nutrient removal wastewater treatment...
TRANSCRIPT
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NUTRIENT NUTRIENT
REMOVAL REMOVAL
WASTEWATER WASTEWATER
TREATMENTTREATMENT
CLIFFORD W. RANDALL, PHDCLIFFORD W. RANDALL, PHD
EMERITUS PROFESSOREMERITUS PROFESSOR
VIRGINIA TECHVIRGINIA TECH
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The Impacts of Excess
Nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
and
Are the nutrients that causeover fertilization of water bodies,stimulate excessive growth of algae,and result in loss of dissolved oxygenand loss of habitat for living resources.
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�THEREFORE, 1 KG OF P CAN GENERATE 138 KG OF COD & 5 MG/L OF
EFFLUENT P CAN GENERATE 690 MG/L OF COD, AND
�1 KG OF N CAN GENERATE 19.8 KG OF COD, & 20 MG/L OF EFFLUENT N
CAN GENERATE 397 MG/L OF COD IF IT IS THE LIMITING NUTRIENT.
Potential COD Production from Nutrients > COD of Untreated Sewage
WHY DOES IT HAPPEN?
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THE RESULT OF PHOSPHORUS OVER FERTILIZATION OF A LAKE,OCCOQUAN RESERVOIR, NORTHERN VIRGINIA, 1972
Fresh Water Algae Bloom
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THE RESULT OF NITROGEN OVER FERTILIZATION OF AN ESTUARY,EASTERN SHORE TRIBUTARY, CHESAPEAKE BAY
Estuarine Water Phytoplankton Bloom
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THE ALGAE DIE, SETTLE TO THE BOTTOM, AND ARE DECOMPOSED
BY MICROORGANISMS, WHICH CONSUME THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN
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IMPACTS OF NUTRIENTS ON WATER QUALITY AND AQUATIC LIFE
COASTAL AND ESTUARINE WATERS
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What Are the Effects of
Excess Nutrients?
photo of underwater Bay grasses
(photo, CBPO)
What are the effects of excess nutrients?Aquatic grasses die.
EXCESSIVE ALGAL GROWTH & DECOMPOSITION CAUSESDESTRUCTION OF ESSENTIAL HABITAT
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Bay creatures are affected by
low oxygen levels
photo of dead fish
(webpage electronic photo image, EPA;
35 mm slide, Kent Mountford, CBPO)
What are the effects of excess nutrients?Low oxygen levels in water.
FISH DIE!
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PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM
WASTEWATERWASTEWATER
�� CHEMICAL: Precipitation with Fe, Al or CaCHEMICAL: Precipitation with Fe, Al or Ca
�� BIOLOGICAL: Incorporation into BiomassBIOLOGICAL: Incorporation into Biomass
--requires alternating exposure of biomass to requires alternating exposure of biomass to
anaerobic and aerobic conditions with VFAs anaerobic and aerobic conditions with VFAs
available in anaerobic zoneavailable in anaerobic zone
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<1.0 mg/L TP
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Flow Schematic of the H.L. Mooney WWTP
S1-S7 : Sampling points in the aeration basin of the HL Mooney WWTP
Prince William County, VA, Sanitation Authority
Gravity
Filtration
Chlorine ContactCascade Aeration
Sulfur
DioxideChlorine
Discharge
Headworks Equalization Primary
Settling
Aeration Basin
Secondary
Settling
Lime
FeCl3
Polymer
S1
S7 S6S5
S4
S3
S2
FeCl3
Denitrification Filter
(Optional)
<0.18 mg/L TP
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Chemical RemovalChemical Removal�� ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
1. Modification of Biological Process not required1. Modification of Biological Process not required
2. Optional Points of Application2. Optional Points of Application
--PrimaryPrimary --SecondarySecondary --TertiaryTertiary
3. Rapid Reaction, effluent SP concentration determined by amoun3. Rapid Reaction, effluent SP concentration determined by amount of chemicalt of chemical
added, therefore can be selectedadded, therefore can be selected
4. Effluent TP concentrations <0.1 mg/L are possible4. Effluent TP concentrations <0.1 mg/L are possible
5. Not affected by biological toxicity5. Not affected by biological toxicity
6. Secondary addition improves Activated Sludge Settleability6. Secondary addition improves Activated Sludge Settleability
7. Primary addition reduces required aeration basin volume and o7. Primary addition reduces required aeration basin volume and oxygen transferxygen transfer
requirements.requirements.
