nutrition and growth. every living organism must acquire 2 things from its environment if it is to...
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NUTRITION AND GROWTH
• EVERY LIVING ORGANISM MUST ACQUIRE 2 THINGS FROM ITS ENVIRONMENT IF IT IS TO GROW AND REPRODUCE:
• STRUCTURAL UNITS
• ENERGY SOURCE
• GROUPING ORGANISMS BASED ON NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS:
• PHOTOHETEROTROPHS
• PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
• CHEMOHETEROTROPHS
• CHEMOAUTOTROPHS
• EXAMPLES OF ORGANISMS FOUND IN EACH GROUP
• HOW DO ORGANISMS ACQUIRE THEIR NUTRITIONAL NEEDS?
• IT IS PROVIDED TO THEM IN A MEDIUM• MEDIA - LAB OR ENVIRONMENT• ALL MEDIA MUST HAVE THE FOLLOWING
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS FOR GROWTH- CARBON (C)- NITROGEN (N)
- WATER(H2O)- MINERALS(S,P,Ca,Mg,Na, etc.)
• CARBON SOURCES: 1)CARBON DIOXIDE; 2)CARBOHYDRATES
• CARBOHYDRATES ARE SELECTED BECAUSE:
• WATER SOLUBLE
• READILY ACCESSIBLE IN LAB AND NATURE
• USUALLY NON TOXIC IN DILUTE CONCENTRATION
• EASILY OXIDIZED AND REDUCED, LITTLE MODIFICATION NEEDED
• SOME ORGANISMS CAN NOT USE CARBOHYDRATES AS A CARBON SOURCE.
• THEY WILL USE ALCOHOLS, AMINO ACIDS, FATS, ETC.
• NITROGEN SOURCES: 1) INORGANIC; 2) ORGANIC• INORGANIC SOURCE : NITROGEN GAS(N2) OR
NH4CL/(NH4)2SO4
- NITROGEN FIXATION
- SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS.
ORGANIC NITROGEN SOURCE
• PROTEIN• BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS ARE
AMINO ACIDS
• PRIMARY, SECONDARY,TERTIARY,AND QUATENARY SRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
• MINERALS: • MICRONUTRIENTS: ZN, CU, CO, MN, MO
• MACRONUTRIENTS: P, Mg, Ca, S, Na
• WATER - BIOLOGICAL SOLVENT THAT COMPOSES 80-85% OF THE WEIGHT OF CELLS.
• SUBSTANCES WHICH MAY BE ADDED TO MEDIA BUT ARE NOT ALWAYS REQUIRED.
- GROWTH FACTORS
- BUFFERS
- SOLIDIFYING AGENTS
• STERILIZATION OF MEDIA- AUTOCLAVING
- FILTRATION
a) NEGATIVE
b) POSITIVE
CLASSIFICATION OF MEDIA
• SYNTHETIC OR CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIA
• A CHEMICAL FORMULA CAN BE WRITTEN FOR EVERY INGREDIENT
• COMPLEX MEDIA• A CHEMICAL FORMULA CANNOT BE
WRITTEN FOR EVERY INGREDIENT
OXYGEN GAS REQUIREMENTS OF MICROORGANISMS
• OBLIGATE AEROBES• FACULTATIVES• AEROTOLERANTS• MICROAEROPHILICS• OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
GROWTH• DEFINITION: INCREASE IN MICROBIAL MASS OR
INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CELLS
• GENERATION TIME: THE TIME IT TAKES AN ORGANISM TO REPRODUCE
– BINARY FISSION
– SHORTER FOR PROCARYOTES THAN EUCARYOTES
– ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS GENERATION TIME
WE CAN DEMONSTRATE TYPICAL BACTERIAL GROWTH BY PREPARING A
POPULATION GROWTH CURVE.
• THE BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE– LAG PHASE– LOG OR EXPONENTIAL PHASE– STATIONARY PHASE– DEATH OR DECLINE PHASE