nutrient optimization in activated sludge wwtps
TRANSCRIPT
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Nutrient Optimization in Activated Sludge wwtps
Webinar for Tennessee Wastewater OperatorsMarch 10, 2021
Grant Weaver, PE & wastewater [email protected]
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Strategies for Optimizing Nutrient Removal
Week 1: Nitrogen RemovalWeek 2: Phosphorus RemovalWeek 3: N&P Review and Case StudiesWeek 4: N&P Removal in Oxidation DitchesWeek 5: N&P Removal in SBRs
Today: Nitrogen & Phosphorus Removal in Conventional and Extended Aeration Activated Sludge wwtps
Mar 17: Brainstorming N&P Removal Opportunities for Tennessee Wastewater Treatment Plants
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Rate your Activated Sludge knowledge
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Change day-to-day operations to create ideal habitats for bacteria to remove phosphorus
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Step 1: Convert Ammonia (NH4) to Nitrate (NO3)
Step 2: Convert Nitrate (NO3) to Nitrogen Gas (N2)
Oxygen-rich Aerobic ProcessDon’t need BOD for bacteria to growBacteria are sensitive to pH and temperature
Oxygen-poor Anoxic ProcessDo need BOD for bacteria to growBacteria are hardy
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Ammonia Removal -1st Step of N Removal
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Step 1: Ammonia Removal
pH of 6.5+
Plenty of DO: 2 mg/L
ORP of +150 mV
Little to no BOD
4+ hours retention time
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Ammonia Removal
Ammonia (NH4)
Nitrite (NO2)
Nitrate (NO3)
Alkalinity
Oxygen (O2) Oxygen (O2)
H+
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Nitrate Removal - 2nd
Step of N removal
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Step 2: Nitrate Removal
Little to no measurable DO
ORP of -100 mV
5-10 times as much BOD as Nitrate
2+ hours retention time
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Nitrate Removal
Nitrate (NO3)
Nitrogen Gas (N2)
Alkalinity
OxygenBOD
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Nitrate Removal
Nitrate (NO3)
Nitrogen Gas (N2)
Alkalinity
OxygenBOD
Adds DO (dissolved oxygen)Consumes BOD … Denitrifiers out compete bio-P bugs for VFAs!Gives back alkalinity … beneficially raises pH
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Nitrogen Removal
DO: Dissolved Oxygen
ORP: Oxygen Reduction Potential
MLSS: Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
HRT: Hydraulic Retention Time
BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Alkalinity
Note: All numbers are approximations, “rules of thumb”
Step 1: Nitrification (Ammonia Removal)
1 mg/L or more
+150 mV
2500 mg/L or more
6 or more hours
less than 20 mg/L
60 mg/L or more
Alkalinity is lost
Step 1: Denitrification (Nitrate Removal)
Less than 0.2 mg/L
-100 mV
Same
1 or more hours
100 mg/L or more … VFAs preferred!
Alkalinity is gained
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Biological Phosphorus Removal
Step 1: prepare “dinner”
VFA (volatile fatty acids) production in anaerobic/fermentive conditions
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Step 1: VFA Production
ORP of -200 mV or more negative
25 times as much BOD as orthophosphate
Retention time … long enough to go septic
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Biological Phosphorus Removal
Step 2: “eat”
Bio-P bugs (PAOs, “phosphate accumulating organisms”) eat VFAs in anaerobic/fermentive conditions … temporarily releasing more P into the water
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Step 2: VFA uptake / P-release
MLSS and VFAs in same tank
ORP of -200 mV or more negative
Nitrate control
Process control tool: 3 times as much ortho-P leaving tank as coming in
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Biological Phosphorus Removal
Step 3: “breathe” and grow
Bio-P bugs (PAOs) take in almost all of the soluble P in aerobic conditions as they grow and reproduce
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Step 3: P-uptake
ORP of +150 mV … no more DO than for ammonia removal
pH of 7.0+
Retention time … enough to remove ammonia
Enough BOD to support bacteria growth
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Optimizing Bio-P Removal: Mainstream or Sidestream Fermentation
Anaerobic Tank2 hour HRT (hydraulic retention time)*ORP of -200 mV* 25 times as much BOD as influent ortho-P*Ortho-P release (3 times influent ortho-P)*
*Approximate: Every Plant is Different
Aeration TankDO of 2.0 mg/LORP of +150 mVpH of 7.0+*Ortho-P concentration of 0.05 mg/L*
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Technology: Phosphorus removal in Conventional and Extended Aeration treatment facilities
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Biological Phosphorus Removal:Mainstream Flow Fermentation Processes
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Mainstream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anaerobic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
In Anaerobic Tank …
Bacteria break down complex BOD into VFAs (volatile fatty acids).