8. Operation relatively insensitive to changes8. Operation relatively insensitive to changes
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Chemical RemovalChemical Removal�� DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
1. Cost of Chemicals1. Cost of Chemicals
2. May require polymer addition2. May require polymer addition
3. Increases waste sludge production3. Increases waste sludge production
4. Increases inorganic content of waste sludge4. Increases inorganic content of waste sludge
5. Primary addition may result in nutrient deficiency in the sec5. Primary addition may result in nutrient deficiency in the secondary ondary processprocess
6. Secondary addition increases MLSS concentration, AS mixing 6. Secondary addition increases MLSS concentration, AS mixing requirements and clarifier solids loadingrequirements and clarifier solids loading
7. Tertiary addition requires additional construction and separa7. Tertiary addition requires additional construction and separatete
sludge processingsludge processing
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PHOREDOX CONFIGURATION
A/O CONFIGURATION IN USA
BASIC BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL CONFIGURATION
ANAEROBIC AEROBIC
RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Effluent TP is a function of influent bioavailable COD:TP ratio
i.e., the VFA to TP ratio, and the quantity of electron acceptors
that enter the Anaerobic zone.
Effluent TP 0.15 – 2.0 mg/L
CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
1. Anaerobic-Aerobic Sequencing of Activated Sludge, i.e. Anaerobic zone
followed by an Aerobic zone.
2. Short Chain Volatile Fatty Acids available in the Anaerobic zone (acetic,
propionic, etc.)
3. No electron acceptors available in the Anaerobic zone.
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Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Enhanced Biological Phosphorus
Removal (EBPR)Removal (EBPR)�� ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
1. Elimination or reduction of chemical costs1. Elimination or reduction of chemical costs
2. Effluent SP concentrations <0.2 mg/L are possible2. Effluent SP concentrations <0.2 mg/L are possible
3. No increase in waste sludge production3. No increase in waste sludge production
4. Provides better control of filamentous growth4. Provides better control of filamentous growth
5. Improves Activated Sludge settleability5. Improves Activated Sludge settleability
6. Reduces oxygen transfer requirement in aeration basin for BOD6. Reduces oxygen transfer requirement in aeration basin for BODremoval; improves oxygen transfer rate in aeration basinremoval; improves oxygen transfer rate in aeration basin
7. Improves nitrification rate in aeration basin7. Improves nitrification rate in aeration basin
8. Provides better control of struvite formation during anaerobi8. Provides better control of struvite formation during anaerobic c digestiondigestion
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Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Enhanced Biological Phosphorus
Removal (EBPR)Removal (EBPR)
�� DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
1. Requires modification of biological process, i.e. anaerobic1. Requires modification of biological process, i.e. anaerobic--aerobic aerobic sequencing and modest additional capital expense.sequencing and modest additional capital expense.
2. Effluent SP concentration determined by VFA:TP ratio in influ2. Effluent SP concentration determined by VFA:TP ratio in influent ent to anaerobic zone; supplementation of VFAs may be requiredto anaerobic zone; supplementation of VFAs may be required
3. Could be affected by biological toxicity, but toxicity is ver3. Could be affected by biological toxicity, but toxicity is very rarey rare
4. Design and operation requirements are more sensitive, therefo4. Design and operation requirements are more sensitive, thereforere
requires more rigorous biological process controlrequires more rigorous biological process control
5. WAS processing requirements are more complex5. WAS processing requirements are more complex
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NONOXX MUST BE PREVENTED MUST BE PREVENTED
FROM ENTERING THE FROM ENTERING THE
ANAEROBIC ZONE IN ANAEROBIC ZONE IN
SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTSSIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS
�� Will promote VFA metabolism rather than storage.Will promote VFA metabolism rather than storage.
�� Will result in washWill result in wash--out of phosphorus storing out of phosphorus storing
organisms (organisms (PAOsPAOs).).
�� Configurations have been developed to minimize NOConfigurations have been developed to minimize NOxx
recycle to the anaerobic zone.recycle to the anaerobic zone.
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QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWEREDQUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
�� How low can we go with chemical removal? How low can we go with chemical removal? With enhanced biological phosphorus removal With enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)? (EBPR)?
