Nuremburg Trials

• International court 1945-1946 in Nuremburg, Germany—tried Nazi leaders responsible for these murders in the concentration comps—22 officials were charged; 12—executed; 7—life imprisonment; 3--acquitted

• Goering (left) and Hess (right) during their criminal trials at Nuremberg in 1946 

United Nations

Aug. 1944—Reps. From G.B., S.U., China and U.S… New York-N.A. headquarters

• Create a body to prevent future global wars; promote equal rights and self-determination of peoples

Yalta Conference

• Purpose: to determine the fate of peace in Europe

• To divide Germany and its capital into 4 occupation zones– US, GB, and France unified zones create West

Germany and West Berlin (democratic)– SU’s zones became E Germany and E Berlin

(communist)

http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1998/09/germany/east.west/germany.berlin.east.west.jpg

• Division of Germany—and Division of Berlin

Effects of the Conference

• Began feelings of mistrust

• Divided Europe btwn democracy and communism

• Created Stalin’s desire for a buffer zone

Germany divided into:

East Germany • Dominated by Soviet Union

• Didn’t adopt democratic ideals

West Germany • Resumed self govt after a few yrs of Amer., Br, & Fr. Occupation

• Became democratic

Berlin Airlift • Soviets held East Berlin hostage

• USA & Britain flew supplies over Berlin

• Stalin lifted blockade May 1949

http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter16/images/airlift.jpg

Berlin Wall-1961

• Divided Berlin into East & West

• Democratic & Communist

• http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9904/nato.timeline/content/07.berlin.wall.jpg

IRON CURTAIN

• Countries behind Iron Curtain are shaded red.

• Winston Churchill

Europe

Marshall Plan

• Lay in ruins

• (USA) provided lots of $$$$ to rebuild Europe & prevent the spread of communism

http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/03/maps/images/1948.marshall.gif

• Containment: a policy for preventing the expansion of communism

• After WWII—U.S. policy=containment

• Development of alliances against Soviet and Chinese aggression

• Led to armed conflict in Korea and Vietnam

Truman Doctrine

• “containment of communism”

• Keep communism from spreading

• “Domino Theory”

Deterrence vs. Detente

• Deterrence• the act of deterring,

especially deterring a nuclear attack by the capacity or threat of retaliating.

• Détente• 1970’s—relaxation in

international affairs during the Cold War

• SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—agreed to limit number of stockpiled weapons

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—North American headquarters in Norfolk!

• Defensive alliance among the USA & western Europe to prevent Soviet expansion

http://nato.usmission.gov/icons/q-map.gif

Warsaw Pact • Soviet allies in eastern Europe form this as a response to NATO

http://www.fritirak.dk/billeder/fidel_castro.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/57/FidelGuerilla.JPG

• 1950s Fidel Castro: communist revolution

• Cubans fled to Florida & attempted to overthrow Castro (Bay of Pigs Invasion)

“massive retaliation”

• Under Pres. Eisenhower

• S.U. matched the USA in nuclear weaponry

• Purpose was to prevent a nuclear strike by the Soviets

Japan • Occupied by American forces

• Adopted democratic govt

• Resumed self govt & became a strong ally of the USA

• China • Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war

• Chiang Kai-shek—Nationalist China (island of Taiwan)

• Mao-Tse-tung—Communist China (mainland China)—participates in Korean conflict

• Lasted from the end of WWII until 1989

• USA: democratic, free market economy

• Soviet Union: totalitarian govt, communist economy

• China taken over by communists increases Amer. Fears of communism

• China & the Soviet Union become bitter rivals—Nixon exploits this!

• Pres. Nixon visits communist China

http://www.nndb.com/people/110/000024038/richard-m-nixon-sm.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Nixon_meets_Mao_in_China_1972.gif/250px-

Nixon_meets_Mao_in_China_1972.gif

• 1950s; example of containment policy

• Communist North Korea invaded South Korea

• USA counterattacked North Korea

• Communist Chinese forces helped North Korea

• Ended in a stalemate

• South Korea free from communism

• 38th Parallel

http://www.atpm.com/7.01/washington-dc/images/korean-war-memorial.jpg

http://www.iris-conventions.com/images/2003%20-%20Virginia/Washington%20DC/Korean%20War%20Memorial%2002.jpg

http://www.riley.army.mil/newspaper/Specials/Korean_War/images/back_1426.gif

• Example of containment policy• North Vietnam (communist) tried to

take over South Vietnam (17th Parallel)• Ho Chi Minh--Leader• USA helped South Vietnam resist!• Today—Vietnam reunited communist

country

http://www.vietaround.com/images/vietnam_map.gifhttp://4umi.com/image/people/John_F_Kennedy.jpg

• Pres. John F. Kennedy began sending us over

• Kennedy assassinated 1963

• Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson intensified our buildup

• USA repeatedly defeated North Vietnamese but couldn’t force an end to the war!

• USA was VERY divided over our involvement

http://www.qconline.com/progress99/images/week2/chicago-

lg.jpg

• Richard Nixon elected as Pres. w/ pledge to end war!