VFAs
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Mainstream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
PO4
Anaerobic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
In Anaerobic Tank …
Bacteria break down complex BOD into VFAs (volatile fatty acids).
PAO bacteria (phosphate accumulating organisms) take in VFAs as energy source & temporarily release PO4 (phosphate) into solution.
VFAs
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Mainstream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
PO4
Anaerobic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
In Anaerobic Tank …
Bacteria break down complex BOD into VFAs (volatile fatty acids).
PAO bacteria (phosphate accumulating organisms) take in VFAs as energy source & temporarily release PO4 (phosphate) into solution.
In Aeration Tank …
Energized PAO bacteria take PO4 out of solution.
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Mainstream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anaerobic Tank
PO4
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
In Anaerobic Tank …
Bacteria break down complex BOD into VFAs (volatile fatty acids).
PAO bacteria (phosphate accumulating organisms) take in VFAs as energy source & temporarily release PO4 (phosphate) into solution.
In Aeration Tank …
Energized PAO bacteria take PO4 out of solution.
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Mainstream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anoxic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
Pre-anoxic zone to …
Strengthen anaerobic conditions in anaerobic tank
Minimize VFA use by denitrifying bacteria – the ones that convert Nitrate (NO3) to Nitrogen Gas (N2) – by “feeding” influent to the denitrifiers.
Anaerobic Tank
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Mainstream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anoxic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
Pre-anoxic zone to …
Strengthen anaerobic conditions in anaerobic tank
Minimize VFA use by denitrifying bacteria – the ones that convert Nitrate (NO3) to Nitrogen Gas (N2) – by “feeding” influent to the denitrifiers.
PO4
Anaerobic Tank
VFAs
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Mainstream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anoxic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
Pre-anoxic zone to …
Strengthen anaerobic conditions in anaerobic tank
Minimize VFA use by denitrifying bacteria – the ones that convert Nitrate (NO3) to Nitrogen Gas (N2) – by “feeding” influent to the denitrifiers.
PO4
Anaerobic Tank
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Mainstream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anoxic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
Pre-anoxic zone to …
Strengthen anaerobic conditions in anaerobic tank
Minimize VFA use by denitrifying bacteria – the ones that convert Nitrate (NO3) to Nitrogen Gas (N2) – by “feeding” influent to the denitrifiers.
PO4
Anaerobic Tank
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Troubleshooting Biological Phosphorus removal in Plants Designed for EBPR (enhanced biological phosphorus removal)
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Primary Clarifier
Less than 3x ortho-P leaving Anaerobic Tank
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anaerobic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
StorageFermentation
If Anaerobic Tank isn’t really anaerobic …
… turn off mixer(s)
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Biological Phosphorus Removal: Combined Sidestream & Mainstream Fermentation
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Sidestream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anaerobic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
VFAs
Fermentation
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Sidestream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anaerobic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
VFAs
Fermentation
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Sidestream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
VFAs
Anaerobic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
StorageFermentation
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Sidestream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
PO4
Anaerobic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
StorageFermentation
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Sidestream Fermentation Process
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anaerobic Tank
PO4
Nitrogen Interference: Nitrate (NO3) will consume VFAsGravity
Thickener Sludge Storage
Fermentation
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Sidestream Fermentation Process
Secondary Clarifier
Gravity Thickener Sludge
StorageFermentation
No Nitrogen Interference!
