Mode (S), or Program Mode (P) where you can ad-

just the settings as you desire.

First step to manual operationsSelection of shooting modes


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43Settings for intermediate users

Program (P) mode sets the optimal shutter speed and aperture au-

tomatically but the user can change the combination of aperture

and shutter speed by using the jog dial on the top. However, the

brightness stays the same as there is no dierence in the overall

exposure level. If you want to change the exposure levels, then you

must use the exposure compensation function. Let's take a look at

how the aperture and shutter values in the LCD screen change by

turning the jog dial on the top and try shooting.

Convenient auto exposureProgram (P) mode

P mode

F8 1/320s

ISO100

For typical snap shots, program mode settings are not needed.


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F-Value

The aperture is expressed through the f-value. The f-value is the

focal distance of the lens divided by the eective aperture of the

lens. For example, a focal distance of 50mm and eective aper-

ture of 25mm yields an f-value of 2. In this way, a smaller aperture

provides a greater f-value, and a larger aperture provides a smaller

f-value.

The aperture acts like the iris in the pupil of a human eye. In dark

places, the aperture opens up to provide more light to the image

sensor, and closes to reduce light in bright places. The aperture is a

tool that helps decide the EV along with shutter speed.

Adjusting the lens apertureAperture

f1.4 f2 f2.8 f4 f5.6 f8 f11 f16 f22 f32


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Adjusting aperture to change in the amount of light

Depending on the change of the aperture, the amount of light

that passes through to the lens changes. The exposure amount

of one level of aperture is 1EV. An increase in 1EV increases the

amount of light to twice the amount, and a decrease of 1EV de-

creases the amount of light to half. Two levels yield a change of

four times, and three levels yield a change of eight times in the

amount of light. Depending on the camera, you can nely adjust

the amount of light in units of or levels.

Wider aperture Narrower apertureOptimum exposure


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Depth of eld

Depth of eld refers to scope of vividness, proximal and distal, to

the focal point. The scope of focus changes during shots due to

numerous variables. Therefore, it is important for the user to ad-just the depth of eld to shoot a photo. There are three methods

of adjusting the depth of eld: aperture adjustment, lens selection,

and change in shooting distance.

Lens selection and depth of eld

A telephoto lens with a long focal length makes the depth of eld

shallower, whereas wide-angle lenses make the depth of eld

deeper. The reason telephoto lenses are used for portrait photos is

because the out-focus eect emphasizes the portrait in contrast to

the background. On the other hand, wide-angle lenses are used for

landscapes to provide deep perspective and vividness to photos.

Aperture and depth of eld

The more open the aperture value, the shallower the depth of eld

becomes to obtain an out-of-focus eect that provides a naturally

blurry photo. Conversely, closing the aperture creates a the deeper

depth of eld. Therefore, the entire screen becomes sharper.

Scope of focusDepth of eld


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Shooting distance and depth of eld

Aperture adjustment and lens selection together with shooting

distance between subject and camera greatly inuence depth

of eld. A shorter shooting distance makes for a shallow depth of

eld, whereas a longer distance makes for a deep depth of eld.

A wide-angle lens can be used to receive an out-focus eect if

shot at a close distance, and a telephoto lens can be used to shoot

something far away and leave no out-focus eect.

A photo with a background organized

through an open aperture.

A landscape photo with deep perspective

through a closed aperture.


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Aperture Priority Mode lets the user manually set the aperture.

It is a semi-automatic exposure mode that sets the correct shut-

ter speed as needed based on your chosen aperture setting.

This mode is used often to adjust the depth of eld based on the

changes in the aperture. By opening the aperture, you can obtain

an out-focus eect where the background becomes blurry, or you

can tighten the aperture to create a pan focus eect where the

screen becomes more vivid.

Warning for low shutter speed

One thing to watch out for is that if the aperture is tightened too

much, the amount of light decreases and the shutter speed slows

down and this can lead to camera shake in low light environments.Therefore, it is important to check the change in shutter speed

while adjusting the aperture.

Preventing camera blur with shutter speed

Normally, the shutter speed required to prevent a blurred

photo varies depending on the focal length of the lens. The

minimum shutter speed should not be less than 1/60 sec. As

an example, the minimum shutter speed for a 100mm lens is

1/100 sec and the minimum shutter speed for a 200mm lens

is over 1/200 sec to prevent blurring.