�� How are cost breakpoints related to effluent How are cost breakpoints related to effluent concentrations? To the sample averaging concentrations? To the sample averaging period, i.e. weekly, monthly, seasonally and period, i.e. weekly, monthly, seasonally and yearly?yearly?
�� Can water conservation be a significant factor Can water conservation be a significant factor for compliance?for compliance?
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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
PANEL DISCUSSIONPANEL DISCUSSION
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NITROGEN REMOVALNITROGEN REMOVAL
WASTEWATER WASTEWATER
TREATMENTTREATMENT
NITROGEN CYCLENITROGEN CYCLE
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Three Steps for Total N RemovalThree Steps for Total N Removal
1.1. Hydrolysis & Ammonification of Complex NHydrolysis & Ammonification of Complex N
•• Urea & Organic Nitrogen Urea & Organic Nitrogen →→ NHNH44--NN
2.2. Nitrification to NONitrification to NO22-- & NO& NO33
--
•• NHNH44--N + ON + O22 →→ NONO33--NN
3.3. DenitrificationDenitrification
•• NONO33--N N →→ NN22↑↑
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Destroys Alkalinity, Lowers pH
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ALKALINITY DESTRUCTION DURING NITRIFICATION FREQUENTLY RESULTSIN THE NEED TO
ADD CHEMICALS FOR pH ADJUSTMENT
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DENITRIFICATIONNITRATE IS USED AS THE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR FOR BOD METABOLISM INSTEAD OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Aerobic reaction:
BOD + DO CO2 + H2O + cells + energy
Anoxic reaction (no DO present):
BOD + NO3 CO2 + H2O + N2 + 0.75 cells
+ ≈0.8 energy
activated
sludge
activated
sludge
Alkalinity is recovered: 3.57 mg/L CaCO3 per 1 mg/L NO3-N fully denitrified
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MODIFIED LUDZAK-ETTINGER (MLE) CONFIGURATION
BASIC BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL CONFIGURATION
ANOXIC AEROBIC
NITRATE RECYCLE
RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Effluent TN < 10 mg/L
Conditions required for Nitrogen Removal Wastewater Treatment
1. Nitrification followed by denitrification
2. Nitrification requires Aerobic Conditions (DO as an electron acceptor)
3. Denitrification requires Anoxic Conditions (NOX as electron acceptor),
and biodegradable organic carbon (COD)
4. Biological approach uses wastewater COD for organic carbon source
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FOUR-STAGE BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN
REMOVAL (BARDENPHO) CONFIGURATION
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
AEROBICANOXIC
RETURN SLUDGE
NITRATE RECYCLE
ANOXICAEROBIC
TN
< 3 mg/L
Effluent TP varies with influent bioavailable COD:TN ratio
COD Addition
(optional)
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Advantages of Biological Nitrogen Advantages of Biological Nitrogen
Removal Wastewater TreatmentRemoval Wastewater Treatment
1. Reduced oxygen requirements because BOD is 1. Reduced oxygen requirements because BOD is removed by denitrification, therefore, reduced removed by denitrification, therefore, reduced energy requirements. Approximately 20 % reduction energy requirements. Approximately 20 % reduction is possible.is possible.
2. Reduced Waste Activated Sludge production 2. Reduced Waste Activated Sludge production because Bacteria obtain less energy from using because Bacteria obtain less energy from using oxidized nitrogen as an electron acceptor compared oxidized nitrogen as an electron acceptor compared to dissolved oxygen. Approximately 25% reduction to dissolved oxygen. Approximately 25% reduction is possible.is possible.
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OTHER METHODS OF OTHER METHODS OF
NITROGEN REMOVALNITROGEN REMOVAL
�� DENITRIFICATION FILTERSDENITRIFICATION FILTERS
�� REMOVES NITRITES & NITRATES (NOREMOVES NITRITES & NITRATES (NOXX))
�� REQUIRES COD ADDITIONREQUIRES COD ADDITION
�� AMMONIA STRIPPINGAMMONIA STRIPPING
�� REMOVES AMMONIA (NHREMOVES AMMONIA (NH33))
�� ION EXCHANGEION EXCHANGE
�� REMOVES EITHER NHREMOVES EITHER NH44 OR NOOR NOXX
�� REVERSE OSMOSISREVERSE OSMOSIS
�� REMOVES ALL NITROGEN FORMSREMOVES ALL NITROGEN FORMS
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QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWEREDQUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
�� How low can we go without membrane How low can we go without membrane separation? What are the likely impacts of separation? What are the likely impacts of rDON on compliance?rDON on compliance?
