nutrition and reproduction are key parameters in the...
TRANSCRIPT
lf rem
e r
Nutrition and reproduction are key parameters in the interaction process leading to Crassostrea gigas oyster
summer mortality in France
Nutrition and reproduction are key Nutrition and reproduction are key parameters in the interaction process parameters in the interaction process leading to leading to CrassostreaCrassostrea gigasgigas oyster oyster
summer mortality in Francesummer mortality in France
JF Samain, L.Degremont, P.Soletchnik, M.Ropert, E.Bedier, J. Mazurié, JL.Martin, J.Moal, M.Mathieu, S.Pouvreau, C.Lambert, V.Boulo, JL.Nicolas, F.Le Roux, T.Renault, T.Burgeot, C.Bacher, J.Knoery, A.Huvet, P.Boudry as representatives of Morest partners
Styli 2003 Npumea
lf rem
e r
GeneticsAge
PhysiologyDefenceNutrition
HOST PATHOGEN
ENVIRONMENT
Genetics
VirulenceNutrition
Temperature, Salinity, O2, Trophic conditions, Stress and Pollution
SummerSummer mortalitymortality isis a a multifactorialmultifactorial systemsystem
…2001-2006 MOREST Partnership 15 labs and 70 contributors
lf rem
e r3 main issues3 main issues3 main issues
WhatWhat are are thethe differentdifferent main main factorsfactors implicatedimplicated in in summersummermortalitymortality ??
How How cancan wewe rankrank thesethese factorsfactors in an interaction in an interaction processprocess??
FromFrom thisthis knowledgeknowledge, , cancan wewe performperform a a riskrisk analysisanalysis andandwhatwhat are are thethe possibilitiespossibilities to to forecastforecast andand preventprevent C.gigas C.gigas oysteroyster summersummer mortalitiesmortalities??
lf rem
e r
5
7
9
1 1
1 3
1 5
1 7
1 9
2 1
Tem
péra
ture
moy
enne
(PM
±1h)
B D V
1/ 1/ TemperatureTemperature : a : a windowwindow of of riskrisk isis openedopened overover 19°C 19°C
0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.001.101.201.30
janv 00 juil 00 janv 01 juil 01 janv 02 juil 02 janv 03 juil 03 janv 04 juil 04% M
orta
lité
Jour
naliè
re M
oyen
5
7
9
1 1
1 3
1 5
1 7
1 9
2 1
Tem
péra
ture
moy
enne
(PM
±1h)
B D V
lf rem
e rSurface Surface temperaturetemperature NOAA (NOAA (meanmean of last 15 of last 15 yearsyears andand
for 10 for 10 daysdays//mapmap((AtlanticAtlantic area)area)
lf rem
e r
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 41 2 3 4 1 2 3 4june july august september
Mortality dynamics in France
Arcachon
Marennes
Bretagne
Normandie
P P
P P
P
P
lf rem
e r2/ Reproduction and temperature2/ Reproduction and temperature
Gametogenesis stages
North : DELAY
For temperature
For gametogenesisFor mortality
In the field, mortality occurs when oysters are at stage III. Depends on the temperature increase
89
1011121314151617181920212223
891011121314151617181920212223
avr mai juin juil août sept oct
2002
Temperature
lf rem
e r
R. d’Auraysummer 2 18 mois18 mois 7,6 6,2 ----
summer 1 6 mois 6 mois 29,0 27,1 58,5
cumulated 34,4 31,6 > 58,5
G1 G2 G3
…mortality is mainly the first year, and a very low mortality rate is observed the second year
In areas demonstrating a rapid temperature increase…
Auray
lf rem
e r
Baie des Veysété 2 18 mois18 mois 29,0
été 1 6 mois 6 mois 4,0
cumulée 31,8
G3
Mortality in the first or the second year depends on the thermal regime of the area
In cold areas, the main mortality is on the second year. Less than one year old oysters are preserved from mortality on this site.
Baie des Veys
lf rem
e rTemperature 19°CTemperature 19°C
TheThe date of date of thethe major major riskrisk dependsdepends on on thethe geographicgeographiclocation of location of thethe cultivatedcultivated area.area.