Anoxic Tank
Anaerobic Tank
Aeration Tank
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Sidestream Fermentation Process
Secondary Clarifier
Gravity Thickener Sludge
StorageFermentation
No Nitrogen Interference!
Anoxic Tank
Anaerobic Tank
Aeration Tank
VFAs
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Sidestream Fermentation Process
Secondary Clarifier
Gravity Thickener Sludge
StorageFermentation
No Nitrogen Interference!
Anoxic Tank
Anaerobic Tank
Aeration Tank
PO4
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Primary Clarifier
Bio-P Removal: Sidestream Fermentation Process
Secondary Clarifier
Gravity Thickener Sludge
StorageFermentation
No Nitrogen Interference!
Anoxic Tank
Anaerobic Tank
Aeration Tank
PO4
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Wastewater Operator License … What Level?
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Getting creative …
Biological Phosphorus removal from plants not designed as EBPR (enhanced biological
phosphorus removal) facilities
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Primary Clarifier
Home Grown Sidestream Fermenter
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Anaerobic Tank
Gravity Thickener Sludge
StorageFermentation
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Primary Clarifier
Home Grown Sidestream Fermenter
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Gravity Thickener Sludge
Storage
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Primary Clarifier
Home Grown Sidestream Fermenter
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Gravity Thickener Sludge
StorageFermenter
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Primary Clarifier
Home Grown Sidestream Fermenter
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Gravity Thickener Fermenter
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TENNESSEE62
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Norris, Tennessee Population: 1,450 0.2 MGD design flow
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Norris, Tennessee
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Norris, TN
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Norris, TN: Nitrogen Removal
Nitrogen RemovalRaise MLSS concentrationCycle aeration:
ON 2-3 hoursOFF 1½-2 hours
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Norris, TN: First try at Phosphorus Removal
Phosphorus RemovalRecycle RAS through fermenters
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Norris, TN: Second try at Phosphorus Removal
Phosphorus RemovalCreate Fermentation Zone in Aeration Tank
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Norris, TN: Third try at Phosphorus Removal
Phosphorus RemovalRecycle RAS through fermenters - and -Create Fermentation Zone in Aeration Tank
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Nashville Dry Creek Population: 678,000 24 MGD design flow
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Nashville Dry Creek
Nitrogen RemovalIncrease BOD loading Fewer Primary ClarifiersStep feedCycle aeration in 2nd zone
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Nashville Dry Creek
Nitrogen RemovalIncrease BOD loading Fewer Primary ClarifiersStep feedCycle aeration in 2nd zone
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Nashville Dry Creek
Nitrogen RemovalIncrease BOD loading Fewer Primary ClarifiersStep feedCycle aeration in 2nd zone
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Nashville Dry Creek
Nitrogen RemovalIncrease BOD loading Fewer Primary ClarifiersStep feedCycle aeration in 2nd zone
Phosphorus RemovalMaintain selector
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Harriman, Tennessee Population: 6,200 1.5 MGD design flow
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www.epa.gov/eg/national-study-nutrient-removal-fact-sheets
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Harriman, Tennessee
Actual Flow Effluent Nitrogen (mg/L) Effluent Phosphorus (mg/L)
(MGD) Historical Average After Optimization Historical Average After Optimization
1.2 21.5 2.3 2.9 1.4
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Wichita, Kansas Population: 390,000 54.4 MGD design flow
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Wichita Pilot Study
Nitrogen RemovalCycle aeration on/off in Aeration Basin 6