�� How are cost breakpoints related to effluent How are cost breakpoints related to effluent concentrations? To sample averaging period, i.e. concentrations? To sample averaging period, i.e. weekly, monthly, seasonally and yearly?weekly, monthly, seasonally and yearly?
�� Can water conservation be a significant factor Can water conservation be a significant factor for compliance?for compliance?
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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
PANEL DISCUSSIONPANEL DISCUSSION
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COMBINED N & P COMBINED N & P
REMOVALREMOVAL
WASTEWATER WASTEWATER
TREATMENTTREATMENT
BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT
REMOVAL (BNR)REMOVAL (BNR)
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A2/O CONFIGURATION
COMBINED MLE AND PHOREDOX
COMBINED BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
AEROBICANOXICANAEROBIC
RETURN SLUDGE (TYPICALLY CONTAINS NOX)
NITRATE RECYCLE (A)
1 2 3Effluent Concentrations:
TN 6 – 10 mg/L
TP 0.15 – 2.0 mg/L
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CONFIGURATIONS HAVE BEEN CONFIGURATIONS HAVE BEEN
DEVELOPED TO MINIMIZE NODEVELOPED TO MINIMIZE NOXX
ENTERING THE ANAEROBIC ZONEENTERING THE ANAEROBIC ZONE
�� UCT/VIP PROCESSUCT/VIP PROCESS
�� MODIFIED UCT PROCESSMODIFIED UCT PROCESS
�� JOHANNESBURG PROCESSJOHANNESBURG PROCESS
They all are designed to accomplish combined N & P removal.They all are designed to accomplish combined N & P removal.
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UCT PROCESS CONFIGURATION
aka VIP PROCESS CONFIGURATION
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
AEROBICANOXICANAEROBIC
RETURN SLUDGE
NITRATE RECYCLE (B)
MLSS RETURN (A)
1 2 3Effluent Concentrations:
TN < 6 – 10 mg/L
TP 0.15 – 2.0 mg/L
Designed to protect the anaerobic zone from excess nitrates
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MULTISTAGE MODIFIED UCT/VIP CONFIGURATION
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL
AEROBIC(2) ANOXIC(2) ANAEROBIC
RETURN SLUDGE
NITRATE RECYCLE (B)
MLSS RETURN (A)
2 4 51 3
Designed to provide further protection of the anaerobic zone from excess nitrates
Effluent:
TN < 6 – 10 mg/L
TP 0.15 – 2.0 mg/L
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Aerobic
3,780 mg/L MLSS
Aerobic
3,000 mg/L MLSS
Deep Bed
Filters
Anaerobic DigesterCentrifuge
Q
RAS, 0.6 Q @ 8,000 mg/L MLSS
Centrate
Q
Secondary
Clarifier
Primary
Clarifier
WAS
Scum
Removal
Anoxic Anaer. Anaer. Anaer.Anoxic/
Anaer.
Q/3
Q/3
Q/3
5,160 mg/L MLSS
STEP-FEED/JOHANNESBURG BNR DESIGNSouth River WRC, Atlanta, GA.
Average MLSS = 3,880 mg/L
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O & M Reduction with BNRO & M Reduction with BNR
�� Ways BNR processes reduce O&M Costs:Ways BNR processes reduce O&M Costs:
1. Reduce O1. Reduce O22 Transfer Energy Costs Transfer Energy Costs ≈≈ 20%20%
2. Reduce WAS Production by 202. Reduce WAS Production by 20--30%30%
3. Reduce or Eliminate Chemical Costs for 3. Reduce or Eliminate Chemical Costs for
Nutrient Removal and pH Adjustment.Nutrient Removal and pH Adjustment.
4. Improve Sludge Settleability, therefore, reduce4. Improve Sludge Settleability, therefore, reduce
clarification requirement and improve sludge clarification requirement and improve sludge
dewatering.dewatering.