ItIt cancan bebe predictedpredicted for one site in a for one site in a windowwindow of 15 of 15 daysdays..
Cold areas : are to Cold areas : are to bebe identifiedidentified because because theythey dont dont demonstratedemonstrate anyany summersummer mortalitymortality eventevent thethe firstfirst yearyear. . Can Can bebe valorizedvalorized in in thethe future .future .
In areas In areas demonstratingdemonstrating a a rapidrapid temperaturetemperature increaseincrease, , mortalitymortality cancan affect affect lessless thanthan one one yearyear oysteroyster
lf rem
e r
Food level controls the reproduction intensity
Juvenile and adult reproductive effort is similar in the same trophic condition
0
20
40
60
80
100
Gon
ad a
rea
on h
isto
gica
l slid
e (%
) Low Food LevelHigh Food Level
F M A M J J A S O N
Induced spawning
*
**
*
*
*
0
20
40
60
80
100
A M J J A
*
**
18 months old (2002)
6 month old (2004)
CN1CN3
CN0CN1CN3
3- Food level and reproduction:
ExperimentalExperimental approachapproach
lf rem
e r4- Reproduction level and mortality after experimental infections (V. splendidus Mel 31) 4- Reproduction level and mortality afterafter experimentalexperimental infections (V. infections (V. splendidussplendidus MelMel 31)31)
At the end of gametogenesis, mortality resulting from experimental infection was increasing with trophic and reproductive levels.
18 months (2002) 6 months (2004)
0
20
40
60
80
CN0 CN1 CN3
Mor
talit
és J
2 (%
)
cohabitation
0
20
40
60
80
CN1 CN3
Mor
talit
és J
4 (%
)
injection
lf rem
e rReproduction cost (respiration)Reproduction Reproduction costcost (respiration)(respiration)
0
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5T e m p e r a tu r e (° C )
Res
pira
tion
rate
(mgO
2.h-1
.cm
-1) C N 3
C N 1C N 0
Gametogenesis is energy expensive
Metabolic demand increased with temperature
- with reproductive stages
- with food level which controls reproduction effort
Energetic aspects :
lf rem
e rEnergy budgetEnergyEnergy budgetbudget
40
50
60
70
80
Abs
orpt
ion
effic
ienc
y (A
E, %
) CN0
CN1CN3
AVRIL MAI JUIN JUILLET
Ingestion increased with food level and gametogenesis intensitybut absorption efficiency decreased
0
30
60
90C
onso
mm
atio
n in
divi
duel
le
(10
6 cell
.h-1
.ind-1
)CN0CN1CN3
Ponte
AVRIL MAI JUIN JUILLET
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
Température (°C)
Ass
imila
ted
ener
gy (J
.h-1
.g-1
) Gigarepro 2004Gigarepro 2003Gigarepro 2002Bougrier et al. (1995)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
Température (°C)
Ass
imila
ted
ener
gy (J
.h-1
.g-1
) Gigarepro 2004Gigarepro 2003Gigarepro 2002Bougrier et al. (1995)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
Température (°C)
Ass
imila
ted
ener
gy (J
.h-1
.g-1
) Gigarepro 2004Gigarepro 2003Gigarepro 2002Bougrier et al. (1995)
Energy acquisition decreased beyond 20°C temperature for mature oysters
(Without gametogenesis)
(With gametogenesis)
Energetic aspects :
lf rem
e r
Susceptible: 43 %Resistant : 7 %Control 2N: 24%Control 3N: 7%Wild spat (15%)
Auray site
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Z L P F C AD
AB
M J X U W T Q CNA
CNF
AC
R D S I Y H A N K
Mor
talit
és (%
)
5- Genetic effect : divergent generation G2
Possible selection and high heritability
lf rem
e rReproductive effort: 18 months
R and S AURAY 2002 Reproductive effort: 18 months
R and S AURAY 2002
MORTALITY
Histologie quantitative
-- In 2002 the reproductive strategy appeared different for R and S.
