CLASS PRESENTATIONON

NURSING THEORY IN THE 1960S:

VIRGINIA HENDERSON&

FAYE ABDELLAHPRESENTERS:

ARELIS GONZALEZALAN HIPPLEHEUSER

BRIGITTE KINDA

SOCIALLY

• The 60’s were characterized by major social upheaval.

• President John F. Kennedy heralded in the “New Frontier,” a package of laws and reforms that sought to eliminate injustice and inequality.

• Kennedy shot in 1964.

• The Vietnam war escalated to full-time commitment. The nation was divided. There was student activism, and massive antiwar demonstrations.

• President Johnson starts programs for “Great Society”: Medicare, Medicaid, Head Start, Job Corp, Model Cities .

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: The 1960s (History.com staff, 2010)

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (CONT.)• Nov 8, 1960 JFK wins presidency

• May 5, 1961 first U.S. sub-orbital space flight is completed

• Oct 1, 1962, 3,000 troops quell riots, allowing James Meredith, first black student, to enter the University of Mississippi under guard by Federal marshals

• Aug 28, 1963 Civil Right march on Washington DC

• Nov 22, 1963 JFK assassination

• Jul 2, 1964 Civil Rights Act signed

• Feb 7, 1965 Martin Luther King speak at a civil right rally

• Jul 30, 1965 creation of Medicare and Medicaid

• Nov 8, 1966 Frist black Senator, Edward Brooke, is elected to congress

• Oct 2, 1967 Thurgood Marshall, elected first black Supreme

Court Justice

• Apr 4, 1968 Martin Luther King assassination

• Nov 5, 1968 Nixon Wins presidency

• Jul 20, 1969 Man on the moon, Neil Armstrong

(Infoplease, 2016)

JFK looking inside the Mercury Space Capsule in 1962

GLOBAL BACKGROUND: 1960’S• An U.S.U-2 reconnaissance plane is shot down by the Soviet Union and the pilot, Gary

Powers is captured in May 1, 1960.

• Cuban Missile Crisis starts a new phase of the Cold War and World War III is narrowly averted after President Kennedy’s assassination. U.S. breaks diplomacy relation with Cuba on Jan 3, 1961.

• France and West Germany sign treaty of cooperation ending four centuries of conflict on Jan 22, 1963.

• Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment in Jun 11, 1964.

• Power failure in Ontario plant blacks out parts of eight states of northeast U.S. and two provinces of southeast Canada on Nov 9, 1965.

• Supreme Court decides Miranda v. Arizona in 1966.

• Dr. Christian N. Barnard and team of South African surgeons perform world’s first successful human heart transplant on Dec 3, 1967, but patient dies 18 days later.

• Czechoslovakia is invaded by Russian Warsaw Pact troops crushing a liberal regime on Aug 20, 1968.

• The Internet (ARPA) goes online.

(Infoplease, 2016)

1960’S: SOCIAL BACKGROUND• 1960s began with the spirit of hope and John F. Kennedy. After he

was assassinated many felt their hopes had died with him.• Americans openly protested unfair treatment of black citizens and

demanded full equality for women. Protesters were prevalent against the Vietnam War.

• Assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy resulted in riots across the country.

• While the 60’s started with middle class values including a belief in God hard work and service to the country it was now changing. Children were rebelling by letting your hair grow, wearing unusual clothing, taking drugs, and having a new form of music: rock ‘n roll. They were called “hippies.” The music group called “The Beatles” were extremely popular and talked about sex and drugs if not openly then subtly.

• Timothy Leary a professor from Stanford promoted taking LSD to “tune in and drop out.”

• TV and movies were popular people watched television programs with strong family values like “The Andy Griffith Show.”

• The women’s liberation movement started after a commission led by Eleanor Roosevelt investigated the condition of women. Also a widely popular book called the famine and mystique helped change the view of women in society.

Fight for civil rights: 1964 Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, 1963 Equal Pay Act

Hippies grew long hair, practiced “free love”, moved to communes

Cannabis smoking, psychedelics and drugs became more commonplace.