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THE PROCESS INFLUENTTHE PROCESS INFLUENT
SHORTSHORT--CHAIN VOLATILE FATTY ACID CHAIN VOLATILE FATTY ACID
(SCVFA) TO TOTAL PHOSPHORUS RATIO (SCVFA) TO TOTAL PHOSPHORUS RATIO
IS THE PRIMARY DESIGN FACTOR THAT IS THE PRIMARY DESIGN FACTOR THAT
DETERMINES THE CONFIGURATION DETERMINES THE CONFIGURATION
THAT SHOULD BE USED FOR THAT SHOULD BE USED FOR
BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENTWASTEWATER TREATMENT
HOW LOW CAN WE GO WITH EBPR?
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SCVFAs measured as BOD5
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-Most reliable, increases SCVFA to TP ratio, therefore,
decreases effluent TP concentration.
- Varies with temperature
- Varies with temperature, design and operation
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RawSewage
Primary ClarifierPrimary Effluent
to Bioreactor
Complete MixVessel
Waste Sludgeto BiosolidsProcessing
PrimarySludge
Complete Mix Complete Mix FermenterFermenter
((A Sidestream Fermentation SystemA Sidestream Fermentation System))
RBCOD-RichFermentate to
An or Ax Zonesin Bioreactor
SolidsSeparator
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Bonnybrook WWTP
Calgary, Alberta
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Bonnybrook Secondary C
Fermenter System
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Schematic of FermenterSchematic of Fermenter--Thickener SystemThickener System
Bonnybrook WWTP Bonnybrook WWTP –– Calgary, AlbertaCalgary, AlbertaPrimaryEffluent
PrimarySludge
To AnaerobicSludge Digesters
To BioreactorAnaerobic Zones
To BioreactorAir Header
AB
CP
MX MX
RP
SM
WP
SL
PF
LEGEND:
AB – Air Blower PF – Picket Fence Mechanism
AS – Air Spargers RP – Recycle Pump
CP – Chopper Pump SL – Submerged Launder
CW – Centerwell SM – Sludge Macerator
MX – Mixer WP – Waste Pump
ASFinal
Effluent
CW
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Complete Mix Complete Mix FermenterFermenter
Design & Operating FeaturesDesign & Operating Features
�� Primary Sludge Flowrate = ~0.5% to ~1% of Primary Sludge Flowrate = ~0.5% to ~1% of QQRAW SEWRAW SEW
�� Primary Sludge Conc’n = ~2% to ~4%Primary Sludge Conc’n = ~2% to ~4%
�� Complete Mix Vessel HRT = ~3 to ~6 daysComplete Mix Vessel HRT = ~3 to ~6 days
�� Solids SRT = ~3 to ~6 daysSolids SRT = ~3 to ~6 days
�� Primary Sludge Flowrate is the Main Controlling Primary Sludge Flowrate is the Main Controlling Variable Variable
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Advantages ofAdvantages of
Complete Mix Complete Mix FermenterFermenter
�� Good SRT ControlGood SRT Control
�� Better Ability to Control SRT and ReduceBetter Ability to Control SRT and Reduce
Potential for Potential for OdoursOdours and Methane and Methane
FormationFormation
than with APT Technology than with APT Technology
�� No Adverse Impact on Primary Clarifier No Adverse Impact on Primary Clarifier
PerformancePerformance
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HOW MUCH WILL IT COST?
