nust presentation - smart grid - feb 10, 2011
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Smart GridConcepts
Presented by
Auriga CorporationFebruary 10, 2011
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Smart Grid
Agenda Definition of Smart Grid
Potential Benefits of Smart Grid
Smart Grid Architecture Overview State of the Art Technology
Current Deployment of Smart Grid in theUS Utilities
Future Trends
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DOEs Vision of Smart Grid
By 2030, the power grid will evolve into anintelligent energy delivery system thatsupports plug-and-play integration of
dispatchable and intermittent low-carbonenergy sources, and provides a platform forconsumer engagement in loadmanagement, national energy
independence, innovation, entrepreneurship,and economic security.
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DOEs Vision of Smart Grid
This smart grid will support the best andmost secure electric services available inthe world and will connect everyone toabundant, affordable, high quality,
environmentally conscious, efficient, andreliable electric power.
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Todays Power Grid
Source: PG&E
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Future Smart Grid
Source: PG&E
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Smart Grid Architecture Overview
Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI)
Smart Meters
Two-way Communications
Consumer Portal
Home Area Network
Meter Data Management
Demand Response
Advanced Distribution Operations
(ADO)
Distribution Management System with
advanced sensors
Advanced Outage Management (real-time)
DER Operations
Distribution Automation
Advanced Transmission Operations(ATO)
Substation Automation
Geographical Information System for
Transmission
Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS)
Hi-speed information processing
Advanced protection and control
Modeling, simulation and visualization tools
Advanced Asset Management (AAM) Advanced sensors
Integration of real time information with otherprocesses
Source: NETL Modern Grid Strategy
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New Paradigm
How will new technologies change the powergrid paradigm?
Enables informed participation by customers
Accommodates all generation and storageoptions
Enables new products, services, and markets
Provides power quality for the range of needsin the 21st century
Optimizes assets and operates efficiently
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New Paradigm
Addresses disturbances automatedprevention, containment, and restoration
Operates resiliently against physical and
cyber attacks and natural disaster
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Todays Grid vs. Smart Grid
Enables informed and greater participation bycustomers
Todays Grid
Consumers have limited informationand opportunity for participation
Smart Grid
Informed, involved, and activeconsumers demand response anddistributed energy resources
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Todays Grid vs. Smart Grid
Accommodates all generation and storageoptions
Todays Grid
Dominated by central generation Smart Grid
Many distributed energy resources withplug-and-play convenience; capabilities
to support high penetration ondistribution system; responsive load toenhance grid reliability
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Todays Grid vs. Smart Grid
Enables new products, services, and markets Todays Grid
Limited wholesale markets, not wellintegrated
Smart Grid
Mature, well-integrated wholesalemarkets, growth of new electricity
markets for consumers; interoperabilityof products
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Todays Grid vs. Smart Grid
Provides power quality for the range ofneeds in the 21st century
Todays Grid
Focus on outages and primarily
manual restoration-slow response topower quality issues, addressed case-by-case
Smart Grid
Power quality is a priority with a varietyof quality/price options rapidresolution of issues
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Todays Grid vs. Smart Grid
Addresses disturbances automatedprevention, containment, and restoration
Todays Grid
Responds to prevent further damage focus is on protecting assets followinga fault
Smart Grid
Automatically detects and responds toproblems focus on prevention,minimizing impact to consumers, andautomated restoration
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Todays Grid vs. Smart Grid
Operates resiliently against physical andcyber attacks and natural disasters
Todays Grid
Vulnerable to inadvertent mistakes,equipment failures, malicious acts ofterror and natural disasters
Smart Grid
Resilient to inadvertent and deliberateattacks and natural disasters with rapidcoping and restoration capabilities
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New Technologies
OE Smart Grid R&D: 2010-2014 MYPP
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Smart Grid Drivers
Reliability needs to be maintained or improved Aggressive greenhouse gas reduction goals
State law requires that green house gas emissionsbe reduced to 1990 levels by 2020. Further goal toreduce emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by
2050 Growing renewable energy mandates
20% of electricity must be from renewable sourcesby 2010. Governor has directed 33% renewablesby 2020.
