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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

I. Vitamin A•  Two general sources in human diet:

preformed vitamin A (A1 & A2) &precursor carotene (provitamin A)

 – preformed vitamin A: animal

foods such as dair foodsand !sh liver oils – provitamin A: plant foods

that have deep ellow orgreen pigment" #eta$carotene most important %highest vitamin A activit &is most plentiful

• etinol (vitamin A alcohol)' retinoicacid (vitamin A acid)

• prue ma induce a vit. Ade!cienc

• iver stores reserves• *unctions:

 – *ormation of visual purplefor normal maintenance ofretina

 – +ontrol of di,erentiation ofepithelium in mucus$secreting structures

 – -romotion of #oneremodeling

 – Activation of cell mem#ranesstems

 – -romotion of health of oralstructures

• Vitamin A de!cienc – itot/s spot' 0eropthalmia'

eratomalacia' follicularhpereratosis

 – pereratosis andhperplasia of gingivaltissue" retardation andeventual stop of growth ofincisor teeth" crowding ofteeth' & stunting &thicening of tooth roots'reduction of salivar 3ow &increase in caries

• 1 retinol e4uivalent (5) % 1 6g of

retinol78 6g of #eta$carotene" 1 I9% .; 6g of retinol7.8 6g of #eta$carotene

• )" ?5 or @ I9 (*)

• -reformed vitamin A: liver' idne'cream' #utter' egg ol

• -rovitamin A: carrots' sweetpotatoes' s4uash' apricots'

spinach' #roccoli' ca##age' darleaf greens

•  T0 of mild vitamin A de!cienc:;' I9 orall dail (do not taefor more than a month)

• pervitaminosis: if individuals are

given 1'$1=' I9 (2$;the

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•  T0: = I97da' dependingon severit

• food source ofcalcium given (@glasses of mil7=m)" if mil is

refused' give = g ofcalcium lactate• diet should include

eggs' vitamin en & -regnant women: 1• Jomen: ?• actacting women: 11

• eed oils' so#ean' saKower'cottonseed' corn' peanut oils

• plants with dar' greenleaves" meat" mil" !sh &!sh liver oils" eggs

IV. Vitamin L • A#sorption re4uires #ile &

pancreatic Euice• -rimar function: catalGe

snthesis of prothrom#in # theliver

 – also essential for otherclotting factors (VII' I' )

 – a#sence of these factorsleads to a development ofprothrom#in de!cienc &#lood clotting is greatlprolonged

• *ormation of !#rin clot – precursor M (vitamin L)

prothrom#in Nthrompoplastin M (calcium)throm#in in liver

 – throm#in N !#rinogen M!#rin clot

• Vitamin L de!cienc: when there isa conditioning factor (e0. #iliardisease' severe liver disease)

 – intestinal disease

associated withmala#sorption of fat (e0.celiac disease)' pancreaticdisease' hpermotilit ofintestine

 – prolonged anti#iotic therap& those who have poor diets

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 – most liel de!cienc isinade4uate vitamin reserveof the new#orn

• Infants: 1$2 mg ver shortl after#irth to prevent hemorrhagicdisease of the new#orn

•

Vitamin L therap also indicated forp0s su,ering from o#structive Eaundice or impaired function ofintestinal mucosa

 – terminal disease or tocounteract e,ects ofdicumarol

 – prolonged therap forrheumatoid arthritis

• poprothom#inemia: 2$= mg dailof snthetic' water$solu#le ta#let

• ae the mouth sore and chewing

painful;. >ae swallowing dicult due to

loss of salivaPs lu#ricating e,ect@. +ause changes in taste perception

that decrease ade4uate foodintae.

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-ainful' #urning tongue: oftenassociated with nutritional anemiaassociated with de!ciencies withvitamin 12 ' folic acid and iron.-ernicious anemia$ vitamin 12de!cienc

 Triad:1. OeneraliGed weaness2. ore' painful tongue;. Bum#ness or tingling of e0tremities

Fther characteristic feature of perniciousanemia:

@. Achlorhdria Q a#sence ofdrochloric acid in stomachsecretion

=. ensor distur#ances8.