Cost Factors1. Effluent Requirements
• 4 mg/L TN versus 3 mg/L TN
• Non-biodegradable Nitrogen
2. Mandated Averaging Period
• Yearly vs Seasonally vs Monthly vs Weekly
3. Mandated Design Requirements
• Innovative vs Standard Technology
4. Permissible Construction Period
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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
PANEL DISCUSSIONPANEL DISCUSSION
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CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
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AEROBIC
AEROBIC
Settled
Sewage
Effluent
Return Activated Sludge
BEFORE MODIFICATION
AFTER MODIFICATION
Anoxic ZoneDO = 0 mg/L
AeratedDO = 3 mg/L
AeratedDO = 0.5 mg/L
AeratedDO = 2 mg/L Effluent
Return Activated SludgeSettled
Sewage
Mixed Liquor
ROTANOX PROCESS, BASINGSTOKE, ENGLAND WWTP
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NITRATE IS USED AS THE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR FOR BOD METABOLISM INSTEAD OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Aerobic reaction:
BOD + DO CO2 + H2O + cells + energy
Anoxic reaction:
BOD + NO3 CO2 + H2O + N2 + 0.75 cells
+ 0.8 energy
activated
sludge
activated
sludge
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Alternating Anoxic
Aerobic Operation
Return Activated Sludge
(Cyclic Aeration)Influent Effluent
YARRA GLEN WWTP, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
27 day SRT
40 hr HRT
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REDUCTIONS OF WASTE SLUDGE PRODUCTION AND AERATIONENERGY REQUIREMENT BY ANOXIC RESPIRATION
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BOWIE, MARYLANDBOWIE, MARYLAND
•• Cost of Modification for N & P BNR:Cost of Modification for N & P BNR:
�� $230,000 for a 2.2 mgd Oxidation Ditch$230,000 for a 2.2 mgd Oxidation Ditch
•• Reduction in O&M of $68,000 per year:Reduction in O&M of $68,000 per year:
��Cost recovery time of 3.4 years Cost recovery time of 3.4 years
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Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Tidewater, Virginia
York River 15 mgd Conventional Activated Sludge WWTP
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15 mgd York River WWTP: Modified 1/3rd of Aeration Volume for 6.5 mgd FlowPotential Aeration Basin Capacity of 19.5 mgd, but limited by Clarification
1986 Modification Cost of $155,000 w/in-house engineering & laborEquipment & Installation considered to be temporary
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FIVE-STAGE BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
(MODIFIED BARDENPHO) CONFIGURATION
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL
AEROBICANOXIC
RETURN SLUDGE
NITRATE RECYCLE
ANOXICAEROBIC
TN < 3 mg/L
TP 0.15-0.8 mg/L ANAEROBIC
INFLUENT
Optional Methanol
Addition
FOR LOT COMBINED BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN and PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL, Additional Zones could have been
added within the then existing aeration tank volume
Typically Requires 15-25%Volume increase
York River down ratingof 7% to 13.95 MGD
2003 Flow = 12.93 MGD
Optional
ChemicalAddition
A Potential 17+ years of Operation before Expansion
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HOW MUCH WILL IT COST?
Cost Factors1. Effluent Requirements
• 4 mg/L TN versus 3 mg/L TN
• Non-biodegradable Nitrogen
2. Mandated Averaging Period
• Yearly vs Seasonally vs Monthly vs Weekly
3. Mandated Design Requirements
• Innovative vs Standard Technology
4. Permissible Construction Period
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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
PANEL DISCUSSIONPANEL DISCUSSION
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HOW SHOULD WASTEWATERS BE MANAGED TO REDUCE THE
ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMICAL AND SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF
NUTRIENT POLLUTION?
REDUCE, RECYCLE,
RECOVERY
& REUSE
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WASTEWATERS CONTAIN
LIMITED RESOURCES THAT
SHOULD BE RECOVERED AND
REUSED
• Water
• Nutrients�Phosphorus
�Nitrogen
• Commercial By-Products
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The Need to Recover and
Reuse Water from
Wastewaters
• Water is a Limiting Resource in many Land Areas of the World.
• Wastewaters can be renovated more economically than seawater can be desalinated.
• Recovery of Water reduces Flows and makes it more Economical to treat Wastewater Flows
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MEMBRANE SEPARATION FOR PRODUCTION OF WATER
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media media
Septic/Solids Retention Tank
Surge/EQTank
ClassifyingFilter Oxygenation
Anoxic Aerobic
IFAS Biological Reactor
media
Anoxic
4 Q Recycle
Aerobic
Settling
Return Settled Sludge
Storage
TankOzonation
UVRadiationUltra
Filtration
Nano
Filtration
UVDisinfection
Influent
Effluent
Waste Sludge
Solids to Disposal
Schematic Flow Diagram of theWastewater Conversion Technologies, Inc.
On-Site Wastewater Treatment System
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RECOMMENDED STRATEGY TO REDUCE COSTS ANDACCELERATE IMPLEMENTATION OF BNR AND LOT.
1. Utilize Existing Excess Capacities of the Significant WWTPs to:
a. Reduce the costs and accelerate implementation of BNR and LOT at theSignificant WWTPs in the Bay Watershed.
b. Enable Point-to-Point nutrient removal trading.
2. Inaugurate a Water Savings Program to further Increase Excess Capacity.
3. Supplement Excess Capacities w/ Innovative Treatment Technologies.
4. Utilize Centralized Sludge Processing wherever feasible.
5. Incorporate Recycle, Reuse and Recovery methodologies.
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Occoquan WatershedOccoquan Watershed
Source: FCWA
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