Manually adjusting the aperture throughAperture Priority (A) mode


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Far Close

In order to make the depth of field shallow, it is effective to approach close to

the subject and place the background far away.

The more open the aperture, the shallower the depth of field. It becomes tighter and deeper.

A telephoto makes the depth of field shallower, whereas a wide-angle lens makes it deeper.

The closer the shooting distance, the shallower the depth of field. It becomes further and deeper.

TipAdjusting depth of field

Far background Close background

A photo taken at F1.4 using an 85mm lens. In order to make the depth of field shal -

low, it is effective to put the background far away.


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The shutter of the camera opens and closes in front of the image sensor and adjusts

the amount of light according to the time that the sensor is exposed to light. Some

shutters operate mechanically, physically opening and shutting, and some work elec-tronically. Shutter speed also aects how the motion of a moving subject is conveyed

together with a change in the amount of light.

Adjusting shutter speed and change in the amount of light

The shutter adjusts the amount of light along with the aperture. In terms of the hu-

man eye, it is like the eye lid. The shutter adjusts the amount of light by the speed of

opening and closing. Fast shutter speeds are faster than 1/250 of a second, whereas

shutter speeds slower than 1/30 of a second are considered slow shutter speeds.

Similar to the aperture, one level of adjustment is equivalent to two times the change

in the amount of light.

Determining exposure timewith shutter speed

Adjusting the shutter speed to convey motion

Shutter speed also aects how the motion of a moving subject is conveyed. When

shooting with a slow shutter speed, there is no dierence in the background. However,

fast moving subjects are shown as if they are owing. On the other hand, fast shutter

speeds can capture quickly moving objects and scenes that are even dicult to catch

with the human eye, freezing them in time.

Shutter speed

+1EV

-1EV

Exposure level

1/2s 1/4s 1/8s 1/15s 1/30s


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S mode

F20 1/10s

ISO100

S mode automatically sets the aperture with the optimum exposure based on manual

shutter speed settings by the user. It is more eective than depth of eld by providing

stable shutter speed adjustment to prevent blur or to express the dynamics of a mov-

ing subject.

One thing to watch out for is that a fast shutter speed in situations with low light, such

as cloudy days or indoors situations. In these cases, it may not be possible to get the

sensor enough light, even with a wide open aperture. In this case, it may not be the

right EV. In this type of situation, a warning display is shown. You must lower the shut-

ter speed little by little to set the right EV.

Manually adjusting the shutter speed throughShutter Priority (S) mode

A bulb shutter refers to leaving the shutter open for long period of time while

pressing the shutter button. It is used for situations where long exposures are

needed, such as night shots.

TipBulb Shutter


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M mode is a shooting mode that requires the user to manually set

both the shutter speed and aperture. In this mode, exposure com-

pensation has no meaning and does not function. You must look

at the exposure meter to set and adjust the EV manually.

It may be a hassle to adjust the aperture and shutter speed for

every shot, but the advantage is that the optimum exposure valuecan be freely adjusted. It is a good idea for beginners to practice

with M mode to learn the concept of exposure.

When using exposure within 3EV of optimum exposure as meas-

ured by the camera, there is no need to use M mode. This is be-

cause the exposure compensation in the aperture priority and

shutter priority modes can provide the same eect as M mode.

In cases where the values of the exposure meter are meaningless,

such as night shots or when you do not need to shoot photos that

escape the range of 3EV, then M mode is not necessary.

Manually adjusting the aperture and shutter speedthrough Manual (M) mode


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To adjust with M mode, you must follow the exposure meter dis-

play shown at the bottom of the screen. When you adjust the shut-

ter and aperture, the exposure meter moves left (-) and right (+).

The exposure display must be placed at (0) for optimum exposure

based on the exposure meter.

Going towards the right (+) refers to overexposure, and going to-

wards the left (-) refers to a state of underexposure. If you want +1

overexposure, then you can adjust the direction to (1).

Adjust the correct brightness for photoswith optimum exposure adjustment

A red mark on the exposure status shown in the (-) direction

means not enough exposure and in the (+) direction means

too much exposure.

ApertureShutter speed

Depending on the settings

of shooting mode, the screen

display may be dierent.

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