Distributed generation growing rapidly
3,000 MW of solar photovoltaics by 2017
Push for more energy efficiency and demandresponse
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Grid Reliability
Average Cost for 1 hour of Power Interruption
INDUSTRY AMOUNT
Cellular communications $41,000
Telephone ticket sales $72,000
Airline reservation system $90,000
Semiconductor
manufacturer
$2,000,000
Credit card operation $2,580,000
Brokerage operation $6,480,000
Source: Resource Dynamics Corporation
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Power Grid Reliability
Insufficient Investment in Grid andLoad Growth
Diversification of Energy and StorageResources
More, larger and longer transfers
Volatility
Smaller margins
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Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals
Increases in energy-related carbon dioxideemissions slow
Annual Energy Outlook 2010
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Renewables Gain Electricity Share
Annual Energy Outlook 2010
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Managing the Load Profile
Demand Response Non-emergency DR can reduce the need for additional
resources
Automatic or manual response by consumer
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Ideally Successful Load Management
Close coordination of all resources such as: Demand response
Storage
Electric vehicles
Objective:
Nearly flattened load profile
Initial improvement in reliability due to lower peak
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Current Power Portfolio
World
15 TW in 2004
85% from fossil fuels 37% petroleum
23% natural gas
25% coal
6% nuclear
9% renewables
4% biomass 3%hydro
0.5% solar
United States
3.35 TW in 2004
84.2% from fossil fuels 37.1% petroleum
23.8% natural gas
22.5% coal
8.5% nuclear
7.3% renewables
1.3% biomass 7% hydro
0.1% solar
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Future Power Trends
World
Current Trends 16.9 TW by 2030
28 TW by 2050
Renewables only 11.5 TW by 2030
United States
Current Trends 3.8 TW by 2030
Renewables only 1.8 TW by 2030
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Solar Cell Efficiency Chart
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Current Developments - PV
The current market leader in solar panel efficiency(measured by energy conversion ratio) is SunPower,a San Jose based company. Sunpower's cells have aconversion ratio of 24.2%, well above the marketaverage of 1218%.
Advances past this efficiency mark are being pursuedin academia and R&D labs with efficiencies of 42%achieved at the University of Delaware in conjunctionwith DuPont by means of concentration of light.
The highest efficiencies achieved withoutconcentration include Sharp Corporation at 35.8%using a proprietary triple-junction manufacturingtechnology in 2009
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Wind Power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into auseful form of energy, such as using wind turbines tomake electricity.
At the end of 2009, worldwide nameplate capacity ofwind-powered generators was 159.2 gigawatts (GW).
Energy production was 340 TWh, which is about 2%of worldwide electricity usage and has doubled in thepast three years.
Wind power is non-dispatchable, meaning that for
economic operation, all of the available output mustbe taken when it is available.
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Wind Power
Worldwide installed capacity 1996-2008
Source: Wikipedia
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Intermittency
Electricity generated from wind and solar power canbe highly variable.
Wind and solar power forecasting methods are used,but predictability of wind or solar plant output remains
low for short-term operation. Intermittency and the non-dispatchable nature ofwind and solar energy production can raise costs forregulation, incremental operating reserve, and couldrequire an increase in the already existing energy
demand management, load shedding, or storagesolutions.
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Intermittency
Instantaneous electrical generation andconsumption must remain in balance to maintaingrid stability, this variability can present substantialchallenges to incorporating large amounts of windpower into a grid system.
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Solving Intermittency Problem
Interconnect geographically-dispersed naturally-variable energy sources (e.g., wind, solar, wave,tidal), which smoothes out electricity supply (anddemand) significantly.
Use complementary and non-variable energy sources
(such as hydroelectric power) to fill temporary gapsbetween demand and wind or solar generation.
