Nutrition Through the Life Cycle

Infant Nutrition

Caloric Needs

• Birth–3 months– 102 kcals/kg

• 4-6 months– 82 kcals/kg

• 7-12 months– 80 kcals/kg

• 13-35 months– 82 kcal/kg

Breastfeeding

• The preferred feeding for all infants.– The American Academy of

Pediatrics

• Many benefits

Benefits of Breastfeeding

• Optimal amounts of protein, carbohydrate, and fat

• Protection against infection and allergies

• Low risk of contamination• Reduced incidence of:

diarrhea, ear infections and necrotizing enterocolitis, etc.

• Increased bonding between mother and infant

• Earlier return to pre-pregnancy weight

Rates of Breastfeeding in the U.S.

• In 2007– 74% of mothers initiated

breastfeeding– 42% continued to 6 months

• In 2001– 69.5% of mothers initiated

breastfeeding– 32% continued to 6 months

Rates of Breastfeeding in the U.S.

• Lower rates among:

– Less educated individuals – Single, young, or employed

– African American & Hispanic populations

The Healthy People 2010 Goals

• Achieve initiation rates of 75%

• Rates of breastfeeding at 6 months of 50%

• Rates of breastfeeding at 12 months of 25%

Formulas

• Appropriate substitute for feeding

• Available in 3 forms:– Ready to feed– Concentrated liquid– Powder

Formulas Cont.

• Standard Cow Milk based • Soy• Protein hydrolysate• Amino Acid based• Follow-up formulas• Cow milk

Transition to Solid Foods

• Start with rice cereal • Then vegetables & fruits• Introduce only one new

food at a time• Wean from breast or

bottle around 1 year old

Introduction of Solids

Transition to Table Foods

• From 12 to 24 months old– Increase variety of table

foods – Increase texture of foods

( from puree to chunky to small pieces)

Feeding 12–24 months

Milk and Milk Products

4 servings

Meat and ProteinFoods

2 servings

Breads, Cereals and Starches

4 or more servings

Fruits and Vegetable

4 or more servings

Fats and Oils

3 servings

4-6 ounces whole milk and milk products

½ -1 ounce meat or egg ¼ cup

legumes

½ - 1 slice bread,

¼ - ½ cup cereal, rice

or pasta

3 ounces juice (limit to one serving) and 1-2 tablespoons fruits and vegetables

Do not limit

Foods to Avoid

• Peanut butter, shell fish, and honey

• Chocking hazards: nuts, raw carrots, popcorn, round candy, hot dogs and grapes

Growth

• By 1 year:– Birth wt. triples – Length increases 50%

• Monitored closely• Growth charts

– Boys/Girls Birth-36 month

– Boys/Girls 2-20 years– Syndrome specific

"To eat is a necessity, but to eat intelligently is

an art."- La Rochefoucauld

This material was funded by USDA’s Food Stamp Program through the California Department of Public Health’s Network for a Healthy California. These institutions are equal opportunity providers and employers. The Food Stamp Program provides nutrition assistance to people with low income. It can help buy nutritious foods for a better diet. For information on the Food Stamp Program, call 1-888-328-3483.