Women’s Movement pushes for equality Latinos fight for change Native American struggle for equality African-Americans lead the Civil Rights

Movement Rebellious youth embrace counterculture Counterculture impacts fashion, fine arts,

and social attitudes

1960’S: CULTURAL BACKGROUND: A REVOLUTION

The Civil Rights Movement extended the rights of full citizenship to individuals regardless of race, sex, or creed.

Martin Luther King assassinated.

Young people began embracing the values of peace, love, & freedom.

Popular music

Summer Love

Woodstock Festival

Psychedelic Drugs

(History.com staff, 2010)

ECONOMIC BACKGROUND• The 1960s were characterized by one household wage earner, a large middle class, the

ability to own a house and a car and enjoy ever-increasing luxuries.

• Minimum wage increases from $1.25 to $1.60 by Feb 1968

• New house $12,700 in 1960 and $15,500 by 1969

• New car 2,600 in 1960 and 3,270 by 1969

• Gallon of gas 25 cents in 1960 and 1969

• Apple 49 cents for 3 pounds

• Bananas 19 cents for 2 pound

• U.S. producer price index in 1965 is 3.5%

• Fed found rate fell to 1.5% on Jan 19, 1966, but hit 6.13% on Sep 9

• Unemployment 3,852,000 or about 7%.

• National debt 286.3 Billion

• Life expectancy for males 66.6 years, females 73.1 years

(Trader’s Edge LLC, 2001).

Nursing in the 1960s

VIRGINIA HENDERSONNURSING NEED THEORY

BACKGROUND

• Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri, on November 30, 1897

• Family relocated to Virginia in 1901

• She received a diploma in nursing from the Army School of Nursing at Walter Reed Hospital in 1921

• She earned her Bachelor’s degree in 1932 and Master’s degree in 1934

• Well-known nursing educator and a prolific author

(American Nurses Association, 2016)

(McEwen & Wills, 2014)

VIRGINIA HENDERSONTHEORY

• One of her main topics is the unique functions of nurses

• All of her materials provide a focus for client care via 14 basic needs

• She defined the patient as someone who needs nursing care but did not limit nursing to illness care

• She did not define environment, but maintaining a supportive environment is one of the elements of her 14 activities.

• Health was not explicitly defined, but it is taken to mean balance in all realms of human life

(McEwen & Wills, 2014)

VIRGINIA HENDERSON’S14 COMPONENTS OF NEED

THEORY

Faye AbdellahPatient-Centered Approach

FAYE ABDELLAHBACKGROUND

She was born on March 13, 1919, New York CityYears later, on May 6, 1937, the German hydrogen-fueled airship Hindenburg

exploded over LakehurstAbdellah and her brother witnessed the explosion, destruction and the fire

subsequent to the ignited hydrogen that killed many people. That incident became the turning point in Abdellah’s life. It was that time when she realized that she would never again be powerless to assist when people were in dire need for assistance. It was at that moment she vowed that she would learn nursing and become a professional nurse

Received her bachelor’s degree in nursing, master’s degree, and doctorate from Columbia University

She served as the Chief Nurse Officer and Deputy U.S. Surgeon General, U.S. Public Health Service before retiring in 1993 with the rank of Rear Admiral

(Wayne, 2014)

FAYE ABDELLAH: THEORYThe patient-centered approach, develops 21 unique nursing

problems related to human needs

She made a name in the nursing profession with the formulation of her 21 Nursing Problems Theory

Promoted the use of a problem-solving approach to practice rather than merely following physician orders

Responsible for changing the focus of nursing theory from a disease-centered to a patient-centered approach

Moved nursing practice beyond the patient to include care of families and the elderly

The language of her framework is readable and clear

NURSING THEORISTS’ IMPACT ON TODAY’S NURSING PRACTICE

The Feminist Movement of the 1960s did much to bring women professions on an equal footing with men, and clarifying the roles of women in society.

Virginia Henderson’s theory emphasized the basic human needs and how nurses can assist in meeting those needs. She stated that the nurse had the responsibility to assess the needs of the patient, to help him or her meet health needs, and provide an environment in which the patient can perform activity unaided; encouraging nurses to use critical thinking. The 14 Components of Need Theory show a holistic approach to nursing that covers the physiological, psychological, spiritual and social needs of patients.