Use smart demand-response management to shiftflexible loads to a time when more renewable energy
is available. Store electric power, at the site of generation, (in
batteries, hydrogen gas, compressed air, pumpedhydroelectirc power, and flywheels), for later use.
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Solving Intermittency
Over-size renewable peak generation capacity tominimize the times when available renewable poweris less than demand and to provide spare power toproduce hydrogen for flexible transportation and heat
uses. Store electric power in electric-vehicle batteries,
known as "vehicle to grid" (V2G).
Forecast the weather (winds, sunlight, waves, tides
and precipitation) to better plan for energy supplyneeds.
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DESERTEC project
DESERTEC is a concept proposed by theDESERTEC Foundation for making use of solarenergy and wind energy in the deserts worldwide.
This concept will be implemented in North Africa andMiddle East.
Under the DESERTEC proposal, concentrating solarpower systems, PV systems and wind parks wouldbe located on 6,500 square miles (17,000 km2) in theSahara Desert
Produced electricity would be transmitted toEuropean and African countries by a super grid ofhigh-voltage direct current cables.
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DESERTEC Project
Euro-Supergrid with a EU-MEN
A-Connection proposed by TREC
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Grid Energy Storage
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Electricity Storage by Technology
Power Applications
Rated for onehour or less
Energy Applications Rated for longer
Periods
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Energy Storage
Technologies Pumped Hydro
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Electromechanical /Super Capacitors Flywheels
Thermal Storage
ICE Storage
Solar Hot Water
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Energy Storage
The main problem with most of thesestorage technologies is high cost. Withthe exception of pumped storage
hydroelectric technology and perhapsCAES, the other storage technologiescost over 20c/kWh of cycled energy.
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Energy Storage
Batteries Lead-Acid ( Valve-regulated lead acid,
Gel-type)
Flow ( total energy is provided by areservoir of rechargeable electrolytethat can be as large as needed)
Zinc-Bromine
Vanadium-RedoxSodium-Bromide
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Energy Storage
AdvancedLi-ion
Lithium polymer
Nickel metal hydride
Sodium Sulfur
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Storage Technology
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Top Smart Grid Federal Stimulus
Investments by Country in 2010 (in U.S.Millions)
China: $7,323
US: $7,092 (loan guarantees, demo
grants, and renewable tax credits) Japan: $849
South Korea: $824
Spain: $807(Germany: $397, Australia: $360, UK: $290,France: $265, Brazil: $204)
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Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E)
Largest planned implementation of SmartMeters technology in the U.S. to date 10.3 million meters
The program will pay for itself over its 20year useful life through operationalsavings, demand response, and energyefficiency
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Southern California Edison (SCE)
SCE will install 5 million of the Smart Metersbetween 2009 and 2012.
Advanced metering program could reducepeak power consumption by as much as1,000 megawatts
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San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E)
In March San Diego Gas & Electric(SDG&E) started rolling out 2.3 millionelectric and gas meters at its customershomes.
The overall savings to customers willoutweigh upfront costs (over the 32-yearlife of the smart meter system) by $60million to $65 million.
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Smart Grid Benefits
The SmartMeter technology mix will evolveto take advantage of rapidly evolvingtechnologies
Technologies deployed through theSmartMeter program establish a platform forfuture innovations that will benefit ourcustomers, our operations, and the State ofCalifornia
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Smart Grid Benefits
Reduced labor costs due to remote meterreads
Reduced infrastructure replacement costsas some peak usage is shifted to off-peak
Reducing stress on the power deliverysystem
Reduced need to purchase expensivewholesale power to address rapidly risingpeak demand.
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Smart Grid Challenges
What are the challenges to SmartGrid deployment?
Development and harmonization of national and
international standards
Cyber Security
Regulatory and safety
Unclear definition of Smart Grid architecture and
business models Integration with legacy systems
Interoperability
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Smart Grid Challenges
Wide scope of technologies and domain
Develop hardware and software, sensorsand algorithms and data acquisition and data
management tools for accomplishing real-time communications and controls fortransmission, distribution, and customeroperations
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Thank you!