nutrient role in bioenergetics
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Nutrient Role in Bioenergetics. Chapter 4. Bioenergetics. Bioenergetics refers to the flow of energy within a living system. Energy is the capacity to do work. Aerobic reactions require oxygen. Anaerobic reactions do not require oxygen. Bioenergetics. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Nutrient Role in Bioenergetics
Chapter 4
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Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics refers to the flow of energy within a living system.
Energy is the capacity to do work. Aerobic reactions require oxygen. Anaerobic reactions do not require
oxygen.
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Bioenergetics
First law – Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but instead, transforms from one state to another without being used up.
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Bioenergetics
There are six forms of interchangeable energy states:• Chemical• Light • Electric• Mechanical• Heat • Nuclear
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Bioenergetics
The process of photosynthesis is a chemical reaction.
Chlorophyll absorbs radiant energy: To synthesize glucose from carbon
dioxide and water To release oxygen.
Solar energy and photosynthesis provide power to the animal world through food and oxygen.
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Bioenergetics
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Photosynthesis
What is the equation for the chemical reaction of photosynthesis?
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Bioenergetics
Respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis.
C6H12O6 + O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
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Cellular Respiration
Organism transforms the chemical energy into a form it can use. Cellular Respiration-Step by step process
Glucose Lipids Amino acids
Heat
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Bioenergetics
Takes one of three forms:• Mechanical work of muscle contraction• Chemical work for synthesizing cellular
molecules• Transport work that concentrates diverse
substances in body fluids
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Bioenergetics
Potential energy Energy associated with a substance’s
structure or position. Kinetic energy
Energy of motion. Potential energy and kinetic energy
The total energy of any system.
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Bioenergetics
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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Bioenergetics
Cellular Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Constitute the mechanism for energy
metabolism Redox reactions power the transfer
process of energy
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Bioenergetics
Oxidation–reduction reactions couple:• Oxidation = a substance loses electrons
Transfer oxygen, hydrogen, or electrons
• Reduction = a substance gains electrons Atoms gain an electron-reducing valence
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Coupled Reactions
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Coupled Reactions
Reduction Reaction 2C3H4O3 + 2H → 2C3H6O3
LDH
Pyruvate (gains 2 e-) → Lactate
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Coupled Reactions
Oxidation Reaction 2C3H6O3 - 2H → 2C3H4O3
LDH
Lactate (loses 2 e-) Pyruvate
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Bioenergetics
ATP – energy currency Potential energy extracted from food
ATP Chemical energy extracted for biologic
work Cells Muscle contraction
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Phosphate Bond
Stored or potential energy High energy bonds ATP – hydrolysis
ATP + H2O → ADP + P – 7.3 kCal/mole ATPase
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Bioenergetics
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Bioenergetics
Phosphocreatine (PC) is also a high-energy phosphate compound. ATP-PC (phosphagens) Releases energy when bonds between
creatine and phosphate are broken. Sustains all out exercise ~ 5-8 s Resynthesis of ATP used – reservoir Stored in muscle - anaerobic
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Bioenergetics
Cells store 4-6 times more PCr than ATP Muscle
Provide a reservoir of high-energy phosphate bonds ATP + H2O ADP + Pi
ATPase
ADP + C~P ATP + C Creatine kinase
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Bioenergetics
Phosphorylation Refers to energy transfer through
phosphate bonds Oxidative phosphorylation
Synthesizes ATP by transfer of electrons NADH and FADH2
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Cellular Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Mechanism for energy metabolism Involves transfer of hydrogen atoms
Loss of hydrogen: oxidation Gain of hydrogen: reduction
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Cellular Oxidation
Mitochondria NAD and FAD → NADH and FADH2
Cytochromes – Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Transfer of electrons (H+) Energy conserved – high energy phosphate
bonds Figure 4.11
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Bioenergetics
Sources for ATP formation include:• Glucose derived from liver glycogen
Glycogenolysis Triacylglycerol and glycogen stored in muscle
• Free fatty acids - circulating Triacylglycerol in liver, adipocytes Lipoprotein complexes - circulating
• Amino acids Intramuscular and liver-derived carbon skeletons
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Bioenergetics