• “Vietnamization” replacing Amer. Troops w/ South Vietnamese troops

• Failed; S.U. supplied North Viet

http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_From1877ChapterDoc/ChapterImages/Ch30RichardNixon.jpg

http://mooreslore.corante.com/archives/images/vietnam%20war.jpg

http://www.ronaldreaganweb.com/thesixties/images/vietnamwarsoldier.jpghttp://www.militarybadges.info/nz-army/images/svn1.jpg

• 1975 North & South Vietnam Communist!

• Troops faced hostility when they came home!

http://asiahotels.net/vietnamesehotels/map-vietnam.gif

• Nixon forced to resign as Pres.

• Nixon trying to wire tape Dem. Party Headquarters to win 1972 election

• Caught trying to cover it up!

http://my.brandeis.edu/news/images/bernstein_woodward_ap_bild.jpg

• S.U. stationed missiles in Cuba (Cuban Missile Crisis)

• Kennedy ordered SU to remove them

• They did!

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/img/hi07004.gif

http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw3584.gif

• Americans feared Communism & the threat of a nuclear war

• Schools & drills to train children

• Bomb shelters in basements• Public Service Announcement

http://flatrock.org.nz/topics/history/assets/fallout_shelter.jpg

http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0900/media/0901_013202.jpg

• Alger Hiss & Julius & Ethel Rosenberg convicted of being Soviet spies

• SU constructing nuclear weapons

• Both of these increased Amer. Fears of communism!

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t304/T304755A.jpghttp://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/okc/stories/rosenbergs.jpg

http://img.infoplease.com/images/home/rosenbergs.jpg

• “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.”

• “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”

• Kennedy's Speech

http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/johnfkennedyinaugural.htm

http://www.john-f-kennedy.net/jfkandjacquelinehyannisport1960.jpghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thecityreview.com/jackieo5.gif&imgrefurl=http://

www.thecityreview.com/jackieo.html&h=360&w=269&sz=41&tbnid=a3k7dk18t0qpOM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=87&hl=en&start=30

&prev=/images%3Fq%3DJackie%2BKennedy%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

• WWII veteran assassinated in Dallas, TX 1963

• Shook the nation’s confidence

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.jfklancer.com/photos/bspatter/Jackie-resp.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.jfklancerforum.com/sherryg/images/

catalog_.html&h=372&w=288&sz=13&tbnid=GxbAA-FJIyoadM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=91&hl=en&start=73&prev=/images%3Fq%3DJackie%2BKennedy

%26start%3D60%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

http://gblx.cache.el-mundo.net/fotografia/2003/11/kennedy/imagenes/funeral2.jpghttp://yesterdayradio.com/_images/_tapeimages/307kennedyfuneral_350.gif

http://www.ludwigdrummer.com/Articles/Bob%20Parker%20of

%20The%20Old%20Guard/Figure%204.jpg

http://www.vintageviews.org/vv-3/jfk/pix/jfk01_003.JPG

• Spending tons of $$$ to keep up w/ USA

• Nationalism in Satellite Nations

• Fast-Paced reforms

• Economic inefficiency

• Gorbachev “glasnost” & “perestroika”: openness & economic restructuring

http://home.eircom.net/Images/Feeds/Reuters/UkNews/2005-05-30T171458Z_01_NOOTR_RTRIDSP_2_OUKTP-RUSSIA-GORBACHEV.jpg

• Challenged moral legitimacy of SU

• Berlin Wall Speech: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall”

• Increased US military & economic pressure on SU

http://www.dountoothers.org/teardownwall.jpg

http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/class/images/berlinwall.jpg

Josip Tito

• Created a unique government in Yugoslavia, which included socialism

Slobodan Milosevic

• Led to the breakup of the Yugoslavian federation. He ordered a program of ethnic cleansing. Who was he trying to get “rid” of?

Genocide

• The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group

Armenian Genocide

• 1915-1916: Leaders of the Ottoman Empire led a genocide against the Armenian Christians

Joseph Stalin-Great Purge

• 1932-1934: Joseph Stalin led a genocide against political opponents, peasants, members of the elite and people of Ukraine

Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge

• 1975: The educated, artists, technicians, former government officials, monks, and minorities were slaughtered in Cambodia

Rwandan Genocide

• Tutsis and Hutus are two ethnic groups living in the African nation of Rwanda and Burundi. In 1994, the Hutu-led government decided to use the military against the Tutsi opposition. Between April and July 1994, as many as 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus fled the country as refugees, fearing revenge by the Tutsis.

Citations

• http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/germany/194548.gif• http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/images/p4647.jpg• http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/31/32716/figures/

DIVI594.jpg• http://history.acusd.edu/gen/USPics2/16569.jpg• http://www.wwnorton.com/worlds/images/map11_3.jpg• http://www.shsu.edu/~his_sub/koreamap.gif• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d/

Lyndonjohnson.jpg• http://www.geoffmetcalf.com/pentagon/images/

6.jpg