Phosphorus RemovalSide stream fermenter using abandoned centrate tanks
Increase BOD loadingTake Trickling Filters off-line
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MONTANA
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Conrad, Montana Population: 2,500 0.5 MGD design flow
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Aeration Basin
Digester
Conrad, MontanaNitrogen Removal
Nitrogen RemovalRaise MLSS concentrationCycle aeration:
ON 2-3 hoursOFF 1½-2 hours
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Aeration Basin
Digester
Conrad, MontanaPhosphorus Removal
Phosphorus Removal1. Convert Digester to Fermenter and Circulate WAS
Digester/Fermenter
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Aeration Basin
Digester/Fermenter
Conrad, MontanaPhosphorus Removal
Phosphorus Removal1. Convert Digester to Fermenter and Circulate WAS
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Aeration Basin
Digester/Fermenter
Conrad, MontanaPhosphorus Removal
Phosphorus Removal1. Convert Digester to Fermenter and Circulate WAS2. Fermentive zone(s) in Aeration Basin
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Helena, Montana Population: 30,000 5.4 MGD design flow
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Helena, MontanaNitrogen Removal
Nitrogen RemovalRaise MLSS concentrationAdd third Aeration BasinMonitor ORP, NH4 & NO3Adjust Internal Recycle
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Helena BioReactor
Aeration Tank
Anoxic Tank
Aeration Tank
Aeration Tank
Anoxic TankAnoxic Tank
P
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Helena, MontanaPhosphorus Removal, short term plan
Phosphorus RemovalGenerate surplus VFAs in primary clarifier and feed to anoxic zone
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Helena BioReactor
Aeration Tank
Anoxic Tank
Aeration Tank
Aeration Tank
Anoxic TankAnoxic Tank
P
VFAs
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Helena BioReactor
Aeration Tank
Anoxic Tank
Aeration Tank
Aeration Tank
NO3 N2Anoxic Tank
P
VFAs
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Helena BioReactor
Aeration Tank
Anaerobic Tank
Aeration Tank
Aeration Tank
NO3 N2Anoxic Tank
P
VFAs
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Helena, MontanaPhosphorus Removal, long term plan
Phosphorus RemovalConvert first anoxic zone to fermenter by relocating Internal Recycle to second anoxic zone
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Helena BioReactor
Aeration Tank
Anoxic Tank
Aeration Tank
Aeration Tank
Anoxic TankAnoxic Tank
P
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Helena BioReactor
Aeration Tank
Anoxic Tank
Aeration Tank
Aeration Tank
AnaerobicAnoxic Tank
P
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Acknowledgements
TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT & CONSERVATION (TDEC)Karina Bynum, Sherry Wang, George Garden, Jenny Dodd, Jason Benton, Eddie Bouzied, Bryan Carter, David Duhl, Jordan Fey, Oakley Hall, Michael Murphy, Steve Owens, Rob Ramsey, Sherwin Smith, Robert Tipton, Sandra Vance, John West, Ariel Wessel-Fuss … HARRIMANRay FreemanNASHVILLEJohnnie MacDonald & David Tucker NORRISTony Wilkerson & Doug Snelson
Brett Ward (UT-MTAS), Dewayne Culpepper (TAUD), Greg Hayes (Athens), Larry Gamblin (Bartlett), Danny Neely (Baileyton), David Harrison (Collierville), Nic Willis (Cowan), Ray Freeman (Harriman), Darryl Green (Henderson), Jack Hauskins & Rocky Hudson (Lafayette), Johnnie MacDonald (Nashville) …
… and, many more!
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Acknowledgements, continued
KANSAS Tom Stiles, Rod Geisler (retired), Shelly Shores-Miller, Nick Reams & Ryan Eldredge (KDHE), Jamie Belden & Becky Lewis (Wichita)
MONTANA Paul LaVigne (retired), Pete Boettcher, Josh Viall, Ryan Weiss, Bill Bahr (retired), Dave Frickey (retired) & Mike Abrahamson (DEQ), Keith Thaut (Conrad), Mark Fitzwater & entire staff (Helena)
EPA Paul Shriner & Tony Tripp (HQ), Tina Laidlaw (R8), Brendon Held & Craig Hesterlee (R4), Sydney Weiss (R5)
… and, many more!
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Rate your Activated Sludge knowledge
111
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What we’ve learned & Brainstorming Nutrient Removal Opportunities in Tennessee WWTPs: Case StudiesWednesday, March 1710:00 - 11:45 AM Central Time