- S had a higher reproductive effort
- R had a total spawning contrary to S
- Mortality affected S
0%
10%
20%
30%
May-1rst 31-May 30-June 30-July 29-Aug
Cum
ulat
ive
Mor
talit
y(%
)
0
25
50
75
100
16-avr 17-mai 16-juin 17-juil 16-août 16-sept 16-oct
Date
Gon
adPe
rcen
tage
in to
tal
(%)
SR
GONAD
19°C
19°C
Quantitative histology
LPI S.Pouvreau
lf rem
e r
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
6 5
7 0
11-m
ars
18-m
ars
25-m
ars
1-av
r
8-av
r
15-a
vr
22-a
vr
29-a
vr
6-m
ai
13-m
ai
20-m
ai
27-m
ai
3-ju
in
10-ju
in
17-ju
in
24-ju
in
1-ju
il
8-ju
il
15-ju
il
22-ju
il
29-ju
il
5-ao
ût
12-a
oût
19-a
oût
26-a
oût
2-se
pt
9-se
pt
16-s
ept
indi
ce d
e W
alne
- M
ann
1 5 c m 7 0 c m
mars maiavril juin juillet août sep2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
6 5
7 0
11-m
ars
18-m
ars
25-m
ars
1-av
r
8-av
r
15-a
vr
22-a
vr
29-a
vr
6-m
ai
13-m
ai
20-m
ai
27-m
ai
3-ju
in
10-ju
in
17-ju
in
24-ju
in
1-ju
il
8-ju
il
15-ju
il
22-ju
il
29-ju
il
5-ao
ût
12-a
oût
19-a
oût
26-a
oût
2-se
pt
9-se
pt
16-s
ept
indi
ce d
e W
alne
- M
ann
1 5 c m 7 0 c m
mars maiavril juin juillet août sepmars maiavril juin juillet août sep
Evolution du potentiel toxique des eaux et sédiments à Perquis
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
14 mai 0
3
26 mai 0
3
23 juin 03
09 sept 0
3
% n
et d
'ano
mal
ies
eausediment
1 month NH4+ increased in the sediment and foram
population decreased
Toxicity in the sediment and water column
1 month decrease of dry weight in oyster
Oyster mortality higher near by the sediment
6- Stress is necessary : effect of sediment proximity 6- Stress is necessary : effect of sediment proximity
lf rem
e r
HSP increased in S oyster contrary to R ones40
6080
100120140160180200220240
19-a
pr23
-apr
27-a
pr1-
may
5-m
ay9-
may
13
-may
17-m
ay21
-may
25-m
ay29
-may
2-ju
ne6-
june
10-ju
ne14
-june
18-ju
ne22
-june
26-ju
ne
HS
P
HSP-R15 HSP-R70HSP-S15 HSP-S70
S15
S70
R70
R15
mg
70 /g
pro
t
-203080
130180230280330380
22/0
4/20
03
29/0
4/20
03
06/0
5/20
03
13/0
5/20
03
20/0
5/20
03
27/0
5/20
03
03/0
6/20
03
10/0
6/20
03
17/0
6/20
03
24/0
6/20
03
mg
egg
prot
ein/
mg
DW
oys
ter
S 15R 15
-203080
130180230280330380
22/0
4/20
03
29/0
4/20
03
06/0
5/20
03
13/0
5/20
03
20/0
5/20
03
27/0
5/20
03
03/0
6/20
03
10/0
6/20
03
17/0
6/20
03
24/0
6/20
03
mg
egg
ptot
ein/
oyst
erD
W S 70R 70
70 cm
15 cm
Sediment
HSP70
Ovocyte mg/DWmg
Partial spawnings and rematuration processes were more intense near by the sediment for S oysters.
Why? Sediment stress and reproduction interactions?