(Wayne, 2014)

Faye Abdellah’s theory became among the first in her role as an educator to focus on theory and research, and encouraged nurses to use research as a basis for nursing practice. She established a foundation for nursing research as a science. Abdellah is well known for her development of the “Twenty-One Nursing Problems Theory” that has interrelated the concepts of health, nursing problems, and problem-solving. Her theory has had a major impact on today’s nursing practice.

(Vera, 2014)

HOW CAN NURSES APPLY THESE THEORIES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE?

Using research and evidence-based practice empowers the nurse with the knowledge and skill to perform effective, safe, and efficient client care.

Nurses can apply these theories to clinical decision-making by using models, frameworks, education, and research.

Nurses can use the theoretical frameworks as checklists or as personal goals to insure care is given out in a consistent and effective was every day the nurse is at work.

Florczak, Poradzisz, and Hampson (2012) recognize a distinct advantage in understanding theories because they help explain how care of a given patient in clinical practice contribute to the larger system including family, community, and the world nation.

SUMMARYThe 1960s saw sweeping social change, assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther

King, escalation of the Vietnam War, and the additions of Medicare and Medicaid to benefit society. The civil rights movement took off rights for women and minorities improved, with the sexual revolution and new consumption of drugs in America; hippies helped shape history.

Globally, America led the world economically. However, World War III was narrowly averted with the Cuban missile crisis, and the Cold War continued. America continued to have an improving standard of living.

Virginia Henderson’s theory is from the 1960s and focused on the unique functions of nursing via 14 basic needs. She believed in balance in all realms of human life. Faye Abdellah was also a 1960s theorist and promoted the patient-centered approach developing 21 unique nursing problems related to human needs. She touted a problem-solving approach to practice rather than merely following physician orders.

Their impact on today’s nursing practice includes a practical approach with the 14 components from Henderson and a focus on theory and research from Abdellah who established the foundation for nursing research as a science.

Nurses can apply these concepts in clinical practice by focusing on research and evidence-based practices along with applying the theories to clinical decision-making by using models frameworks education and research. Understanding how these models relate to society is also helpful for the nurses in decision-making.

REFERENCESAmerican Nurses Association. (2016). Virginia A. Henderson (1897-1996) 1996 Inductee.

Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/VirginiaHendeson

Anderson, A. (2015, October 15). The First 50 Years of NPs: An Illustrated Timeline Shows

Triumphs, Continuing Practice Barriers. Retrieved February 22, 2016, from

http://ajnoffthecharts.com/category/nursing/nurse-practitioners

Florczak, K., Poradzisz, M., & Hampson, S. (2012). Nursing in a complex world: A case for

grand theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 25(4). http://dx:doi:10.1177/0894318412457069

History.com staff (2010). The 1960s. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/1960s

Infoplease. (2016). 1960-1969 World History. Retrieved from

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0005251.html

Infoplease. (2016). 1960 – 1969 World History. Retrieved February 21, 2016, from

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0005251.html

REFERENCES (CONT.)McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2014). Theoretical basis for nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters

Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Shmoop Editorial Team. (2008). The 1960s Timeline of Important Dates. Retrieved

February 20, 2016, from http://www.shmoop.com/1960s/timeline.html

Timeline, 1960-1969. (2015). America's Best History U.S. Retrieved February 22, 2016,

from http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1960.html

Trader’s Edge LLC, (2001). 1960s Flashback-Economy / Prices. Retrieved February 20,

2016, from http://www.1960sflashback.com/1960/economy.asp

Trader’s Edge LLC, (2001). 1960s News, Events, Popular Culture and Prices. Retrieved

February 20, 2016, from http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/1960s.html

REFERENCES (CONT.)University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing (2016). American Nursing: An Introduction to

the Past. Retrieved February 20, 2016, from

http://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/Pages/timeline_1960-1989.aspx?slider1=1

Watson, J. (2012). American History: Social Revolution in the 1960s. Retrieved from

http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/american-history-

1960s-social-revolution/n/1403601.html

Wayne, G. (2014). Faye G. Abdellah-Pioneer of 21 Nursing Problems

Retrieved from: http://nurselabs.com/fave-g-abdellah/

Vera, M. (2014). Virginia Henderson’s Nursing Need Theory

Retrieved from: http://nurseslabs.com/virginia-hendersons-need-theory