6- Stress is necessary : effect of sediment proximity
6- Stress is necessary : effect of sediment proximity
lf rem
e r
Hyalinocytes
0
50
100
150
200
April May
June
July
AugustSep
tember
RO
S pr
oduc
tion
(arb
itrar
y un
it)R
S
0
5
10
15
20
25
April May June July August September
Phag
ocyt
osis
(% a
ctiv
e ce
lls)
R
S
Hyalinocytes
0,E+00
1,E+05
2,E+05
3,E+05
4,E+05
5,E+05
6,E+05
7,E+05
April May June July August September
conc
entrat
ion
(cell p
er m
L) R
S
Phagocytosis
Hyalinocytesconcentration
ROS
In experimental conditions : hemocyte activities
HSP 701 HSP 70 only increased in S oysters when temperature increased from 13 to 19°C
Catalaseand SOD2
A catalase activity and a SOD expression decreased more in S oyster compared to R ones
3ROS increased in S oyster
for 2 months before mortality
4 Phagocytosis increased a month before mortality
5 Hyalinocyte concentration increased more on S oyster
vs R ones just before mortality
lf rem
e r
-- OysterOyster nearnear by by thethe sedimentsediment (15cm) (2003)(15cm) (2003)Injected DonorRecipient oyster
40%92%85%43%94%
16 May16 June8 July
16 July31 July
3.3%87%95%23%35%
Transmission : higher susceptibility of recipient oysters between June 16th and July 31rst near by the sediment (15cm) (2003)
ExperimentalExperimental infections: challenge by cohabitation infections: challenge by cohabitation VibrioVibrio splendidussplendidus ((MelMel 32)32)
7- Infection is conditional :7- Infection is conditional :
lf rem
e r
Débits et Flux en nitrates et MES (moy annuelles total BDV)Mortalités moyennes
0
20
40
60
93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03
m3/s % mort
0
500
1000
1500
g/s
QFlux NO3Flux MESmort ann
8- Effect of annual water outflow from watersheds on mortality
NO3, Suspended Matter fluxes and Mortality
Annual rain and watershed outflow can be correlated with summer mortality rate
Styli 2003 Npumea
lf rem
e r
Stress Defense
Reproduction
An interaction process between stress, reproduction and defense is shown
OriginOrigin of R of R andand S S geneticgenetic differencedifference?? Looking for the gene concerned…
In conclusion
lf rem
e r11--Temperature 19°CTemperature 19°C
44-- PhytoPhyto levellevel
66--Opportunistic Opportunistic PathogensPathogens
Mortality Date
33--output output fromfromwatershedswatersheds A
mpl
ifica
tion
Environment
22--ReproductionReproduction
77--geneticsgenetics
55--StressStressand
and
Styli 2003 Npumea
lf rem
e rPartnership
PhysiologyLaboratoire Conchylicole de Poitou-Charentes (LCPC),
IFREMER, La TrembladeLaboratoire Conchylicole de Bretagne (LCB), IFREMER, La
Trinité sur mer Laboratoire Conchylicole des Pays de la Loire (LCPL), IFREMER,
BouinLaboratoire Conchylicole de Normandie (LCN), IFREMER,Port en
BessinCentre de Recherche en Ecologie Marine et Aquaculture
(CREMA), CNRS-IFREMER, L’HoumeauLaboratoire de Physiologie des Invertébrés (LPI), IFREMER,
PlouzanéLaboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologies Marines (LBBM),
Université de CaenStation de Biologie Marine, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Concarneau
PathologyLaboratoire de Génétique et
Pathologie (LGP), IFREMER, La Tremblade
Laboratoire de Biologie et d’Environnement Marins (LBEM), Université de la Rochelle
EcotoxicologyDEL/PC, IFREMER, Nantes(en attente 2002)Laboratoire des sciences de
l'environnement marin (LEMAR), Université de Bretagne Occidentale ; Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané
ProfessionStructures régionales
(SMIDAP, CREAA, SMEL, CEPRALMAR)
Ecloseurs-nurseursProducteurs
GeneticsLaboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie
(LGP), IFREMER, La TrembladeSyndicat des Sélectionneurs Avicoles et
Aquacoles Français (SYSAAF), RennesLe Centre Régional d’Expérimentation et
d’Application Aquacole (CREAA), Le Château d’Oléron
ImmunologyDéfense et Résistance chez les
Invertebrés Marins (DRIM), CNRS-IFREMER, Université Montpellier 2
Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin (LEMAR), Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané
Environnement DEL-RA réseaux et
modélisation
15 labs and 70 contributors
Manythank
s to all
of the
MOREST communi
ty